油品計(jì)量培訓(xùn)講義

1、smeacnuarigteymaentsssyesstsemmesntais i nncdlmuedae disnutrhese eastabnlinualisnhdeexd.bSyt,riactlyinmdpla managementsystem; developed hascomputerand thenetworkofnetwork security responsibilitylmanagementoprietar y,andreleaseofprovisicurit y,assurance responssresponsibl eforconfidentiassword ofthe

2、computerforitsprheld sy stem,signe d ha snetw orkse curity responsi bility;weork) for classifie dsecurity protXXEducation-Governme nt,resource li brary, test database, mailservi ces, such aseorkoftopic caplatforms.At present,the city'ssede sign, relie son Ciscoprimaryand middlea ny ougschool-boo

3、ks,pa ny thought Shu aid-I . I l.longradi ng record ahas threeyear10:1;809 equipmend evalntclassests technolBureau on teacurity gradeprotectindmanpowerlnismhamnepnotwechi ng points digitalresources fullcover pri on a bout poli cyand standard, organizati on carried outinformati

4、onseplanning ,and poi nts ste p implementati on, using schoolearthquakeHou reanadva nce d,practica lGigabite ducationalmetropolitanarea network,toject of impleme ntation programme, Esta blished XX,fullcoverage ofcuritygrade prote ctionconstructionstem construction,and tecnni ng eleme ntaryand mia ne

5、twhnologymeasures constr 一 -Ihigh quality planning XX educationalmetropolitan areanetwork realizesWaol pass; Each school construction standards of campus networkand netw orkaccessto all r ooms;ngto Ministry ofeducation onfull started impleme ntation tea chi ng point s digitale ducationresourcent cha

6、ired Z hu Guiyan, responsiblefordistanceeducati on digital resources coveringprojectw ork.nZhaokua n to schools, hundre dsof megabytes ofbroa dbandto t hetable,'wire '(ie:一.I. -I. 一.一 . -Web,vi deo, a udi o)tothe targe t,electronicwI - . II. Il. Ln . I- . . Luctiona nd gradeevaluation,implem

7、e一一 L-L -ddle schools cam pus network a nd e ducation city domain,L - I . I -I -. - .一.一digitalresource s inm oder n distanceeducati ontea chi ng pr oject leadie sc ooscam pus newora n ork,school s have computernetworks,nggroup, XX,chaired the Secretaryforeducatinetwork,actionsystem oftherequiremecl

8、osed -cir cuittelevi sion netwon.E stablished,digitalresourcesi n moderncompanycooperation, usiI. .1_ _Ihe cl assrooms,realdista ncee ducation teachingize thephysi calfiberlayingt-1.1 I- 一160 million Yuas share Internetba ndwi dth,XXfull coverage proje ct group, XX, Directorofthe Centerforneeds of t

9、eachingum ofcost a chieveeducational i nformation an,accor ding tot he standard,II- IIL-III I.I.I.oftheschoolndequipmenedrastcaoonystcimoeo.Apcacsosr;diaProjects inooms;一.-XXeducati on metropolitasfull coverpr oje ct of notification(taughttechnin area netw orkce ntermachi ne roomequipmeXXcity school

10、 digitalresour ces i n moderndistancee ducation teachingfulcalletter(2012) 74tnt inthe Mil-coverageh,)and XX Pr ov ince Department ofeducation on issueproje ct leadi ng group,digitalresour cesi nmodernnclaagsesrmoeonmtspl,artefomrm,theoCteeinteractivevntiralLibrdaeroytea cofhiaundgisoy-svtiem ofsuma

11、oldeedrucationnreeducsaotiurceosn,alue d XX provincetea chi ng points digitaleducati on re sour cesful lcov er projectdistance e ducationteaching, andXXfull coverage proje ct group lea dershipa nd油品計(jì)量培訓(xùn)講義OIL MEASUREMENT一、 容量計(jì)重容量計(jì)重（有時(shí)也稱容器計(jì)重）是以經(jīng)檢定合格的容器作為計(jì)量容器，測量貨物在容器內(nèi)的液位高度，結(jié)合液體貨物的溫度、密度，經(jīng)必要的修正后，計(jì)算該貨物重量的

12、一種計(jì)重方法。在容量計(jì)重中，影響重量變化的因素很多，如液體的體積、溫度、密度、計(jì)量器材的材質(zhì)等等，其中影響最大的是溫度。容量計(jì)重所計(jì)算的重量，一般均為空氣中的重量?？捎孟率奖硎荆篧（m）=V t x p t計(jì)重方式：衡器計(jì)量水尺計(jì)重容量計(jì)重流量計(jì)計(jì)重容量計(jì)重所涉及的“商品”，系指在運(yùn)輸、貯存和交接過程中的散裝液體或氣體“貨物”。這些“貨物”一般可分為石油及其液體石油產(chǎn)品、動(dòng)植物油、液體化工品和液化氣體等。關(guān)于容量計(jì)重的準(zhǔn)確性，按照國際貿(mào)易慣例，買賣雙方收、發(fā)數(shù)量允差在± 5%以內(nèi)，在同一計(jì)量地，靜態(tài)計(jì)量系統(tǒng)誤差要求應(yīng)不大于3%。國際貿(mào)易中容量計(jì)重一般以人工檢尺為準(zhǔn)。進(jìn)出口液體商品的重

13、量計(jì)算，就其方法而言，可分為密度、溫度計(jì)算法和容積、溫度計(jì)算法。（ 1）密度、溫度計(jì)算法密度、溫度計(jì)算法又稱密度修正法。即根據(jù)根據(jù)液貨的實(shí)測溫度，將一定溫度條件下的密度或相對(duì)密度換算為實(shí)測溫度下的計(jì)重用密度或相對(duì)密度（即扣除了空氣浮力修正值）計(jì)量容器計(jì)量容器的種類很多，但主要可分為油罐和液貨艙兩大類。1、 船艙 船舶在船廠建成后，一般都編制了液貨艙的容量表，作為配載和計(jì)量依據(jù)。但以理論型值編制的艙容表的準(zhǔn)確度不一定能達(dá)到計(jì)量的使用要求，這就需要對(duì)實(shí)際艙容進(jìn)行準(zhǔn)確檢定，以編制出比較精確的液貨艙容量表，供容量計(jì)重使用。目前國際上對(duì)液貨艙容量檢定的基本原理大致相同，其方法也基本相似，主要有一下幾種：

14、衡重法容量法實(shí)測法我國目前檢定液貨艙的基本測量方法是采用實(shí)測法，以實(shí)測法為依據(jù)編制的液貨艙艙容表的準(zhǔn)確度可達(dá) 3%左右。2、 油罐 也稱岸罐，油罐的種類和型式很多，最常見并應(yīng)用于容量計(jì)重的，要推立式金屬罐。這些計(jì)量容器在建成后，首先應(yīng)對(duì)其容量進(jìn)行檢定，以編制出準(zhǔn)確的容量表，供輸出、入貨物測量、計(jì)算之用。在檢定后計(jì)算出的容量表均規(guī)定為20時(shí)的容積，而在實(shí)際使用時(shí)溫度不一定在20，因此必須進(jìn)行溫度校正。容積在 1000 ? 以上的罐，按規(guī)定應(yīng)編制靜壓力容積修正表，以供計(jì)mprove,se curitypr evention ca pacity obvi ously e nhanced,securi

15、tyhidden and securityaccide nt obviouslyreduce d,effective guara ntees informati on healthdevelopment.XXE ducation Centrereg ularlycarry out day -to-daynetworkse curity monitori ng informationand equipment.By t he appropr iatetechni calstaff,XX network e ngine room mainte nancestaffonsite management

16、and mai ntena nceon areg ularba sis,sche dule dviewi ng of netw orks,systems,databases a nd associatede qui pmentoperating conditi ons, andmakea record.Computerla b m ainte nance manager s regularlyrun av arietyofdevice sin the schoolinformationsystem parameters,server systemsa nd vari ous data ba c

17、kup,sot hattherewa s ahar dwarefailurei n asystem crash ca nresume qui cklyand efficientl y.Computer l ab mainte nancem anager sestabli sh a networka ntivirus system, AviraV irus systemona reg ularbasi s,and anti -virussoftware se curitya ssessment,timeto upgrade. Com puterla bmaintenance management

18、forall equi pmentin t he rooma reg ulardust,repla ce theold la bel.Regularly host server s, netw orkswitches, corerouting ,firewalls,har dwaremainte nance,such ase qui pmentfailure, shoul d be pr ocessedin atimely mannerin ordertoe nsur esafe andrel iable operati on ofthe system.In XX cityinformatio

19、nand equipmentwas esta blishedwit hinthe Centre ,educationalmetropolitan area netw orkce nter machi ne roomXX.Serversanddatast oresand applicati onsto set upin XX Citymetropolitan areanetwork center machine room.Wi ndowsServer2003,wi ndowsSe rver2008,windowsServer2012, Liand Ci scoproducts.Intheir .

20、 _i,il. 一 _and soluti ons through ameeting,without rolliftohregeo-loedsatrenlidailyw ork,to publi cizerelateng up theaptirfiecsbdaeitlkiintnot,yon,itwnorletesqdoulgvireehepmereoapnntedninfoobrslmepamatisco,enaonsfsedpsfuecbehloocurity considerations.dbacktosuperiEnhanced global aw arenestoresolve.Th

21、rssofnetw orkand information seough self-examinati on,we arcurit y,and strive toachieve netw orkeveryone knows se curity a ndvir us before theguard,toimprovenetw orkand informationse curity,ensure that t heXXeducatickofinvestme ntin educati on, facilities a nd equi pmentforfurtherupdates,educati on

22、developm ent isstilluneve n, ne w education conceptsesjeud emit nucm bnmial569mfe)e"eBs >aaepk>t-ay wiciys ttegad loUi sdaju. reni paaHn.h sao isuaenodig t o 110 manve,Su*e- unoneeondstyostbeemfurt nehtweroreknhaancend idnftoormsoamtioenexsytestenmtasnedcrueritys.trTirctaicnkgitcoveqruaig

23、reodf),dirgeigtiaslteration ducantiuomnalbrersotourmcesetinthterequiremehnetsproject coonfstteruacngreportingsystem re- -j 一一- .i.iquireshedevel opme ntofcity educatiall partiest o strengthen colla boration,w orkcloselywitdevelopen areanetwdemonstration countienux,the operating system,thed outspe ci

24、al fundsevducation,effortsto promsh,naolteaogcyhteraicheransosnee clactthe security ofinformation.Annual 一 .11-i Wanfu,as MicrosoftOffice software.Schools (unit2-3 professind Michael Jenki ns,aers inth a strong professi_ .I - l i. .icprpate in provinceback boneface-t00.on steeri ng,steprincipals ofe

25、ducati on information into performan ceassessme ntand schoollevel monit oringa nd eval uation,to develop a scientific, operational education informati on ste ering assessmentmethods,trackingorkused byt he serverforHPXXeducati on metropolitacuritypr oductforHuawein areanetwoducts,i ncl udi ngtheuse o

26、f360 a nd ki ngsoftInternet se curity software.lteam,school networkmanagers on common netw orkfailures a nd becaorklear ning, do ea ch teachi ng pointsare hasteachers participate i ntrainionalandtechnicalteam,school netwo-faceornetwduscsataiotontialracurityi ssue s.Issuesthatcannotbereation and equi

27、pmesolve d,timelyforms ofmeetings,such a- - -一 .-ntCe nteronrequiremes meetings,a nalysintsthetea chi ng points schoolmanagement of education informati on a nd appli cations. ByMar ch 2016,100 oftheteachers,Iparti cipated in a national e ducationaltechnologytraining forprimarya nd secondaryschooltea

28、 chers,the teachers have madetocut80 primaryand middleschoolteachers'e ducationaltechnologyproficie ncytest certificate.At present,allschools have a ccessto broa dband netw orks.Traini ngclassificati on trai ning ofteacher s,schooltea cher s,aca demicl eaders,information technolog y,t eachertrai

29、ning a nd net workmanageme ntpersonnel from the Count y,wit hin theschool backt oschooltraini ngonce training i scomplete.otaleducatisystems1deotea chi ng system of modermanagementsystems and mea suresestablisecuritya ssessment is i ncl ude din thea nnmanagementsystem;developedhascomputerand thenetw

30、orkofd part -time workfor ceeducati on information,the protecti on ofthe digitalcam pus construction andsustainabledevel opment. SixBureauattaches greatim porta ncet oinformationtechnologysecurity,i nformation technologysecurity,esecuritybudgettoensure i nformation securityof investment.ByXX,e ducat

31、ion information andequipment Centre XX network networksecurityand i nformation security.A ccordingt o theinformationtechnol ogysecurity requirements,i-Governme nt,resource li brary, test databas e,mailservi ces, such aseXXEducation City domain netw. .- nted li nks thetwoorkoftopic caplatforms.At pre

32、sent,the city'ssede sign, relie son Cisco-books,pa ny thought Shu aiduation ofschool (units), requirementlmanagement, passwordmanagement,on computerenjoysindependentrigntrust XX City Centerforessued a document rernameand pa ssword oftheducationalinformationand e quires sch

33、ools (units) implemecomputerforitspr oprietarqui pmentdedicatedtot hew ork. Netw orksecurity l eading group was set up, chairedbyt he Educati on BureauChief,hea d,forXXe ducationnt,defi ned theinformationsecurity guideline s,specifi cworkpra ctice s,proce dures,a ndre quireme nts.Clear industryinfor

34、mation- - -一.- " I - > L ,一 ,L, I . L . I - .' .L . I r y,andreleaseschoolearthquakeHou recuritygrade一.一.ofprovisi ons ispr ohi bited,suchasofnotification(chuantaught letter(2013)18th,)requirements,Icity6 atea chi ng points im plementation teachingpoints digital educati on re sour ces fu

35、l lcoverproject, combine d I city specific situati on, devel ope d issued has XXCity Bureau on tea chi ng points digitalresources fullcover prccorda nce with the unifie d arrangementofthewhole province,responsibleforuniversity education digitalresources covering proje ct manageme ntand im plementati

36、on.Accordingto provi nces arra ngements, ICenter hasarrang ements Gongnarea network,toject of impleme ntation pr ogramme, Esta blished XX,fullcoverage ofdership. Deputy group lea derfor XXe ducational metropolitan area netw orkand informati on securityemergencyresponse coorprocesse s.Accor dingto se

37、lf-examination,the school (units) basicesta blished has network se curitymanagementsystem;theschool(units) accorI - I - I - I . .1 I.III IIIL L L. 一 .一一 .dinati on, command. T heteam assistlea der anddeputyleade r,responsi ble for network XX netw orkse curitya ndinformation. eam. Informationsecurity

38、work Conf erence heldeachsemester,a nd deploymentofi nformation securityofdocuments i ssued ona reg ular basis. Informationdingtot his units a ctual, esta blished has unitspersonnelma nagement,i nformationsy stem room management,andequipment management,a nd medi a manageme nt,and network security co

39、nstruction managemnt, andshi ppe d dime nsi onmanageme nt,andservi ce outsourciMetro-netw orkand informati on security emergencyresponse leasecurityincide nts (acci dent s) to detect, re portanddi sposal.I.- - .- -.I 1_1. I . _ .L -. Io whois in charge ofwho' s in charge,w ho is runninga nd whoi

40、s responsiblefor,w ho uses principle s ofwhois i nchargeofmanagementschooloschools. XX city schools (units)totalsite 20, 19ofwdsecurity prote ction levels,withoutthirsleaks,inve stigated for responsibility.Ad-level i nformation systems.hichwerenot classified securitycurit y,assurance responsiherole

41、sand responsibilitiesofinformationses (units)definedtork) for classifieccording tbilitiestprote ction securitymanagementsy.- -一 一 constru ction ofopportunities,again pla'I L . 一. -he city'sschoolshave access to edigitalresource s inm oderstem cnni ng eleme ntaryand mi - ducationalmetropolita

42、nareddle schools cam pus一.-I . I _Iuctia nd gradeevalryan me sc ooscam pus newora na netw ork,school s have computernetworks,network a nd e ducation city domain -.-. 一.一uation,impleme -L -n distanceeducati ontea chi ng pr oject leadi nggroup, XX,chaired tclosed-cirnetwork, a一ntation gra deprote he S

43、ecretaryforeducaticuittelevi sion netwnd local broadcastion.E stablished,digitalreork, broadcastXX educationalmetropolitan area.I 一一.一. -一high quality planningI. I - I .ctionsystem oftherequiremeng network companycooperation, usiI I. .1_ _Inetworks intothe cl assrooms,realng broadcaize the triple pl

44、ay.stTV network,will.一一Schools sharephysi calfiberlayingt-1.1 I- 一Internetbaoeach school,to minim-.-.-III- - -160 million Yuaum on,accorII- I -ndwi dth, canme etthe needs of teachingto schools, hundrenetwork realizesWat he standard,nZhaokuaofbroading totf cost a chieve dhasphysicalfiberschoolschool

45、pass; Ea.Ill- - I . .1 一 - 一 Ioftheschoolofficea nd ata nytime.Accordich schoolngto Ministryconstructionstanceeducatiofeducation ostandards of campus netwonfull starteon digital resources coveringd impleme ntation teaorkand netw orkaccessto all rprojectwchi ng point s digitaleooms;一.-ducationresourc

46、edsof megabytes. _ I 一XXeducati on metropolita一.-一 - .1.1dbandto t hetable,'wire '(ie:- - . -sfull coverprn area netwWeb,vi deo, aI -udi o)toje ct of notification(taughttechniorkce ntermachi ne roomequipmeI II .I .1 一 calletter(2012) 74ttothe targe.II. II- Lnnt inthe Mih,)and XX PrandXXfullc

47、overage project group lea dershipa量時(shí)的容積修正。由于儲(chǔ)液密度不同，在同一高度下，壓力也將不同，故在制表時(shí)應(yīng)按4c純水密度1000 kg/?計(jì)算修正量，當(dāng)使用時(shí)，再 與儲(chǔ)液的實(shí)際密度相乘，即得儲(chǔ)液的容積增大值。三、 容量計(jì)重的基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)1、 容量 （ Volume） 亦稱容積或體積,是容器所能容納的物質(zhì)的量，這里是指容器內(nèi)液體的體積。容量的單位，公制有升 （ Litre） ， 立方米 （? ） ，英美制有加侖（Gallon）,桶（Barrel）等。用于容量計(jì)重的容器，習(xí)慣上 大容量以立方米為基本單位，小容量則仍以升作為基本單位。2、 溫度 （temperatur

48、e）是物體分子平均動(dòng)能的標(biāo)志。溫度標(biāo)度方法稱為溫標(biāo)，常用的有攝氏和華氏兩種，兩者的換算公式為：C=5/9（F-32）試驗(yàn)溫度（t ' ） test temperature在讀取密度計(jì)讀數(shù)時(shí)的液體試樣溫度。計(jì)量溫度（t） temperature of measurement 儲(chǔ)油容器或管線內(nèi)的油品在計(jì)量時(shí)的溫度。3、密度density 是指在規(guī)定的溫度下，單位體積內(nèi)所含物質(zhì)的質(zhì)量。密度的表示公式為：p =m/V標(biāo)準(zhǔn)密度是指物體在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)溫度（我國規(guī)定為20）時(shí)的密度。用P 20表小0視密度（p ' t） （ observed density）是指用密度計(jì)在任意t時(shí)所測得的液體的密度，

49、亦稱觀察密度。即在試驗(yàn)溫度下，玻璃密度計(jì)在液體試樣中的讀數(shù)， kg/ ? 。視密度不能直接用于重量計(jì)算，因?yàn)槊芏扔?jì)測得的讀數(shù)，僅僅是密度計(jì)的刻度讀數(shù)，并不是相應(yīng)溫度下該液體的真實(shí)密度。密度計(jì)在檢定時(shí)的溫度一般為20，只有當(dāng)測定時(shí)的液體溫度恰為20時(shí)，密度計(jì)的刻度讀數(shù)（即視密度值）才與該液體的實(shí)際密度值相等。所以，除20外的所有視密度都必須換算到標(biāo)準(zhǔn)密度才能用于重量計(jì)算。石油及其液體產(chǎn)品的視密度到標(biāo)準(zhǔn)密度的換算可在國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)GB/T1885-1998石油計(jì)量表的表59A （原油）、59B（成品油）、和59D（潤滑油） 中查得。4、 體積修正系數(shù)（VCF） volume correction fac

50、tor液體的體積隨溫度變化而變化，因溫度變化而使液體體積膨脹或收縮的程度，稱為液體的體積修正系數(shù)。通常，液體的體積修正系數(shù)是指液體在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)溫度20 c時(shí)的體積V0與在實(shí)測溫度t C時(shí)的體積Vt的比值，用英文字母“K”表示，其數(shù)值可用下式表示：K= V20/Vta） 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)體積（V20） volume at 20 液體在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)溫度20下的體積。b） 空氣浮力修正值由于液體在空氣中受到浮力的作用，同一液體在空氣中的重量比其在真空中的重量要小，二者之差值，就稱為空氣浮力修正值，用希臘字母“B”表示。我國規(guī)定在進(jìn)行液體產(chǎn)品的容量計(jì)制計(jì)算時(shí)，一般以1.1 千克/立方米作為空氣浮力修正值。5、檢尺（Measur

51、ement of liquid level ） : 用量油尺測量容器內(nèi)液體液面高度（簡稱油高）的過程。6、檢尺口（計(jì)量口）：在容器頂部，進(jìn)行檢尺、測溫和取樣的開口。7、參照點(diǎn)（reference poit）:在檢尺口上的一個(gè)固定點(diǎn)或標(biāo)記，即從該點(diǎn)起進(jìn)行測mprove,se curitypreve ntion ca pacity obviouslyeulardust,replanha nced,se curity hiddena nd securitya cci dent obviouslyre duced,effective guaranteesice the old la bel.nform

52、ationhealth development.XXE ducationCentre regntand maintenanceona regntwas establishedwit hinthe Centre,educationalmetropolitanareanetw orkcentermaularba sis,sche dule dviewi ngof netw orks,systems,databa ses andassociated equipmend make arecord.Computer lab maintenancemanag ersregularly r una va r

53、ietyofdevices inthe school i nformation system parameters,serversystems andvariousdatabackup, so thatthere wasa hardware failureinaarbasis,a nda nti-virus softwaresecurity assechi ne roomXX.Serversand data stand Ci scoproducts.Intheirdailywork,t opubli cizerelatedk nowle dgeand information se curity

54、 considerati ons.Enhance d globa lawarene ssofnetw orkand information se curit y,and strive toachieve network everyonek nows securityand virus before theg uard, to im provenetw orkand inf ormation security,ensure t hatthe XX e ducati onsy stem network a nd i nformation systemsecurity.Tracking report

55、ingsystem requiresallparties tostreand soluti ons t hrougha meeting ,withoutrolli ng up theabilitytosolveproblems,andfee dbacktosuperi ors inwriti ng de partments toresolve.T hrough self-exami nation,we arewellaware,relativelackof inve stmentin e ducation,facilities a nd e qui pmentforfurther update

56、s,educati on developm ent isstilluneve n, new e ducationconcepts need t obefurtherenhancedtosomeextent a ndrestri cting the development ofcityeducation.ite groundstationspace thew oparts according t o thepoint of XX province fullcoverage of digitaleducationalresources i n the proje ctconstr uction management manual.D