必修四第二、三、四單元語法

1、動(dòng)詞ing的用法一. 動(dòng)名詞做主語的用法 動(dòng)名詞做主語往往表示經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作, 在口語中也可以表示具體的動(dòng)作。如： Seeing is believing. 眼見為實(shí)Helping her is my duty. 幫助她是我的責(zé)任Talking mends no holes. 空談無濟(jì)于事。 動(dòng)名詞做主語和不定式做主語一樣，也可以用it作形式主語。如： It's rather tiring walking around in a city.不定式做主語往往表示具體的特別是將來的動(dòng)作。如： It's no use crying over spilt milk. 覆水難收。

2、He realized that to go on like this was wrong.二. 動(dòng)名詞作賓語的用法 1有些動(dòng)詞或短語動(dòng)詞后常用動(dòng)名詞作賓語。如admit, appreciate, avoid，can't stand（不能忍受）, consider，delay, devote to, dislike enjoy，escape, excuse, feel like, finish, forgive, get down to, give up, imagine. insist on, keep (on), look forward to, mention, mind, mi

3、ss（錯(cuò)過）, pay attention to, practice, put off, stick to, suggest等等。 Doing morning exercises is good for your health. 做早操對(duì)你的健康有好處。Her shoes want mending. 她的鞋該修理了。注意: 當(dāng) need, want, require, worth后面接doing也可以表示被動(dòng)。Your hair wants cutting.你的頭發(fā)該理了。The floor requires washing. 地板需要沖洗。I have finished writing th

4、is book. 我已經(jīng)寫完這本書了。2. 在allow, advise, forbid, permit后直接跟動(dòng)名詞作賓語，如果有名詞或代詞作賓語，則構(gòu)成“allowadviseforbidpermit 名詞代詞不定式（賓語補(bǔ)足語）”之形式。如： We don't allow smoking here We don't allow anybody to smoke here 3. 動(dòng)詞need, require, want意為“需要”時(shí)，后跟動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)式或不定式的被動(dòng)式作賓語，意義沒有區(qū)別。如： The window needsrequireswants cleaningt

5、o be cleaned 4. 在begin, continue, love, like, hate, prefer, intend, start后用動(dòng)名詞和 用不定式作賓語均可，意義沒有多大區(qū)別。 5. 動(dòng)詞forget, go on, mean, regret, remember, stop, try, be used to, can't help后跟動(dòng)名詞和跟不定式區(qū)別較大，須注意。 forget, regret, remember后跟動(dòng)名詞，動(dòng)名詞表示已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作；后跟不定式表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。 go on doing 繼續(xù)做原來做的事go on to do 接著做另一件事

6、mean doing 意味著要做某事mean to do 想要做某事 stop doing 停止做某事stop to do 停下來（別的事）開始做某事try doing 試著做某事try to do 努力做某事be used to doing 習(xí)慣于做某事 be used to do 被用來做某事can't help doing 禁不住做某事can't help to do 不能幫助做某事Exercise:1. It took the workmen only two hours to finish _ my car. A. repairing B. repair C. to

7、repair D. repaired2. Have you forgotten _$1000 from me last month? Will you please remember _ it tomorrow? A. borrowing; to bring B. to borrow; bring C. borrowed; bringing D. borrowing; bringing3. The classroom wants _. A. clean B. cleaned C. to clean D. cleaning4.Jack said that he wouldn't mind

8、 _ for us. A. to wait B. wait C. waiting D. waited5.My brother keeps _ me with my work. A. to help B. help C. helping D. helped6. We should often practise _ English with each other. A. to speak B. spoke C. speak D. speaking7. Keep on _ and you will succeed. A. a try B. try C. to try D. trying8. His

9、parents insist on _ to college. A. he should go B. he go C. his going D. him to go9. Though it sounds a bit too dear, it is worth _. A. being bought B. buying C. to buy D. buying it10. I regret _ that to her. A. having said B. to have said C. to say 11. Your clothes need _. A. washed B. to be washed

10、 C. to wash D. being washed12. _ provides us with essential nutrients (營(yíng)養(yǎng)), while _ provides us with oxygen. A. To eat; breathing B. Eating; to breathe C. Eating; breathing D. Eaten; breathed-ing 形式作定語, 賓語補(bǔ)足語和表語的用法一、-ing形式作定語 1. 單個(gè)動(dòng)詞的-ing形式作定語位于被修飾名詞的前面，既可以表示被修飾者的作用或功能，也可以表示被修飾者的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。如：building mat

11、erials = materials for building 建筑材料drinking water = water for drinking 飲用水a(chǎn) walking stick = a stick for walking 手杖a reading room = a room for reading 閱覽室a writing desk = a desk for writing 寫字臺(tái)tiring music = music that is tiring 煩人的音樂a surprising result = a result that is surprising 一個(gè)驚人的結(jié)果 2. -ing形

12、式短語作定語時(shí), 放在所修飾的名詞之后, 并且在意思上相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語從句。如：They lived in a room facing the street. = They lived in a room that faces the street. 他們住在一間面朝街的房子。The man standing there is Peters father. = The man who is standing there is Peters father. 站在那兒的那個(gè)人是彼得的父親。Anybody swimming in this river will be fined. = Anybody

13、who is swimming in this river will be fined. 在這條河里游泳的任何一個(gè)人都會(huì)被罰款。3. -ing形式短語也可以用作非限制定語，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)非限制性定語從句，這時(shí)，它與句子其他部分用逗號(hào)分開。如： His brother, working as a teacher, lives in Beijing. = His brother, who is working as a teacher, lives in Beijing. 他那個(gè)當(dāng)教師的哥哥住在北京。The apple tree, swaying gently in the breeze, had a

14、 good crop of fruit. = The apple tree, which was swaying gently in the breeze, had a good crop of fruit. 那棵蘋果樹碩果累累，在微風(fēng)中輕輕搖曳。二、-ing形式作賓語補(bǔ)足語 1. 1) 動(dòng)詞-ing形式作賓語補(bǔ)足語常放在賓語后面，表示一個(gè)正在進(jìn)行的主動(dòng)性的動(dòng)作，強(qiáng)調(diào)一個(gè)過程或一種狀態(tài)。如： When we returned to the school, we found a stranger standing at the entrance. 當(dāng)我們回到學(xué)校時(shí), 發(fā)現(xiàn)一個(gè)陌生人站在大門口。

15、I found a bag lying on the ground. 我發(fā)現(xiàn)地板上放著一個(gè)包。 The boss kept the workers working the whole night. 那老板讓工人整夜地工作。2）當(dāng)主句轉(zhuǎn)換為被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí), 原來作賓語補(bǔ)足語的動(dòng)詞-ing形式便轉(zhuǎn)換為主語補(bǔ)足語。如：They found the result very satisfying. = The result is found very satisfying. 這個(gè)結(jié)果很令人滿意。They heard him singing in the next room. = He was heard s

16、inging in the next room. 有人聽到他在隔壁房間唱歌。We mustnt keep them waiting.= They mustnt be kept waiting. 千萬不能讓他們等。2. 能用-ing形式作賓語補(bǔ)足語的幾類動(dòng)詞: 1) 表示感覺和心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞，常見的有see, hear, feel, smell, find, notice, observe, look at, listen to等。如： We saw a light burning in the window. I felt somebody patting me on the shoulder

17、. Can you smell anything burning? As he spoke, he observed everybody looking at him curiously. Listen to the birds singing. I didnt notice him waiting. 2) 表示指使意義的動(dòng)詞，常見的有have, set, keep, get, catch, leave等。如：I wont have you doing that. This set me thinking.Im sorry to have kept you waiting. I cant ge

18、t the clock going again.You wont catch me doing that again.你看吧，我決不會(huì)做那種事了。 3. see, hear, feel, watch等動(dòng)詞之后用-ing形式和動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語的區(qū)別： 前者表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，而后者表示（或強(qiáng)調(diào)）動(dòng)作從開始到結(jié)束的全過程。如:We passed by the classmates and saw the teacher making the experiment. 我們走過教室，看見老師在做實(shí)驗(yàn)。（只在走過教室的剎那間，看見老師正在做實(shí)驗(yàn)）We sat an hour and watched

19、the teacher make the experiment. 我們坐了一個(gè)小時(shí)，看老師做實(shí)驗(yàn)。（一個(gè)小時(shí)之內(nèi)一直在看老師作實(shí)驗(yàn)） 如果賓語補(bǔ)足語是短暫性動(dòng)詞，動(dòng)詞不定式短語表示一次動(dòng)作， 而-ing形式則表示反復(fù)動(dòng)作。如： We heard the door slam. We heard the door slamming. 三、-ing形式作表語 -ing形式作表語時(shí)放在系動(dòng)詞之后，用來泛指某種動(dòng)作或行為，以說明主語的身份、性質(zhì)或情況。如：Her hobby is painting. 她的業(yè)余愛好是畫畫。My job is looking after the children. 我的工作

20、就是照顧這些孩子。His concern for his mother is most touching. 他對(duì)母親的關(guān)愛很感人。練習(xí)：Choose the suitable words from the box below and fill in the blanks in the correct form. astonish, depress， play, do, ride, amuse, bark, welcome1. I cant imagine Billy _ a motorbike. 2. Did you hear the dog downstairs _ for most of

21、the night?3. Frank is very good at telling funny jokes. He can be very _. 4. You cant stop me _ what I want. 5. He gave me a _ hug when he met me at the airport. 6. Jim has really learnt very fast. She has made _ progress.7. Its been raining all day. This weather is _.8. When I came out of the theat

22、re, I noticed a group of children _ musical instruments across the street. -ing作狀語, 可以表示時(shí)間, 原因, 結(jié)果,條件, 行為方式或伴隨動(dòng)作等。Using your head, youll find a good way. (條件)1) Four people entered the room looking around in a curious way. = Four people enter the room and looked around in a curious way. ( 伴隨動(dòng)作)2) Be

23、ing poor, he couldnt afford a TV set. (原因)3) Working hard, youll surely succeed. （條件）4) The boy sat in front of the farm-house, cutting the branch. （伴隨）5) He came running back to tell me the news. （方式）6) (When) Hearing the news, he got frightened.= When he heard the news, he got frightened. (時(shí)間, 可以在

24、分詞前保留when ) 7) The child slipped and fell, hitting his head against the door. （結(jié)果） 注意：-ing形式作狀語時(shí), 它的邏輯主語必須與主句的主語是一致的。Time permitting, I will pay a visit to the whole city. (分詞的邏輯主語是time , 而句子的主語是I , 兩者不構(gòu)成主謂關(guān)系, 所以只能用獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu), 也就是給現(xiàn)在分詞補(bǔ)充一個(gè)主語。)You see her step back appearing surprised.= You see her step

25、back and she appears surprised.They also express their feelings using unspoken language.=They also express their feelings by the way of using unspoken language.His nose touched Mr. Cooks moving hand.=His nose touched Mr. Cooks hand which is moving.They are visitors coming from several countries.= They are visitors who come from several countries.Rewrite the following sentences.1. When he approached Ms Smith, he touched her shoulder and kissed her. _ _ Ms Smith, he