介詞短語在句中的用法和判別

1、【精品文檔】如有侵權(quán)，請聯(lián)系網(wǎng)站刪除，僅供學(xué)習(xí)與交流介詞短語在句中的用法和判別.精品文檔.介詞短語在句中的用法和判別一、介詞和介詞短語的形式介詞的形式可以是單個(gè)的詞，如 at, in, by, of 等；也可以由幾個(gè)詞組成，如 out of（出自；在外），instead of（代替；而不是），because of（由于），in spite of（盡管），by means of（借助于）等；還可以由某些動(dòng)詞的分詞形式轉(zhuǎn)化成介詞，如 considering（考慮到），including（包括），regarding（關(guān)于）等。介詞不能獨(dú)立擔(dān)任句子成分，而必須與名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、動(dòng)名詞構(gòu)成介詞短語，有

2、時(shí)還可以把副詞、介詞短語、復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)和從句作為介詞的賓語（參閱第 138 節(jié)賓語例 1014 等）。茲舉例如下：1. They are friends of the Chinese people. 他們是中國人民的朋友。（介詞+名詞）2. Everything around us is matter. 我們周圍的每個(gè)東西都是物質(zhì)。（介詞+代詞）3. Everything divides into two. 事物都是一分為二的。（介詞+數(shù)詞）4. They work at the instruments factory near here. 他們在這里附近的儀表廠工作。（介詞+副詞。本結(jié)構(gòu)詳見第

3、140、一。）5. After reading the book, I got to know something about internet phones. 把這本書讀完之后，我開始對(duì)因特網(wǎng)電話有所了解。（介詞+動(dòng)名詞短語）6. It is understood that this machine is out of action. 不用說，這臺(tái)機(jī)器壞了。（復(fù)合介詞+名詞）7. The effects vary from (being) negligible, if below the concentration range, to deadly if above. 如果低于該濃度范圍，效

4、果是微不足道的；如果高于該范圍，則效果是致命的。（介詞+動(dòng)名詞短語。注意 from 和 to 之間插入條件從句，并且有省略成份。）8. With water transformed into steam, the locomotive gains a motive force. （等于 As water is transformed into steam, ）隨著水變成蒸汽，機(jī)車獲得了動(dòng)力。（介詞+復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)）9. She is well-qualified in typing and very efficient at her work. 她打字完全合格并且工作十分有效。（介詞+動(dòng)名詞或名詞）

5、10. John is slow at understanding, but you have to be patient with him. 約翰理解慢，但你得耐心對(duì)待他。（同上）11. a. She is angry with her child. 她跟她的孩子生氣。（介詞+名詞）b. She is angry about her child staying out so late. 她對(duì)她的小孩在外逗留那么晚感到生氣。（about 接一個(gè)復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。）c. They were angry at being asked such a question. 他們對(duì)被提問這樣一個(gè)問題而感到生氣。（

6、at 接一個(gè)被動(dòng)態(tài)的動(dòng)名詞短語。）從上述 a，b，c 三句中可看出，根據(jù)不同的需要，形容詞 angry 后面用了三個(gè)不同的介詞來表示三種不同的情況。注 1：介詞后的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)類型不少，詳見第 54 節(jié)、一、 B 例 511，13，14，和 C。1. I know little concerning (或 touching) the computer viruses. 關(guān)于這些計(jì)算機(jī)病毒我知道很少。（由分詞轉(zhuǎn)來的介詞+名詞）2. Power can be transmitted to wherever it is needed. 電力能輸送到需用電的任何地方。（介詞+介詞賓語從句）注 2：單獨(dú)由介

7、詞通過連詞 that 引出介詞賓語從句的并不多見（僅 except that，besides that，in that 等幾個(gè)），后接由疑問詞引出的介詞賓語從句較為常見。1）I know nothing about him except that he lives next door. 除了他住在隔壁以外，我對(duì)他一無所知。2）Besides that he used the computer, he repaired it when it was out of order. 他不僅使用了這臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)，并且當(dāng)計(jì)算機(jī)發(fā)生故障時(shí)還進(jìn)行了修理。3）We disagreed in that the pla

8、n was not practical. 當(dāng)時(shí)我們不同意是由于該計(jì)劃不切合實(shí)際。（也可理解為引出原因從句。）注 3：大多數(shù)介詞是通過疑問詞引出介詞賓語從句的，較少數(shù)通過先行代詞 it, 再由 that 引出介詞賓語從句，極少數(shù)直接由 that 引出介詞賓語從句。例如：1）What do you know about how rain and snow are formed? 關(guān)于雨雪怎樣形成，你知道些什么呢？2）One of the more serious problems is that of what measures we can take to get more fresh wate

9、r. 較為嚴(yán)重的問題之一是我們采取什么措施才能獲得更多的淡水（that 代表前面 problems 中的單數(shù)。）3）They can count on it that you will help them overcome the difficulty. 他們可以指靠你們幫助他們克服困難。4）He agrees on it that I shall go to Beijing on business. 他同意我去北京出差。5）We insist (on it) that he (should) be present at the conference. 我們不堅(jiān)持要他出席會(huì)議。6）The ac

10、cident couldnt have happened except that it did. 那事故本來不可能發(fā)生，但卻發(fā)生了。注 4：任意“疑問詞+不定式”在句中可以頂一個(gè)名詞用，作介詞的賓語，而介詞 except 和 but 還可用帶 to 或不帶 to 的不定式動(dòng)詞作為介詞賓語。1）He didnt know anything about how to go abroad for further studies. 當(dāng)時(shí)他對(duì)于如何出國深造一無所知。2）The question of where to learn spoken Chinese is quite important. 在哪

11、里學(xué)漢語口語的問題是很重要的。3）I cannot choose but (或 except) to go there by air. 我別無選擇，只能坐飛機(jī)去那里。4）She will do anything but come here once more. 她絕不再次到這里來。（介詞 but 前出現(xiàn) do，故后面不定式動(dòng)詞就不帶 to。）二、介詞短語在句中的作用. 作定語：1. The formula for kinetic energy is applicable to any object that is moving. 動(dòng)能公式可適用于任何運(yùn)動(dòng)的物體。2. Did you like

12、the last grand fashion show of the 20th century? 你（當(dāng)時(shí)）喜歡 20 世紀(jì)最后一次盛大的服裝展覽嗎？3. A hydrogen molecule consists only of two hydrogen atoms with the same atomic weight. 氫分子僅由兩個(gè)原子量相同的氫原子所組成。注意有些介詞短語表示數(shù)量（包括倍數(shù)）的范圍，可用作前置定語。例如：1. To evaporate 1 lb of water from a solution, form 1,000 to 1,200 Btu is needed, an

13、d this calls for from 1 to 1.3 lb of steam. 從溶液中蒸發(fā)出1磅水，需要 1000 到 1200 英熱單位，而這就需要 l 到 1.3 磅水蒸汽。II. 作狀語：1. In these circumstances the potential energy turns to kinetic energy. 在這些情況下，位能變?yōu)閯?dòng)能。2. In large amounts petroleum is used for manufacturing many chemicals. 石油大量地用于制造許多化工產(chǎn)品。（若將 in large amounts 挪到句

14、末，則它就說明動(dòng)名詞 manufacturing。）3. In spite of the difficulties, we went on with our work. 盡管有困難，當(dāng)時(shí)我們?nèi)岳^續(xù)工作。4. We should on no account (或 should not on any account) neglect our daily physical exercises. 我們決不應(yīng)該忽視每天的體育鍛煉。5. We must never for a moment divorce ourselves from the masses. 我們永遠(yuǎn)一刻也不脫離群眾。6. Jenny l

15、ives across the street from us. 詹妮住在我們街道對(duì)面。7. Such strange animals have at times been seen. 這樣一些奇怪的動(dòng)物有時(shí)就見到。III. 作表語：1. Alloys are of great use. 合金大有用處。2. The small particles are in random motion. 微粒處于雜亂無章的運(yùn)動(dòng)之中。3. The flow of the liquid is from A to B. 該液體是從 A 往 B 流動(dòng)的。（未按原文結(jié)構(gòu)翻譯）. 作賓語補(bǔ)語或主語補(bǔ)語：1. We mus

16、t keep the machines in good order. 我們必須保持機(jī)器正常運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。（賓語補(bǔ)語）2. Petroleum is considered of great value. 石油被認(rèn)為很有價(jià)值。（主語補(bǔ)語）. 介詞跟有關(guān)動(dòng)詞（包括分詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞）、名詞或形容詞搭配連用：A. 動(dòng)詞與介詞搭配：1. Hydrogen and oxygen can unite in (或 into) water. 氫和氧能化合成水。2. He does not know how to make use of this waste gas. 他不知如何利用這種廢氣。3. We should

17、place stress on this problem. 我們應(yīng)當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)這個(gè)問題。4. A catalyst changes the speed of a chemical reaction without entering into it. 催化劑能改變化學(xué)反應(yīng)速度而不參與反應(yīng)。5. If acting on a body, a force can change its speed. 如果一個(gè)力作用于物體上，它就能改變物體的速度。6. Considered as a building material, wood is not very strong. 雖然木頭被認(rèn)為是一種建筑材料，但強(qiáng)度不

18、大。7. The difference between the two phones consists in functions. 這兩架電話的差別在于功能不同。8. The liquid tastes of lemon. 該液體有檸檬味。B. 名詞與介詞短語搭配：介詞與動(dòng)詞的搭配，一般也可引申到與動(dòng)詞具有相同詞根的抽象名詞上去，使這些名詞也能具有這樣的搭配關(guān)系：1. The combination of theory with practice is essential to us. （比較：to combine theory with practice）理論聯(lián)系實(shí)際對(duì)我們是不可缺少的。2.

19、 The direction of motion can be changed by the action of another force on a body. （比較：Another force acts on a body）運(yùn)動(dòng)的方向可由另外一個(gè)力作用于物體上而改變。3. The quantity of work is determined by force and motion in the direction of the force. （比較：to move in the direction of the force） 功的數(shù)值取決于力和沿著力的方向的運(yùn)動(dòng)。4. The intro

20、duction of laser into industry has only just begun. （比較：to introduce laser into industry）激光用于工業(yè)還只是剛剛開始。5. Essential English is a course for the teaching of English to foreign students. （比較：to teach English to foreign students） 基礎(chǔ)英語是教外國學(xué)生英語的一門課。6. The Pearl Rivers flow into the sea is only second to

21、that of the Yangtze River.（比較：The Pearl River flows into the sea. ） 珠江入海流量僅次子長江。7. They discussed the definition of energy as the capacity to do work. （比較：to define energy as the capacity to do work） 他們討論了能是作功本領(lǐng)的定義。C. 形容詞與介詞搭配：1. A chemical change is different from a physical change. 化學(xué)變化不同于物理變化。2.

22、This quality is characteristic of all metals. 這種性質(zhì)是一切金屬所特有的。3. The pressure is perpendicular to the direction of motion. 該壓力垂直于運(yùn)動(dòng)方向。4. All effects are dependent on their causes. 一切結(jié)果是依原因而轉(zhuǎn)移的。注：形容詞后面要求用固定的介詞為數(shù)不少。現(xiàn)再舉例如下：be fortunate in so many books（他）很幸運(yùn)有那么多書；be honest in the intentions（他）動(dòng)機(jī)真誠；be kee

23、n on doing sth. 渴望做某事；be rude to sb. 對(duì)某人粗魯；remain dependent on the parents（兒童）仍然依賴于家長；be grateful for sbs advice（我）感謝某人的忠告；be bad at French（她）法語很糟糕；be not fond of dancing（我）不喜歡跳舞；be sure (或 certain) of success（她）確信成功be far away form China（他們）遠(yuǎn)離中國；be quick at understanding（他）理解快；be valid for China（這張

24、護(hù)照即 this passport）對(duì)中國有效；be quite sensitive to criticism（他）對(duì)批評(píng)很敏感；be content with（我）對(duì)很滿足；be kind to sb.（她）對(duì)某人很和藹；be busy with（或 at, about, in）the work（他）忙于工作；contrary to sbs expectations 出乎某人意料等。注：注意有時(shí)形容詞跟它的固有的介詞短語有分割現(xiàn)象。例如：The language is certainly not a different language from that of everyday life.

25、 語言當(dāng)然不是和日常生活的語言迥然不同的。三、介詞短語用法判別時(shí)注意事項(xiàng). 注意動(dòng)詞與不同的介詞搭配，會(huì)有各種意思?，F(xiàn)以 make 為例：to make use of 利用；to make wine from rice 用米制造酒；to make a thing into 拿某東西制成（帽子即 the hat）；to makeof great value 使（計(jì)算機(jī)）成為很有價(jià)值；to be made a box out of 以 制成箱子；to make away with 拿走（筆），滅掉（證據(jù)即 the proof），浪費(fèi)（錢、財(cái)）；to make up for 彌補(bǔ)（損失即 the l

26、oss）；to be made up of（物質(zhì)）由構(gòu)成等。為此，得多翻閱辭典，以查清動(dòng)詞與介詞是否構(gòu)成固定詞組，但難點(diǎn)還在于當(dāng)這些詞組中的介詞賓語變?yōu)橹行脑~而構(gòu)成被動(dòng)態(tài)時(shí)，中心詞與介詞分隔開，詞序也顛倒，就不好辨別。例如：1. Atomic energy can be made use of in the production processes. 原子能是可以在這些生產(chǎn)過程中加以利用的。（主動(dòng)態(tài)為：People can make use of atomic energy. ）2. He was listened to with great interest. 當(dāng)時(shí)人們懷著很大的興趣聽他講話

27、。（主動(dòng)態(tài)為：People listened to him with great interest. ）3. We consider that the wishes of the speaker and those of the person spoken to or spoken of are the same. （斜體字部分為過去分詞短語作后置定語，說明前面的 person。可聯(lián)系 to speak to 和 to speak of 用法。）我們認(rèn)為，講話者的愿望和聽講者或講話申所提到的人的愿望是相同的。4. Water is spoken of as containing the two

28、 elements hydrogen and oxygen. 水被說成含有氫和氧兩種元素。5. Your sentence needs adding a question mark to. 你的句子需要加一個(gè)問號(hào)。（句中 to 后面未出現(xiàn)的賓語正是句中的主語。）有時(shí)同一動(dòng)詞（例如 arrive）后面可有三個(gè)不同介詞的搭配：1. a. He arrived at the five-star hotel on time. 他準(zhǔn)時(shí)到達(dá)五星級(jí)飯店。（到達(dá)小地方時(shí)，arrive 后面用 at。）b. I arrived in Tianjin yesterday. 我昨天到達(dá)天津。（到達(dá)大城市時(shí)，arri

29、ve 后面用 in。）c. The policeman arrived on the scene. 警察到達(dá)了現(xiàn)場。（純系習(xí)慣用法。）II. 同一形容詞，后面介詞不同，會(huì)引起差異：1. They are familiar with cloning technology. 他們精通克隆技術(shù)。（劃線部分原意為“熟悉”。）2. The subject is familiar to us. 我們熟悉這個(gè)課題。（劃線部分原義是“對(duì)說來是熟悉的”。）3. He is skilful at swimming. 他很會(huì)游泳。4. She is skilful in negotiation. 她善于談判。5.

30、He is skilful with a tool. 他善于使用工具。III. 同一介詞，由于所搭配的詞不同，也會(huì)具有各種含義?，F(xiàn)以 in 為例：in China 在中國；in a sense 在某種意義上；in all directions 沿著各個(gè)方向；in the right proportion 按照恰當(dāng)?shù)谋壤?；in the main 大體上，基本上；in excess 過度，過量；in coordination 協(xié)調(diào)地；in common 共同等甚至有時(shí)同一介詞短語，在不同上下文中都會(huì)有不同含義。例如：1. We shall start this work in a week. 一星

31、期后我們開始這項(xiàng)工作。2. I shall see him several times in a week. 我將在一周內(nèi)見到他幾次。3. He completed the work in a week. 他用一周時(shí)間完成了這項(xiàng)工作。. 某些及物動(dòng)詞接上介詞，就變?yōu)椴患拔飫?dòng)詞，有時(shí)詞義還有所變化。1. I looked but saw (vt.) nothing. 我看了，但未見到什么。2. This machine is out of order. Please see (vi.) to it. 這臺(tái)機(jī)器發(fā)生故障。請檢修一下。（see to 原義為“留心”、“注意”。）3. If you d

32、ont believe him, go and see (vi.) into the matter. 如果你不相信他，你就去調(diào)查這件事吧。4. This news started (vi.) him thinking. 這條消息引起他的思考。5. I shall start（vi.) for Shanghai on Sunday at the latest. 我最遲星期日動(dòng)身去上海。6. We must do our best to serve (vi.) the people. 我們必須盡力為人民服務(wù)。7. This box will serve（vi.) for a seat. 這只箱子可

33、當(dāng)個(gè)座位。（“to serve for” 原義為 “供作用”。）. 介詞賓語相同，而介詞不同，會(huì)有很大差異。現(xiàn)以名詞 business 和 itself 為例：1. He will go to Beijing on business. 他將出差去北京。2. This firm is now more the 30 years in business. 這家商行已經(jīng)營 30 多年了。3. We go to business at eight in the morning. 我們早晨八點(diǎn)去上班（或辦公）。4. He has been pressed by business. 他已經(jīng)是非常繁忙。5.

34、 Such an animal often lives by itself. 這樣的動(dòng)物常常獨(dú)居。6. The door closes of itself. 這門能自關(guān)。7. It is a small thing in itself. 這本來是件小事。8. I saw him on the way home. 我在回家路上見到了他。9. Dont stand in the way. 不要擋路站著。. 注意介詞短語在句中的位置：介詞短語作狀語一般在句首或句末（見本節(jié) 一 第 5，8，9，10 句和二、II 第 1，2，3 句），只是有些介詞短語可緊挨謂語（見本節(jié)二、 第 4，5 句）；作定語時(shí)

35、放在所修飾的名詞后面（見本節(jié)、一第 1，2，4 句和二、 I），尤其當(dāng)位于主語和動(dòng)詞中間時(shí)，則基本上作主語的定語（見本節(jié)一、第 2 句和二、 第 1 句）。要注意兩個(gè)前后相呼應(yīng)的介詞短語有時(shí)被分割的現(xiàn)象。例如：Millions of calculations may be done from the time when the scientific facts, or information, are put in to the time when the final answer reaches the output section. 從輸入科學(xué)事實(shí)即信息時(shí)算起，一直到在輸出段得到最后答案時(shí)為止，也許進(jìn)行了千百萬次計(jì)算。（句中 form to 前后呼應(yīng)，但中間插上定語從句，修飾 the time。）. 幾個(gè)介詞短語連用時(shí)，必須根據(jù)上下文逐個(gè)解決其與哪個(gè)詞有關(guān)：1. The unit of