畢業(yè)論文微型車怠速不良原因與控制措施

1、目 錄1前 言32微型車的概述42.1微型車定義42.2微型車的發(fā)展前景43 汽車故障的診斷與檢測53.1故障診斷一般原則54 怠速的基本概述54.1 怠速定義54.2怠速不良現象6怠速不穩(wěn)，易熄火6冷態(tài)怠速不穩(wěn)，易熄火8熱態(tài)怠速不穩(wěn)，易熄火8發(fā)動機熱態(tài)怠速過高9發(fā)動機怠速時上下波動10使用空調或轉向時怠速不穩(wěn)或熄火115 怠速控制系統(tǒng)115.1怠速控制系統(tǒng)功能115.2怠速控制系統(tǒng)的組成125.3怠速控制的方法措施146 結 論15參考文獻16摘 要從改革開放以來我國人民生活水平不斷提高！汽車正逐步走進千家萬戶。作為汽車的心臟發(fā)動機的好壞直接影響到汽車的動力性與經濟性。如今汽車發(fā)動機的技術已

2、經發(fā)展近半世紀，其技術水平已有了一個質的飛躍！大大提高了汽車的經濟性與動力性。然而，現代汽車存在多樣性的問題！如：怠速不穩(wěn)、怠速熄火、冷車怠速不良和熱車不良等問題。汽車怠速運轉的時間占汽車運轉總時間的30%，怠速運轉的好壞直接影響到汽車使用中燃油經濟性和排放污染的好壞！又能反應汽車的技術性、穩(wěn)定性、動力性等各種技術指標。怠速工況下的故障率遠遠大于其它工況的故障率。給汽車維修帶來不小的困難！如何檢測和維修怠速中所發(fā)生的各類故障，應是我們每個維修人員共同面對的挑戰(zhàn)。關鍵詞： 怠速不良 怠速不穩(wěn) 故障診斷 1前 言隨著汽車的逐漸普及，汽車維修行業(yè)已成為一個迅速崛起的龐大行業(yè)，并且在社會上越來越得到廣

3、大人民重視。隨著汽車新技術的不斷發(fā)展，新技術日新月異，隨之而來的汽車問題也對汽車維修行業(yè)提出了更高更新的要求。汽車維修從業(yè)人員的業(yè)務素質和技術水平，直接影響到汽車維修質量和汽車維修行業(yè)的聲譽。因此，必須加強汽車維修從業(yè)人員的素質和技術培訓，提高為汽車維修行業(yè)服務的本領。國家標準GB/T167391997汽車維修業(yè)開業(yè)條件中明確規(guī)定：“各工種技術工人必須經過專業(yè)培訓，取得工人技術等級證書，并經交通行業(yè)培訓，取得上崗證，持證上崗”。國家勞動和社會保障部也制定了對汽車維修從業(yè)人員實行從業(yè)制格制度。為貫徹落實好上述有關持證上崗制度的規(guī)定，搞好汽車維修從業(yè)人員的崗位培訓工作，我在此論述有關汽車怠速方面不

4、良問題的故障原因和控制措施，使大家能學習到有關怠速不良問題的技術知識，可供大家參考學習。為汽修行業(yè)的良好發(fā)展做出一份力量。2微型車的概述2.1微型車定義微型車也被稱為A00級車，一般情況下，屬于該級別的車其軸距在2.0米至2.3米之間，車身在4.0米之內，搭載的發(fā)動機排量在1.0升左右。L排量范圍的轎車，稱為超微型轎車。2.2微型車的發(fā)展前景2008年微型車逆市上行、一枝獨秀是多方面原因共同促成。經濟上：處于“寒冬”情況下，消費者出于節(jié)能環(huán)保因素和自身利益的考慮，促使消費者理性選擇了物美價廉、適應性強、油耗低的微型車。政策上：隨著中國消費稅的調整和燃油稅的開征，中國汽車產業(yè)政策也正進一步向微型

5、車領域傾斜，消費者購置微型車的成本明顯降低。企業(yè)上：由于微型車行業(yè)銷量上升，各大汽車集團推出新款微型車，由于物美價廉、生產資料和“國情車,正符合金融危機下的人民群眾要求。綜上所述，微型車關注度迅速上升，國家政策支持和經濟形勢明顯好轉，汽車市場也持續(xù)火熱，微型車逐漸升溫。使得微型車發(fā)展為家庭主要代步工具。但事物都有兩面性，微型車在新技術發(fā)展的同時，一些故障也頻頻出現，而且故障現象呈現復雜性、多樣性的一些“疑難雜癥”，使得維修工作也很艱難！3 汽車故障的診斷與檢測3.1故障診斷一般原則1、先思后行 對故障現象先進行綜合分析，了解故障原因后再進行故障檢查?？杀苊鈾z查的盲目性，迅速排除故障。 2、先外

6、后內 先檢查電控系統(tǒng)以外的可能故障予以檢查。 3、先簡后繁 能以簡單方法檢查的可能故障部位應優(yōu)先檢查。如：直觀檢查最為簡單，我們可以用問、看、摸、聽、嗅和試等直觀檢查方法，將一些較為顯露的故障部位找出來。4、先易后難 由于結構特點和使用環(huán)境等原因，發(fā)動機的某一故障現象通常是由一些總成部分的原因引起的，應先對這些常見故障部位進行檢查。若還不能找出故障在找其它不常見的故障部位，可迅速排除故障。 5、代碼優(yōu)先 有故障代碼的汽車，在對汽車檢查前，按廠家提供的方法，讀取故障代碼，再按故障代碼的內容排除故障。 6、先備后用 檢測微機控制系統(tǒng)元件性能的好壞、電氣線路是否正常，常以其電壓或電阻等參數來判斷。4

7、 怠速的基本概述4.1 怠速定義首先，介紹一下怠速不是一種速度，而是一種工作工況。其次，介紹一下我們把汽車發(fā)動機工作狀態(tài)分為多種工況，如加速工況、減速工況、全負荷工況、怠速工況等，其中怠速工況我們簡稱“怠速”。怠速定義是指發(fā)動機空轉運轉時，完全放松油門油門踏板，這時發(fā)動機就處于怠速狀態(tài)。發(fā)動機怠速時的轉速被稱為怠速轉速，它是維持發(fā)動機對外沒有輸出功率時的最低轉速。怠速轉速可以通過調整節(jié)氣門大小等來調整其高低，至到調到怠速轉速以發(fā)動機不抖動、耗油最少時的最低轉速為最佳。4.2怠速不良現象4.2.1怠速不穩(wěn)，易熄火1】故障現象：發(fā)動機起動正常，但不論冷車或熱車，怠速均不穩(wěn)，怠速轉速過低，易熄火。2

8、】故障原因：1、 進氣系統(tǒng)有漏氣。2、 燃油壓力太低。3、 空氣濾清器堵塞。4、 噴油器霧化不良、漏油或堵塞。5、 怠速調整不當。6、 怠速控制閥或旁通空氣閥工作不良。7、 火花塞工作不良。8、 空氣流量計有故障。9、 氣缸壓縮壓力過低不均勻。3】故障診斷與排除：1、 先進行故障自診斷，檢查有無故障代碼。如果有，按故障代碼查找故障部位。2、 檢查進氣系統(tǒng)各進氣管路接頭、各真空軟管、廢氣再循環(huán)系統(tǒng)和燃油蒸氣回收系統(tǒng)是否漏氣。3、 檢查怠速控制閥的工作是否正常。拔下怠速控制閥接線插頭，如果發(fā)動機轉速無變化說明怠速控制閥或控制電路有故障，應檢修或更換。如圖4-1。 圖4-1 步行電動機型怠速控制閥

9、1控制閥 2前軸承 3后軸承 4密封圈 5絲杠機構 6線束插接器 7定子 8轉子4、 怠速時逐個短路各缸高壓線，檢查發(fā)動機轉速的下降值是否相等。如果某缸在短路高壓線時，發(fā)動機轉速基本不變，說明該缸工作不良或不工作，應檢查該缸火花塞或噴油器或控制電路是否正常、該缸壓力是否過低。5、 仔細聽各缸噴油器在怠速時的工作聲音。如果各缸噴油器工作聲音有差異，說明各缸噴油量不相等，應拆檢或更換。6、 檢查各缸的高壓火花。如某缸的火花太弱或斷火，應檢測分火頭、分電器蓋、高壓分線、點火器、發(fā)動機轉速傳感器及其連線、插頭等。7、 拆檢各缸各缸火花塞，檢查電極是否燒蝕過甚或積碳，火花塞電極間隙是否正常。8、 檢查燃

10、油壓力。怠速時的燃油壓力應為250kpa左右。如燃油壓力偏低，應檢查油壓調節(jié)器、電動汽油泵、汽油濾清器及電動汽油泵的進油濾網、連接管路等。9、 調整發(fā)動機怠速。檢查空氣流量計是否卡滯，檢查氣缸壓縮壓力。如壓力低于0.8Mpa，應拆檢發(fā)動機。4.2.2冷態(tài)怠速不穩(wěn)，易熄火1】故障現象：發(fā)動機冷態(tài)運轉時怠速不穩(wěn)或過低，易熄火，冷態(tài)后怠速恢復正常。2】故障原因：1、 附加空氣閥故障。2、 怠速控制閥故障。3、 冷卻液溫度傳感器故障。3】故障診斷與排除：1、 先進行故障自診斷，檢查有無故障代碼。如果有，按故障代碼查找故障部位。2、 檢查附加空氣閥。拆下附加空氣閥，檢查在冷態(tài)時附加空氣閥的閥門是否開啟，

11、如不能開啟或過小，應清洗或更換。3、 檢查怠速控制閥。熄火后拔下怠速控制閥線束，待發(fā)動機起動后再插上，如果發(fā)動機轉速無變化，說明怠速控制閥不工作，應檢修。4、 測量冷卻液溫度傳感器。如果有短路、斷路或阻值不符，應更換。4.2.3熱態(tài)怠速不穩(wěn)，易熄火 1】故障現象：發(fā)動機冷態(tài)運轉時怠速正常，熱態(tài)后怠速不穩(wěn)、轉速過低或熄火。2】故障原因：1、 怠速調整過低、控制閥有故障。2、 冷卻液溫度傳感器有故障。3、 火花塞、點火線圈、點火器噴油器工作不良。4、 發(fā)動機轉速傳感器工作不良。3】故障診斷與排除：1、 先進行故障自診斷，檢查有無故障代碼。如果有，按故障代碼查找故障部位。尤其是點火線圈、點火器及發(fā)動

12、機轉速傳感器的檢查。2、 檢查發(fā)動機的初始怠速轉速、冷卻液溫度傳感器、怠速控制閥、各缸火花塞、噴油器工作是否正常。4.2.4發(fā)動機熱態(tài)怠速過高1】故障現象：發(fā)動機冷態(tài)時能以正?？斓∷龠\轉，但熱態(tài)后保持快怠速，導致怠速轉速過高。2】故障原因：1、 節(jié)氣門卡滯，關閉不嚴。怠速調整不當。2、 附加空氣閥、怠速控制閥、冷卻液溫度傳感器、曲軸箱強制通風閥、空調開關、動力轉向器壓力故障。3】故障診斷與排除：1、 檢查怠速時節(jié)氣門是否全閉，節(jié)氣門拉索是否卡滯。2、 進行故障自診斷，檢查有無故障代碼。如果有，按故障代碼查找故障部位。3、 檢查附加空氣閥。將附加空氣閥進氣管夾緊怠速好轉，說明附加空氣閥在熱態(tài)不能

13、關閉。應檢修或更換。4、 檢查冷卻液溫度傳感器。若拔下冷卻液溫度傳感器線束插頭后，發(fā)動機怠速好轉，說明冷卻液溫度傳感器有故障，應檢修或更換。5、 檢查怠速控制閥。發(fā)動機熄火后拔下怠速控制閥線束插頭，待起動后再插上，如果發(fā)動機隨之變化，說明怠速控制閥工作正常。否則應檢修。6、 接通空調開關后或轉動轉向盤時，如果發(fā)動機轉速沒有變化，說明怠速自動控制系統(tǒng)有故障，應檢修。7、 把曲軸箱強制通風閥軟管夾緊，如果發(fā)動機轉速隨之下降，說明曲軸箱強制通風閥在怠速時開度過大，應檢修。4.2.5發(fā)動機怠速時上下波動1】故障現象：怠速時發(fā)動機轉速不斷地上下波動。2】故障原因：1、 節(jié)氣門位置傳感器安裝調整不當，在怠

14、速時怠速觸點不能閉合。2、 噴油器霧化不良或堵塞。3、 空氣流量計、怠速控制閥或者自動控制電路有故障。4、 冷卻液溫度傳感器信號不正確。5、 氧傳感器失效或反饋信號控制電路有故障。3】故障診斷與排除：1、 先進行故障自診斷，檢查有無故障代碼。如果有，則按所顯示的故障碼內容查找故障部位。2、 怠速時逐個短路各缸高壓線，檢查發(fā)動機各缸工作是否均勻。3、 檢查冷卻液溫度傳感器、空氣流量計、怠速控制閥是否符合標準值，工作是否正常，否則應檢修或更換。.4、 拆下怠速控制閥后，將蓄電池正極接至B1和B2端子，負極按順序依次接通S1-S2-S3-S4端子時，隨步進電動機的旋轉，控制閥應向外伸出；蓄電池負極按

15、相反順序依次接通S4-S3-S2-S1時，則控制閥應向內縮回。若不符合以上情況應更換怠速控制閥。如圖4-2。 圖4-2 怠速控制閥測量方法4.2.6使用空調或轉向時怠速不穩(wěn)或熄火1】故障現象：發(fā)動機在怠速運轉中使用空調或汽車轉向時怠速過低、不穩(wěn)，甚至熄火，切斷空調或汽車直行時怠速運轉正常。2】故障原因：1、 初始怠速調整過低，使怠速自動控制無法正常運行。2、 怠速控制閥不工作，導致怠速過低、運轉不穩(wěn)或熄火。3、 空調開關或轉向液壓開關及其控制線路有故障，電腦接收不到接通空調和轉向的電信號，導致怠速過低。3】故障診斷與排除：1、 先進行故障自診斷，檢查有無故障代碼。如果有，按故障代碼查找故障部位

16、。2、 按規(guī)定程序重新檢查調整發(fā)動機的初始怠速。3、 檢查怠速控制閥是否工作正常。拔下怠速控制閥線束插頭，若發(fā)動機轉速沒有變化，則說明怠速控制閥不工作，應更換2。5 怠速控制系統(tǒng)5.1怠速控制系統(tǒng)功能怠速控制（ISC）已經成為發(fā)動機集中控制系統(tǒng)的基本控制內容之一。怠速控制的目的是在保證發(fā)動機排放要且運轉穩(wěn)定的前提下，盡量使發(fā)動機的怠速轉速保持最低，以降低怠速時的燃油消耗量。電控噴射式發(fā)動機在怠速工況時，空氣通過節(jié)氣門縫隙或旁通節(jié)氣門的怠速空氣道進入發(fā)動機，并由空氣流量計（或進氣絕對壓力傳感器）對進氣量進行控制，電控燃油噴射系統(tǒng)（EFI）則根據各傳感器信號控制噴油量，保證發(fā)動機的怠速運轉。怠速控

17、制系統(tǒng)的功能是根據發(fā)動機的工作溫度和負載，由ECU自動控制怠速工況下的空氣供給量，維持發(fā)動機以穩(wěn)定怠速運轉。如圖5-1。(a) (b) 圖5-1 怠速進氣量控制方法 a)節(jié)氣門直動式 b)旁通空氣式 1節(jié)氣門 2進氣管 3節(jié)氣門操縱臂 4執(zhí)行元件 5怠速空氣道5.2怠速控制系統(tǒng)的組成怠速控制系統(tǒng)主要由傳感器、ECU、和執(zhí)行元件三大部分組成，如圖5-2所示。傳感器的功用是檢測發(fā)動機的運行工況的負載設備的工作狀況，ECU根據各種傳感器的輸入信號確定一個怠速運轉的目標轉速，控制執(zhí)行元件的工作，以調節(jié)進氣量，使發(fā)動機的怠速轉速達到所確定的目標轉速。到進氣管 圖5-2 發(fā)動機怠速控制系統(tǒng)結構圖在怠速控制

18、系統(tǒng)中，ECU需要根據節(jié)氣門位置信號和車速信號確認怠速工況，只有在節(jié)氣門全關、車速為零時，ECU控制的怠速系統(tǒng)才起作用。如圖5-3。 圖5-3 ECU控制簡圖1冷卻液溫度 2壓縮機S W 3液力變矩器負荷信號4比 較 5節(jié)氣門全閉信號 6車速信號 7目標轉速 5.3怠速控制的方法措施怠速控制的實質就是對怠速工況下的進氣量進行控制。在發(fā)動機集中控制系統(tǒng)中，控制怠速進氣量的方法可分為兩種基本類型：節(jié)氣門直動式和旁通空氣式。節(jié)氣門直動式通過執(zhí)行元件改變節(jié)氣門的最小開度來控制怠速進氣量，而旁通空氣怠速控制系統(tǒng)中，設有旁通節(jié)氣門的怠速空氣道，由執(zhí)行元件控制流經怠速空氣道的空氣量。目前應用比較廣泛的是旁通

19、空氣式怠速控制系統(tǒng)。按執(zhí)行元件的類型不同，旁通空氣式怠速控制系統(tǒng)又分步進電動型、旋轉電磁閥型、占空比控制電磁閥型、開關型等。怠速控制的方法及執(zhí)行元件的類型因車而異，目前應用較多的是步進電動機控制的旁通空氣式怠速控制系統(tǒng)。不同車型的怠速控制系統(tǒng)，其控制內容也不完全相同，控制內容通常包括：起動控制、暖機控制（快怠速控制）、負荷變化控制、反饋控制和學習控制等。6 結 論隨著汽車經濟的發(fā)展，汽車產業(yè)已成為我國五大支柱產業(yè)之一，關系到國家經濟的安全和可持續(xù)發(fā)展，但中國的汽車發(fā)展史比較晚、起步晚、技術實力弱等因素。使我國汽車整體質量保證不先進。問題多且故障復雜多變。為了能提高和改變維修行業(yè)人員的維修技術水

20、平和能力，能在正常的維修保養(yǎng)，以及在汽車出現各種問題能科學地、快捷地、準確無誤地為車主解決無后顧之憂！本文從我國汽車現狀出發(fā)，提出了解決微型車怠速不良和控制措施問題的整體思路和方法。對解決汽車在怠速問題方面的理論和實際問題方面，以及提高汽車維修行業(yè)人員操縱科學性、正規(guī)性等方面有一定幫助。但本文有不足之處或遺留問題。如是否存在例外情況或本論文尚未和難以解決或解釋的問題，也可請各位老師提出進一步研究本課題的建議。參考文獻1 譚本忠.汽車故障排解思路與實例.北京：機械工業(yè)出版社，2008.10（2009.7重?。?2 呂傳章.汽車維修與檢測診斷.北京：人民出版社，2001.7 3 張西振.汽車發(fā)動機

21、電控技術.第二版.北京：機械工業(yè)出版社，2009.2您好，為你提供優(yōu)秀的畢業(yè)論文參考資料，請您刪除以下內容，O(_)O謝謝！A large group of tea merchants on camels and horses from Northwest China's Shaanxi province pass through a stop on the ancient Silk Road, Gansu's Zhangye city during their journey to Kazakhstan, May 5, 2015. The caravan, consistin

22、g of more than 100 camels, three horse-drawn carriages and four support vehicles, started the trip from Jingyang county in Shaanxi on Sept 19, 2014. It will pass through Gansu province and Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region, and finally arrive in Almaty, formerly known as Alma-Ata, the largest city in

23、 Kazakhstan, and Dungan in Zhambyl province. The trip will cover about 15,000 kilometers and take the caravan more than one year to complete. The caravan is expected to return to Jingyang in March 2016. Then they will come back, carrying specialty products from Kazakhstan A small art troupe founded

24、six decades ago has grown into a household name in the Inner Mongolia autonomous region. In the 1950s, Ulan Muqir Art Troupe was created by nine young musicians, who toured remote villages on horses and performed traditional Mongolian music and dances for nomadic families. The 54-year-old was born i

25、n Tongliao, in eastern Inner Mongolia and joined the troupe in 1975.He says there are 74 branch troupes across Inner Mongolia and actors give around 100 shows every year to local nomadic people. "I can still recall the days when I toured with the troupe in the early '80s. We sat on the back

26、 of pickup trucks for hours. The sky was blue, and we couldn't help but sing the folk songs," Nasun says. The vastness of Inner Mongolia and the lack of entertainment options for people living there, made their lives lonely. "The nomadic people were very excited about our visits,"

27、 Nasun recalls. "We didn't have a formal stage. The audience just sat on the grass. Usually, the performances became a big party with local people joining in." For him, the rewarding part about touring isn't just about sharing art with nomadic families but also about gaining inspir

28、ation for the music and dance. Ulan Muqir literally translates as "red burgeon", and today's performers of the troupe still tour the region's villages and entertain nomadic families, but their fame has spread around the world. On May 16 and 17, nearly 100 singers and dancers from t

29、he troupe performed at Beijing's Poly Theater. Their show, titled Ulan Muqir on the Grassland, depicted the history and development of the art troupe. "Being from the region allowed me to embrace the culture of Inner Mongolia and being a member of the troupe showed me where I belonged,"

30、; Nasun, the art troupe's president, who is also a renowned tenor, tells China Daily. During a tour in 1985, he went to a village and met an elderly local man, who told him a story about his friendship with a solider from Shenyang, capital of Northeast China's Liaoning province, decades ago.

31、 The solider gave the old man a handmade saddle when they bid farewell. The story inspired Nasun to write Carved Saddle, a song that later became one of his most popular numbers. Now, every year, Nasun recruits young singers and dancers for the troupe. The troupe has also designed a new repertoire,

32、which is mostly based on the daily lives of Mongolian people, especially the lives of nomadic families, and has combined contemporary musical elements with folk songs of the region. Haimu, a 25-year-old khoomei (a local variant of overtone singing) singer, joined the troupe three years ago. Along wi

33、th a six-member band, he performs fast songs and soft ones that he writesall while playing the horse-head fiddle."Although I learned the piano since childhood and grew up listening to various kinds of music, to me, the folk music of Inner Mongolia is the root," he says. "Performing in

34、 remote villages is pleasant. I feel at home on the boundless grasslands, and the warm people there make me feel fulfilled." The first round of spring auction season in Beijing ended last week, but it failed to create much spring in the art market. Although two pieces of Chinese painting fetche

35、d more than 100 million yuan, the decline in trading volume and sale rate showed a downturn this year. In the “Grand View: Chinese Painting Highlight” session at China Guardian 2015 spring auctions, Pan Tianshous representative work Eagle, Rock and Flora hit a record auction price of 279 million yua

36、n, while Li Kerans masterwork Jinggang Mountain fetched 126.5 million yuan, an unexpected high in recent years. However, the trading volume fells to 1.87 billion yuan from 2.22 billion yuan in the same period the year before. The Huangchen 2015 Spring Auctions, which recorded 42.5 million yuan in to

37、tal sales, experienced the same. The section number went down to 5 from 12 compared to last year. According to expert Shao Jianwu, the art market did not attract much excitement this year due to the booming stock market and the persistent problems of forgery and fake deals. The two pieces of Chinese

38、 painting notched up high price this spring due to their own value not due to a revival in the market. "The successful transaction of two works with a hammer price of more than 100 million yuan once again confirms that valuable and rare works of high quality always earn the long-lasting high pr

39、ice. Chinese painting and calligraphy is still the pillar of the market. However, the overall sales rate has dropped slightly, which reflects the demand for the ordinary auction goods has weakened,” said the president of China Guardians Hu Yanyan. "Besides, the entry of new buyers also makes ce

40、rtain changes to the direction of purchasing. In a word, the overall market trend is very unpredictable. Although China Guardian 2015 Spring Auctions has achieved remarkable results, it does not mean that the market has walked out of the predicament. We still have to wait for the big economic boom t

41、o invigorate the art market.” Even so, the hot pursuit of some special items appeared this spring. A special session of China Guardian Spring Auctions titled “Fine GiltBronze Buddhist Images” achieved a great deal with total sales volume of 41.89 million yuan and 92 percent sale rate. The 5th Shamar

42、 Rinpoche Statue from 16-17th century of Tibet was sold for 5.06 million yuan. The Beijing Chengxuan Auctions featured almost 2,800 items of coins and stamps in three sessions with good sale rate. The Huachen Auctions also set a special session of photographs under the condition of large-scale decli

43、ne of auction sessions. There was a palpable dull thud of disappointment that accompanied the return of the imperial entourage of Zhen Huan to her homeland. It followed a couple years of hushed excitement as Chinese fans were fed tidbits about their proud concubine who was supposed to conquer the hi

44、gh ground of the North American market. Zhen Huan is, of course, the title character of The Legend of Zhen Huan, a 2011 television series that swept China off its feet and later took other Asian countries by storm. Two years ago, it was reported that HBO, a premium cable service headquartered in the

45、 United States, was going to air it in North America after some modification. Now, a condensed version that provides English subtitles but no dubbing has finally been made available on Netflix for online streaming. This version, highly anticipated as a milestone in China's cultural foray oversea

46、s, has been widely panned by its home audience. Retitled Empresses in the Palace, the American version has been shortened from its original 76 episodes at 45 minutes each, to six 90-minute episodes. The quick pacing threw off many native viewers, who are accustomed to a more leisurely daytime-soap-s

47、tyle narrative rhythm. (Chinese TV stations would run two or three episodes every day.) I did not finish the full-length version and found the truncated one not difficult to follow. What's lost, I believe, are the interesting setups and pauses that illuminate the Chinese art of storytelling. Muc

48、h of the plot is still there. It is the flavor that was sacrificed. The American edition uses the framework of the Empress Dowager in her senior years reminiscing at the beginning and the end of each episode, hinting at what's to come and recapping the key points. This device, not used in the or

49、iginal, is culturally understandable but artistically mediocre. What puzzles me is the two new songs for the opening and end credits. They were written in English, but sung by Chinese with an uncomfortable accent. They were obviously designed to appeal to an English-speaking base, but do not jibe wi

50、th the Chinese dialogue. Speaking of the dialogue, the English translation, picked apart by some Chinese, is too literal for my taste. I can imagine a typical American hit by a flurry of royal ranks, addresses and greetings, even multiple names and titles for the same person. The first half hour mus

51、t be a swamp to wade through, very much like my experience of getting through a Tolstoy tome with its endless inflections of names transliterated into lengthy Chinese. I see the choice of verbatim translation as an effort for conveying exotica. It is fairly competent, with no error that I could dete

52、ct, but fails to rise above words or capture the essence of the language. A cultural product usually crosses over to a foreign territory first by an emphasis on the commonalities. But whether inside or outside China, the temptation to sell it for the differences is just too great. Sure, the sumptuou

53、s sets and costumes are a big attraction, but the narrative technique has becomehow shall I put it?a bit anglicized, which is necessary for cultural export. Judging by the responses, this legend, which, contrary to the claim of the English trailer, is totally fictitious, has departed from China but

54、not yet landed on American shores. I am a big fan of Ralph Waldo Emerson's essay titled Self-Reliance. If you've not yet read it, I strongly encourage you to do so. In this essay, the venerable Emerson talks about eschewing the trappings of society and finding one's own path. He urges th

55、e reader to find rectitude and lead a moral life. He professes that, only by being self reliant, as opposed to relying on the government and being dictated to by society, can one begin leading a decent and purposeful life. He avers that such a life is the only life worth living. I agree with him. Th

56、is essay was written during a time of social upheaval in America, and it is rather odd that Emerson authored it, as he was a part of the upper crust of society at the time. It just so happened that he looked around him, at the indolence and the wantonness of the people in his circle; he wondered how in the world he came to belong there. Indeed his penning and publishing this essay caused his excommunication fro