張道真高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法之20定語(yǔ)

1、張道真高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法之定語(yǔ)擔(dān)綱指導(dǎo) 張道真 執(zhí)行主編 席玉虎 山西出版?zhèn)髅郊瘓F(tuán)山西教育出版社2013年6月第2版2014年2第6次印刷出 版 人 雷俊林 出版策劃 苗補(bǔ)坤責(zé)任編輯 孫曉芳LSBN 978-7-5440-6435-4學(xué)習(xí)探討請(qǐng)加微平臺(tái)bbzdzyyyf 語(yǔ)法學(xué)習(xí)交流微平臺(tái) 紙介圖書京東旗艦店 紙介圖書天貓旗艦店 百度閱讀手持媒體免費(fèi)讀丨學(xué)英語(yǔ)，憑什么讓我學(xué)語(yǔ)法嗎？不時(shí)聽到一些青年問(wèn)道：學(xué)英語(yǔ)一定要學(xué)語(yǔ)法嗎？語(yǔ)法應(yīng)該怎么學(xué)呢？我們就這兩個(gè)問(wèn)題簡(jiǎn)單地談一點(diǎn)個(gè)人意見。對(duì)中國(guó)學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō)，尤其是成年人，我看是學(xué)點(diǎn)語(yǔ)法好。語(yǔ)法，顧名思義，乃是語(yǔ)言的法則和規(guī)律。學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)法，尤其是一些基本法則，至少有

2、下列幾個(gè)好處：第一  可以使你學(xué)得快些，因?yàn)橐延鞋F(xiàn)成的前人總結(jié)的法則，用不著你從頭摸索。第二  可以使你學(xué)得透些，因?yàn)橥ㄟ^(guò)語(yǔ)法對(duì)語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象不僅可以知其然，而且可以知其所以然。第三  可以使你學(xué)得準(zhǔn)些，因?yàn)檎Z(yǔ)法法則就是一條條準(zhǔn)繩，可以用以衡量一句話是否正確。第四  語(yǔ)法不但可以引你入門，更可以引你入勝，使你逐漸眼界開闊，語(yǔ)感加深，從而使你的英語(yǔ)水平不斷提高。丨那么應(yīng)該如何學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)法呢？我認(rèn)為在學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)法過(guò)程中，應(yīng)該注意下面幾點(diǎn)：第一  基本概念最重要。在學(xué)習(xí)每個(gè)語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目時(shí)，一定要把它的基本概念搞清，牢記

3、在心。第二  要大量地實(shí)踐，大量地練習(xí)。實(shí)踐要包括聽、說(shuō)、讀、寫四個(gè)方面，練習(xí)要著重說(shuō)和寫。第三  學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)法時(shí)，應(yīng)多用比較法。如對(duì)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)、冠詞、介詞、名詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)等較難的語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目進(jìn)行相互比較，效果就比較好。  第四  要將語(yǔ)法法則與習(xí)慣用法分開。碰到習(xí)慣用法，就不必鉆牛角尖，進(jìn)行徒勞的分析。而習(xí)慣用法在英語(yǔ)中則是大量地存在著的。第五  將一本語(yǔ)法書通讀一遍，當(dāng)然也不無(wú)好處。但最好將它作為工具書，像詞典一樣地經(jīng)常查閱，始能學(xué)得比較細(xì)致牢靠。第六  實(shí)用英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法只應(yīng)是入門的向?qū)В褚桓?/p>

4、拐棍一樣。英語(yǔ)達(dá)到一定水平之后，就應(yīng)將它扔掉。起碼不要讓許多語(yǔ)法條條充斥頭腦，影響你說(shuō)和寫的流利性。最后  可能還會(huì)有人說(shuō)，語(yǔ)法應(yīng)該學(xué)，就是太枯燥。我的感覺是：開頭有點(diǎn)枯燥，過(guò)些時(shí)候，就會(huì)像嚼橄欖似的，越學(xué)越有味了。如若不信，請(qǐng)?jiān)囋嚳础?張道真高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法之·定語(yǔ)目 錄A 定語(yǔ)的表示法 形容詞作定語(yǔ) 代詞作定語(yǔ) 數(shù)詞作定語(yǔ) 名詞或名詞所有格作定語(yǔ) 分詞（短語(yǔ)）作定語(yǔ) 不定式（短語(yǔ)）作定語(yǔ) 介詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ) 副詞作定語(yǔ) 詞組或合成詞作定語(yǔ)10 從句作定語(yǔ)B 定語(yǔ)從句 關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句 “介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句 關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句 限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限

5、制性定語(yǔ)從句 關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的選用 定語(yǔ)從句與強(qiáng)調(diào)句的比較學(xué)以致用Unit 20 定 語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)是用來(lái)修飾名詞或代詞的句子成分，漢語(yǔ)中用“的”表示。 A 定語(yǔ)的表示法充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)的主要是形容詞。此外，名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)以及動(dòng)詞不定式（短語(yǔ)）、分詞和定語(yǔ)從句等都可用作定語(yǔ)。 1. 形容詞作定語(yǔ)She is a responsible girl. 她是一個(gè)負(fù)責(zé)任的姑娘。The girl responsible was expelled. 對(duì)此負(fù)責(zé)的姑娘被開除了。 2. 代詞作定語(yǔ)Whose fault is it? 這是誰(shuí)的錯(cuò)？This could change our lives. 這

6、可以改變我們的生活。 3. 數(shù)詞作定語(yǔ)She bought two kilos of apples. 她買了兩公斤的蘋果。Our office is on the 12th floor. 我們的辦公室在12層。 4. 名詞或名詞所有格作定語(yǔ)名詞作定語(yǔ)They are going to send a trade delegation to China. 他們將派遣一個(gè)貿(mào)易代表團(tuán)來(lái)中國(guó)。名詞所有格作定語(yǔ)What's your government's view about it? 你們政府對(duì)此有何看法？名詞?？勺鞫ㄕZ(yǔ)，也可構(gòu)成復(fù)合名詞。如：information desk 詢問(wèn)處h

7、eart attack 心臟病發(fā)作alarm clock 鬧鐘air conditioner 空調(diào)機(jī)blood pressure 血壓family planning 計(jì)劃生育brain drain 人才外流welfare state 福利國(guó)家 5. 分詞（短語(yǔ)）作定語(yǔ)現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)It was a pressing meeting and all the members had to attend. 這是一次緊急會(huì)議，所有成員都得參加。分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)There is a door leading to the garden. 有一扇門通往花園。過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)She is the daughte

8、r of a retired professor. 她是一位退休教授的女兒。(1) 在不少情況下，現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)起定語(yǔ)從句的作用，都放在所修飾的詞之后。如：People wishing (=who wish) to visit the caves may sign up here. 想去參觀巖洞的人可以在這里簽名。There are a lot of children needing (=who need) medical attention. 有大量?jī)和枰t(yī)療照顧。There was a long line waiting (=who were waiting) outside the ci

9、nema. 有長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)一行人在電影院外等候。(2) 過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)，放在所修飾的名詞之后，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句。如：She bought a computer (which was) produced in Shanghai. 她買了一臺(tái)上海生產(chǎn)的電腦。What do you think of the play (which was) put on by the students? 你覺得學(xué)生們表演的戲劇怎么樣？She is a dancer (who was) trained in our college. 她是我們大學(xué)培養(yǎng)的舞蹈演員。 6. 不定式（短語(yǔ)）作定語(yǔ)(1) 不定式作定語(yǔ)可用于固定

10、的句型中。如：I have several letters to write today. 今天我有好幾封信要寫。I want to get something to read. 我想找點(diǎn)東西讀讀。This has given me a lot to think of. 這令我深思。(2) 在某些名詞（像ability，ambition，attempt，decision，effort，failure，intention，plan，promise，reason，wish等）后，常可用不定式作定語(yǔ)。如：We've got to think of a way to explain it. 我

11、們得想個(gè)辦法來(lái)解釋這件事。We're starting a movement to clean up the city. 我們將開展一場(chǎng)清潔城市的運(yùn)動(dòng)。I had not the courage to tell you. 我沒有勇氣告訴你。(3) 不定式也可代替一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句作定語(yǔ)。如：In the lectures to follow (which followed) she talked about South Africa. 在以后的報(bào)告中，她談到南非的情況。She was one of the girls (who were) to be sent to work in Colu

12、mbia. 她是將要派往哥倫比亞工作的其中一個(gè)姑娘。Do you know anything about the conference (which is) to be held next week?你對(duì)下星期召開的會(huì)議有什么了解嗎？ 7. 介詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)That has no relation to the matter under discussion. 這與討論的問(wèn)題沒有關(guān)系。Plans for the weekend are still tentative. 關(guān)于周末的計(jì)劃還只是暫時(shí)的。There's no business like show business. 沒有一種行業(yè)

13、能比得上娛樂(lè)界。注意有些名詞后可直接跟介詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)。如：How can I express my gratitude for your help? 對(duì)于你們的幫助，我怎么表達(dá)感激之情呢？ He showed great jealousy of their success. 對(duì)于他們的成功，他表現(xiàn)出強(qiáng)烈的妒嫉。His separation from his family made him sad. 他離開了自己的家人感到很傷心。 8. 副詞作定語(yǔ)This is the Out Patient Department. 這是門診部。Tickets are cheaper during the of

14、f season. 淡季，機(jī)票比較便宜。The buildings around were badly damaged. 附近的建筑物受到嚴(yán)重破壞。 9. 詞組或合成詞作定語(yǔ)(1) 由“名詞+of”構(gòu)成的詞組作定語(yǔ)。如：a glass of bear 一杯啤酒a bottle of milk 一瓶牛奶a cup of tea 一杯茶a loaf of bread 一大塊面包a pile of earth 一堆土a roll of paper 一卷紙a pair of glasses 一副眼鏡a pair of pants 一條短褲a bit of advice 一點(diǎn)忠告a series of

15、problems 一系列問(wèn)題a piece of research 一項(xiàng)研究a crowd of people 一群人(2) 有些由of構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)不帶冠詞a作定語(yǔ)。如：lots of people 很多人plenty of time 大量時(shí)間loads of friends 許多朋友miles of swamps 大片的沼澤地rows of houses 一排排房子masses of work 大量工作groups of children 一群孩子great numbers of tourists 大量游客(3) 合成名詞作定語(yǔ)。如：a long-distance call 長(zhǎng)途電話a ful

16、l-page advertisement 整版廣告one-way traffic 單向交通last-minute arrangement 最后一分鐘的安排present-day life 現(xiàn)今的生活a part-time job 部分時(shí)間的工作front-page news 頭版新聞third-world countries 第三世界國(guó)家day-to-day teaching 日常教學(xué)one-parent families 單親家庭 10. 從句作定語(yǔ)There are a number of factors which we're to consider. 有很多因素需要我們考慮。T

17、his is the only reference book (that) I find useful. 這是我發(fā)現(xiàn)的唯一有用的參考書。The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday. 那個(gè)在讀書的男孩需要你昨天買的鋼筆。B 定語(yǔ)從句在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)的從句稱為定語(yǔ)從句。定語(yǔ)從句的作用相當(dāng)于形容詞，用來(lái)修飾主句中的某個(gè)名詞、代詞或整個(gè)主句，所以也稱為形容詞性從句。被定語(yǔ)從句修飾的詞叫先行詞，定語(yǔ)從句通常緊跟在它所修飾的先行詞之后。在先行詞和定語(yǔ)從句之間起連接作用的詞叫關(guān)系詞。關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞兩種。 1.

18、關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞有who，whom，whose，which，that等。它們分別代替前面的先行詞，在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或定語(yǔ)。用于限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句只用于限制性定語(yǔ)從句代替先行詞指人指物既指人也指物作主語(yǔ)whowhichthatwhomwhichthat作定語(yǔ)whose(=of whom)whose(=of which)who指人，在定語(yǔ)從句中作定語(yǔ)。如：The man who told me this refused to tell me his name. 告訴我這件事的人不肯告訴我他的名字。（定語(yǔ)從句修飾先行詞the man）He who l

19、aughs last laughs best. 誰(shuí)笑到最后，誰(shuí)就笑得最好。（定語(yǔ)從句修飾先行詞he）The chairman of the meeting, who spoke first, sat on my right. 會(huì)議主席坐在我右邊，他先發(fā)言。（定語(yǔ)從句修飾先行詞the chairman）whom指人，在定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)。在口語(yǔ)或非正式文體中，whom可省略或可用who來(lái)代替，但在介詞之后和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中只能用whom。如：These are some people (whom / who) we like and others (whom / who) we dis-like

20、. 有些人是我們喜歡的，有些人則是我們討厭的。（定語(yǔ)從句修飾先行詞people和others）The man with whom I travelled (that I travelled with) couldn't speak English. 和我一起旅行的這個(gè)人不會(huì)說(shuō)英語(yǔ)。（定語(yǔ)從句修飾先行詞the man） Mr Carter, whom I spoke to on the phone last night, is very interested in our plan. 昨晚，和我在電話里交談過(guò)的卡特先生對(duì)我們的計(jì)劃很感興趣。（非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中通常不用who代替whom）

21、whose通常指人，也可指物，在定語(yǔ)從句中作定語(yǔ)，后面要緊跟被修飾的名詞。如：There are some people whose faces you can never forget. 有些人，他們的容貌你永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記。（定語(yǔ)從句修飾先行詞people）I saw some trees whose leaves were black because of the polluted air. 我看見一些樹的葉子由于空氣污染而發(fā)黑。（定語(yǔ)從句修飾先行詞trees）which(1) 指物，在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)常可省略。如：English is a language which is

22、 very easy to learn. 英語(yǔ)是一門容易學(xué)的語(yǔ)言。（which在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)，不能省略）The children like cookies (which) my wife makes. 孩子們喜歡我夫人做的餅干。（關(guān)系代詞which作makes的賓語(yǔ)，可以省略）(2) which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句可以修飾前面的整個(gè)主句，相當(dāng)于and this。如：Jim passed his driving test, which surprised everybody. 吉姆通過(guò)了駕駛考試，這使大家都感到驚訝。（定語(yǔ)從句修飾的是整個(gè)從句，而不是his driving test）She

23、ila couldn't come to the party, which was a pity. 希拉不能來(lái)參加聚會(huì)，真遺憾。（定語(yǔ)從句修飾的是整個(gè)主句，而不是the party）(3) which在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中有時(shí)也可作定語(yǔ)。如：John stayed here for a week, during which time we visited the West Lake together. 約翰在這里待了一星期，在此期間，我們一起游覽了西湖。It might snow this weekend, in which case we won't go to Beijing

24、. 周末可能下雪，在這種情況下，我們將不去北京了。that指人時(shí)，相當(dāng)于who或whom；指物時(shí)，相當(dāng)于which。在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)?？墒÷浴Ｈ纾篐e is the man that lives next door. 他就是住在隔壁的那個(gè)人。（定語(yǔ)從句修飾先行詞the man，that作主語(yǔ)）Is there anything (that) I can do for you? 我能為你做點(diǎn)什么？（定語(yǔ)從句修飾先行詞anything，that作賓語(yǔ)，可省略） 其他關(guān)系代詞as和but也可作關(guān)系代詞，引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。as可以在限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。(1)

25、在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，as可用于由such，so，the same修飾的先行詞之后。如：Such women as knew Tom thought he was charming. 那些認(rèn)識(shí)湯姆的女人都認(rèn)為他很迷人。（as在定語(yǔ)從句中作knew的主語(yǔ)）I never heard such stories as he tells. 我從未聽過(guò)他講的這種故事。（as在定語(yǔ)從句中作tells的賓語(yǔ)）He lifted so heavy a stone as no one else can lift. 他搬起了別人都搬不起的大石頭。（as在定語(yǔ)從句中作lift的賓語(yǔ)）(2) 在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，as

26、可代表主句的整個(gè)句子，引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句可以放在主句之前或主句之后，通常用逗號(hào)與主句隔開。如：Sophia was not unconscious, as could be judged from her eyes. 索菲婭并未失去知覺，這從她的眼睛里可以看出。Freddie, as might be expected, was attending the conference. 弗雷迪在參加會(huì)議，這是可以預(yù)料到的。As everyone knows, Taiwan belongs to China. 眾所周知，臺(tái)灣屬于中國(guó)的領(lǐng)土。(3) but作關(guān)系詞只能引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句，同具有否定意思的主句

27、連用，相當(dāng)于that.not，who.not或which.not。其先行詞可以是人，也可以是物。如：There is not a single student in my class but would like to study more. 我們班上沒有一個(gè)學(xué)生不愿意多學(xué)一點(diǎn)東西的。There is nothing in the world but is influenced by the sun. 世界上沒有任何東西不受到太陽(yáng)的影響。 2. “介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句是一種非常常見，但也比較復(fù)雜的定語(yǔ)從句?！敖樵~+關(guān)系代詞”中介詞的位置關(guān)系代詞whom

28、，which在從句中作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，可以跟介詞一起放在從句與主句之間（that，who不可以），也可以把介詞放在從句中動(dòng)詞的后面，使關(guān)系代詞緊跟它所修飾的先行詞。如：He is a man of rich experience, from whom much can be learned. =He is a man of rich experience, whom much can be learned from. 他是個(gè)經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的人，從他那兒可以學(xué)到很多東西。The school in which he once worked is a key school. =The school (whi

29、ch / that) he once worked in is a key school. 他曾經(jīng)工作過(guò)的學(xué)校是一所重點(diǎn)學(xué)校?！敖樵~+關(guān)系代詞”的常見結(jié)構(gòu)(1) 介詞+which / whomAshdown forest, through which we'll be driving, isn't a forest any longer. 我們將開車穿過(guò)阿斯頓森林，可是現(xiàn)在它已經(jīng)不再是一片森林了。This is the famous singer about whom we have often talked. 這就是那位我們經(jīng)常談?wù)摰闹璩摇his is an undo

30、ubted social evil against which many voices were to be raised. 這無(wú)疑是一種社會(huì)邪惡，勢(shì)必遭到人們的強(qiáng)烈反對(duì)。(2) 名詞+of+which / whomPlease pass me the book the cover of which is blue. 請(qǐng)把那本藍(lán)色封面的書遞給我。There are twenty students in this class, the backgrounds of whom are different. 在這個(gè)班有20個(gè)學(xué)生，他們各自的家庭背景是不同的。(3) 數(shù)詞+of+which / who

31、mIn our school there are 200 teachers, thirty percent of whom are women. 我校大約有200名教師，其中30%是女教師。The committee consists of 20 members, 5 of whom are workers. 委員會(huì)是由20個(gè)成員組成的，其中5個(gè)是工人。(4) 代詞+of+which / whomI picked up the peaches, some of which were badly bruised. 我撿起那些桃子，其中有些已經(jīng)碰傷了。I met the fruit-pickers

32、, several of whom were university students. 我碰到那些摘水果的人，其中有好幾個(gè)是大學(xué)生。(5) 最高級(jí)+of+which / whomChina has thousands of islands, the largest of which is Taiwan. 中國(guó)有數(shù)千個(gè)島嶼，其中最大的是臺(tái)灣島。(6) 介詞+which+名詞He usually returns home at 10：00, at which hour is his father locks all the doors and windows. 他通常10點(diǎn)回家，這時(shí)候他父親會(huì)鎖好

33、所有的門窗。Don't call between 12 o'clock and 1 o'clock, at which time I am usually having lunch. 不要在12點(diǎn)和1點(diǎn)之間給我打電話，那個(gè)時(shí)候我通常在吃午飯。關(guān)系代詞前介詞的選擇在“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句中，應(yīng)注意介詞的正確選擇。(1) 根據(jù)動(dòng)詞和介詞的搭配關(guān)系選擇。如：The things of which they felt proud were Jim's watch and Della's hair. 他們引以自豪的東西是吉姆的手表和黛拉的頭發(fā)。（feel

34、 proud of是固定搭配）In the dark street there was not a single person to whom she could turn for help. 在漆黑的街道上沒有一個(gè)她可以求助的人。（turn to sb. for help是固定搭配）(2) 根據(jù)與前面名詞的搭配關(guān)系選擇。如：I'll never forget the day on which I first met him. 我永遠(yuǎn)也忘不了我第一次遇見他的那一天。（the day前面通常用介詞on）Can you imagine a proper situation in which

35、 the expression can be used? 你能設(shè)想一個(gè)使用這個(gè)詞語(yǔ)的適當(dāng)場(chǎng)合嗎？（a situation前面通常用介詞in）(3) 有時(shí)需要同時(shí)考慮動(dòng)詞和介詞的搭配關(guān)系及介詞和名詞的搭配關(guān)系。如：Galileo made a telescope through which he could study the sky（=study the sky through the telescope）. 伽利略制作了一個(gè)望遠(yuǎn)鏡，通過(guò)它可以研究天空。Is that the house in which you once lived（=live in the house）? 那就是你曾經(jīng)居住

36、過(guò)的房子嗎？(4) 根據(jù)所要表達(dá)的意思來(lái)決定。如：This is my pair of glasses, without which I cannot see clearly. 這是我的眼鏡，離了它我什么也看不清。 3. 關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系副詞有when，where和why等。when，where，why在定語(yǔ)從句中作狀語(yǔ)，在意義上相當(dāng)于“介詞+which”結(jié)構(gòu)，分別代替表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)和原因的先行詞。（見下表）關(guān)系副詞先行詞功能 使用范圍When (=during / in / on which)表示時(shí)間的名詞作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ) 限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句Where (=i

37、n / at which)表示地點(diǎn)的名詞作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ) 限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ) 從句why (=for which reason）作原因狀語(yǔ)限制性定語(yǔ)從句(1) when指時(shí)間，在定語(yǔ)從句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。如：1994 was the year when (=in which) he was born. 1994是他的出生年。I still remember the day when(=on which) I first came to this school. 我仍然記得我第一次來(lái)這所學(xué)校的那一天。(2) where指地點(diǎn)，在定語(yǔ)從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)。如：That's the hotel

38、where(=in which) we were staying last summer. 這就是我們?nèi)ツ晗奶熳〉穆灭^。What's the name of the place where(=at which) you spent your holiday? 你度假的那個(gè)地方叫什么名字？(3) why指原因，在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中作原因狀語(yǔ)。如：Give me the reason why you should be interested in his affairs. 告訴我你為什么竟對(duì)他的事這樣感興趣。The reason why he was punished is unknown

39、to us. 他受懲罰的原因我們都不知道。注意無(wú)論是關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞，都在定語(yǔ)從句中取代了先行詞，因此，先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中不再出現(xiàn)。如：This is the book that I borrowed it yesterday. （誤）This is the book that I borrowed yesterday. （正）這就是我昨天借的書。（that在定語(yǔ)從句中取代了先行詞the book，作borrowed的賓語(yǔ)，因此，要去掉it。）The English Corner is the place where people often go there to practise th

40、eir spoken English. （誤）The English Corner is the place where people often go to practise their spoken English. （正） 英語(yǔ)角是人們經(jīng)常去練習(xí)英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)的地方。（where在定語(yǔ)從句中取代了先行詞the place，作go的狀語(yǔ)，因此，要去掉there。） 4. 限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句根據(jù)定語(yǔ)從句在句中所起的作用，可分為限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句兩大類。(1) 限制性定語(yǔ)從句是先行詞在意義上不可缺少的定語(yǔ)，用于修飾和限定先行詞。如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意義。書寫

41、時(shí)不用逗號(hào)與先行詞隔開。如：This is the boy who broke the window. 這就是打破窗戶的那個(gè)男孩。（the boy是先行詞，who broke the window是限制性定語(yǔ)從句，明確指出the boy是打破窗戶的那個(gè)男孩。）I have a book which teaches English grammar. 我有一本講解英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法的書。（a book是先行詞，which teaches English grammar是限制性定語(yǔ)從句，修飾a book。）Boys who attend this school have to wear uniforms. 在

42、這所學(xué)校上學(xué)的男孩必須穿校服。（boys是先行詞，who attend this school是限制性定語(yǔ)從句，修飾boys。） (2) 非限制性定語(yǔ)從句在意義上只是一個(gè)附加修飾語(yǔ)，對(duì)先行詞或主句作些附加的說(shuō)明。如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚。書寫時(shí)往往用逗號(hào)與先行詞隔開。如：My daughter, who is in Boston now, is coming home next week. 我女兒現(xiàn)在在波士頓，下星期回來(lái)。（my daughter是先行詞，who is in Boston now是非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，對(duì)先行詞my daughter起附加說(shuō)明的作用。）She gave me t

43、his sweater, which she had knitted herself. 她給我的這件毛衣，是她自己織的。（which she had knitted herself是非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，對(duì)主句作進(jìn)一步的補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明。）非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的用法(1) 當(dāng)先行詞表示的是世界上獨(dú)一無(wú)二的人或物時(shí)。如：The sun, which gives us light and heat, is a fixed star. 太陽(yáng)是一顆恒星，它給我們帶來(lái)光和熱。Last year I visited the People's Great Hall, where many important mee

44、tings are held every year. 去年我參觀了人民大會(huì)堂，每年許多重要的會(huì)議都在那里舉行。(2) 當(dāng)定語(yǔ)從句修飾整個(gè)主句時(shí)。如： Peter drove too fast, which was dangerous. 彼得開車很快，這是很危險(xiǎn)的。He said that he had never seen her before, which was not true. 他說(shuō)他從未見過(guò)她，這是不真實(shí)的。(3) 當(dāng)先行詞是專有名詞，或先行詞本身表示的意義十分明確時(shí)。如：Three of the biggest man-made projects in the world are

45、the Great Wall of China，the Pyramids of Egypt and the Aswan High Dam， which is also in Egypt. 世界上最大的三項(xiàng)人造工程是中國(guó)的長(zhǎng)城，埃及的金字塔和阿斯旺高壩，它也在埃及。 I congratulate my neighbour, whose son has just won the election. 我祝賀我的鄰居，他的兒子剛剛贏得選舉。 5. 關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的選用定語(yǔ)從句中關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的選用比較復(fù)雜，除了牽涉到所指的先行詞是人還是物，所引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句是限制性的還是非限制性的，以及關(guān)系詞在

46、從句中充當(dāng)什么句子成分外，還要根據(jù)習(xí)慣用法而定。只用who的情況(1) 在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中：Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查爾斯·史密斯去年退休了，他曾經(jīng)是我的老師。The children, who wanted to play football, were disappointed when it rained. 那些孩子想踢足球，都因下雨而感到失望。(2) 先行詞是one，anyone，those時(shí)：One who has nothing to fear for himself dar

47、es to tell the truth. 一個(gè)無(wú)所畏懼的人敢說(shuō)真話。Anyone who breaks the law shall be punished. 任何犯法的人都將受到懲罰。(3) 在there / here be開頭的句子中： Here is a boy who wants to see you. 有個(gè)男孩想見你。(4) 先行詞與定語(yǔ)從句被其他詞所分隔時(shí)：Don't tell anyone about the secret who oughtn't to know. 不要把這秘密告訴任何一個(gè)不該知道的人。I was the only person in my of

48、fice who was invited. 我是辦公室里唯一受到邀請(qǐng)的人。只用which / whom的情況(1) 在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中：Her house, which was built a hundred years ago, stood still in the earthquake. 她的房子在地震中依然聳立，它是一百多年前建造的。Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液態(tài)水變?yōu)檎羝@就叫做蒸發(fā)。(2) 關(guān)系代詞緊跟在介詞或介詞短語(yǔ)后：Chaplin went to the states in 191

49、0，by which time he had learnt to dance and act in comedies. 卓別林在1910年去了美國(guó)，那時(shí)他已學(xué)會(huì)跳舞和表演喜劇了。 They talked about a movie，the name of which I've never forgotten. 他們談?wù)撨^(guò)一部電影，我決不會(huì)忘記這個(gè)電影名。只用that的情況(1) 當(dāng)先行詞為everything，anything，nothing，all，none，few，little等詞時(shí)，或當(dāng)先行詞被every，any，all，some，no，little，much等詞修飾時(shí)。如：Ev

50、erything that he said was true. 他所說(shuō)的一切都是真的。Have you any books that are worth reading? 你有值得看的書嗎？This is all that I want to say at the meeting. 這就是我想在會(huì)上說(shuō)的一切。(2) 當(dāng)先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)。如：You are the first person that I want to ask for. 你是我想見的第一個(gè)人。She was probably the hardest working student (that) I have e

51、ver taught. 她也許是我教過(guò)的學(xué)生中學(xué)習(xí)最勤奮的。(3) 當(dāng)先行詞被the very，the only修飾時(shí)。如：This is the very pen that I am looking for. 這正是我找的鋼筆。The only book (that) I want to read is missing. 我唯一想看的書不見了。(4) 當(dāng)先行詞為who或前面有who，which等疑問(wèn)代詞時(shí)。如：Who that has common sense will believe such nonsense? 有常識(shí)的人誰(shuí)會(huì)相信這種無(wú)聊的事情？My brother studies in

52、 the school which is the most beautiful in our city that isn't far from my company. 我弟弟在我們城市最美麗的學(xué)校讀書，學(xué)校離我們公司不遠(yuǎn)。(5) 當(dāng)先行詞為人與事物或動(dòng)物時(shí)。如：The professor and his achievement that I heard about are admired by them. 我聽說(shuō)的那位教授和他的成就得到他們的贊美。Let's talk about the persons and the things that we can remember.

53、讓我們談?wù)撃軌蛳肫鸬娜宋锖褪虑?。The boy and his dog that were believed to be lost in the wood were rescued this morning. 被認(rèn)為在樹林里迷路的孩子與狗，今天早上已經(jīng)獲救了。(6) 關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作表語(yǔ)時(shí)。如：He is all (that) a man should be. 一個(gè)人應(yīng)有的品質(zhì)，他都有。Our school is no longer the school that it used to be. 我們的學(xué)校不再是以前的學(xué)校了。關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的選擇 當(dāng)先行詞是表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)或原因的名詞時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句用關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞來(lái)引導(dǎo)，要根據(jù)關(guān)系詞在定語(yǔ)從句中所擔(dān)當(dāng)?shù)木渥映煞謥?lái)決定。其選擇的依據(jù)有：(1) 弄清楚代替先行詞的關(guān)系詞在從句中作什么成分，是主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)還是狀語(yǔ)；(2) 辨別先行詞表示的人、物、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)還是原因；(3) 判斷從句是限制性定語(yǔ)從句還是非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。試比較：This is the place where the traffic accident occured. 這就是發(fā)生交通事故的地方。（where作狀語(yǔ)）This is the place w