語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)：虛擬語(yǔ)氣

1、語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)：虛擬語(yǔ)氣虛擬語(yǔ)氣是英語(yǔ)三級(jí)考試的必考知識(shí)點(diǎn)之一，也是體 現(xiàn)英漢語(yǔ)言習(xí)慣區(qū)別的一個(gè)語(yǔ)法現(xiàn) 象。在漢語(yǔ)里表示假設(shè)虛擬的情況常用一些虛 詞來(lái)表示，例如“假設(shè)”、“如果”等等；而 英文中表示虛擬的情況不但有虛 詞的提示，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也要相應(yīng)的變化。虛擬語(yǔ)氣的基本作用是：1. 表達(dá)假設(shè)的情況，與事實(shí)相反；2. 表達(dá)異想天開(kāi)很難實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望；3. 表達(dá)建議、命令、勸告等語(yǔ)氣。本節(jié)重在講解if引導(dǎo)的虛擬條件句，含蓄條件句，特殊 結(jié)構(gòu)中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣，以及 should+動(dòng)詞原形的用法。一、虛擬語(yǔ)氣的基本形式和用法虛擬（條件）語(yǔ)氣中，主句與從句中 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式可分為下面三類：假設(shè)類型條件從句 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式主

2、句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反If+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式（be用were而不用was）would（第一人稱可用should）+動(dòng)詞原形與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反If+had+-ed分詞would（第一人稱可用should）+have+-ed分詞與將來(lái)事實(shí)可能相反If+were to+動(dòng)詞原形或If+should+動(dòng)詞原形would（第一人稱可用should）+動(dòng)詞原形下面我們列舉近年的真題來(lái)強(qiáng)化記憶。例（1）Mary said to me, "Had I see n your bag, Iit to you."A. will returnB. must returnC. could return

3、D. would have returned（【答案】D）（2004年4月45題）例（2）1 would ask George to lend us the money if Ihim.A. had knownB. have knownC. kn ewD. know（【答案】C）（1995年38題）例（3）lf Bobwith us; he would have had a good time.A. would comeB. would have comeC. had comeD. came（【答案】C）（1995年59題）二、省略if的虛擬形式在虛擬條件句中，如 謂語(yǔ)包含were， had，

4、should等詞，則可以把這些詞放到主語(yǔ)前 面，省略if。例（1）the advice of his frie nds, he would not have suffered such aheavy loss in his bus in ess.A. If he tookB. If he should takeC. Were he to takeD. Had he take n（【答案】D）（2004年4月32題）例（2）, I should ask them some questi ons.A. Should they come to usB. If they come to usC. We

5、re they come to usD. Had they come to us（【答案】A）（1997年30題）例（3）you were busy, I would n't have bothered you with myquesti ons.A. If I realizedB. Had I realizedC. Did I have realized thatD. As I realized（【答案】B）（1996年39題）三、含蓄條件句有時(shí)一個(gè)假設(shè)的情況不用條件從句表示，而用其它方式來(lái)表示，這樣的句子叫含蓄條件句。常用 with，without ，but for 。例（1）Wi

6、thout heat and sun light, pla nts on the earthwell.A. would not growB. will n ot growC. had not grow nD. would not be grow n（【答案】A）（2004年11月32題）例（2）But for my classmates' help, Ithe work in time.A. did not fini shB. could not finishC. will not finishD. would not have finished（【答案】D）（2004年4月36題）例

7、（3）But for the rain, wea nice holiday.A. should haveB. would have hadC. would haveD. will have had（【答案】B）（2003年4月28題）四、特殊詞或結(jié)構(gòu)中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣： 以wish（that）引導(dǎo)的表示“愿望”的賓語(yǔ)從句wish后的賓語(yǔ)從句中要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，而在虛擬語(yǔ)氣中時(shí)態(tài)的應(yīng)用類似在非真實(shí)條件中 從句時(shí)態(tài)的應(yīng)用。表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)的愿望用：主 語(yǔ)+ wish +從句（主語(yǔ)+過(guò)去時(shí)）;表示一 個(gè)過(guò)去沒(méi)有實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望用：主 語(yǔ)+ wish +從句（主語(yǔ)+過(guò)去完成時(shí)）;例（1）1 didn ' t g

8、o to the party, but I do wish Ithere.A. wereB. would beC. had bee nD. will be（【答案】C）（2001年53題）例（2）Peter wishes that helaw in stead of literature whe n he was incollege.A. could studyB. studiedC. had studiedD. would study（【答案】C）（2000年53題） if only +句子（過(guò)去時(shí)/過(guò)去完成時(shí)）“要是就好了”If only后面的句子如果是 對(duì)現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)情況的虛 擬，用過(guò)去時(shí)

9、did ;如果是對(duì)過(guò)去情況的虛擬，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)had done .要注意與if區(qū)別，if只表示假設(shè)，“如果”，用 真實(shí)語(yǔ)氣；而if only 表示不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的情況，用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。例如：If only the alarm clock had rung.當(dāng)時(shí)鬧鐘 響就好了。（對(duì)過(guò)去虛擬）If only I were rich.要是我富有就好了。（對(duì)現(xiàn)在虛擬） would rather +句子（過(guò)去時(shí)）表示寧愿、寧可的意愿，語(yǔ)氣比較婉轉(zhuǎn)。后接過(guò)去式。例（1）1 am too busy these days. I would rather all of younext monthfor a dinner

10、.A. comeB. would comeC. came D. have come（【答案】C）（2002年46題）例（2）1 ' dyou didn' t touch that, if you don' t mind.A. rather B. better C. happier D. further（【答案】A）（1998年45題） it is time（that） , it is high time （that）句型中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去時(shí)，表示早該做而未做的事，意思是該了、早該了.例（1）Let's finish our homework in a few s

11、ec on ds; it's time we.A. played footballB. will play footballC. play footballD. are playing football（【答案】A）（2004年11月43題）例（2）Don ' t you think it is time yousmoking?A. give upB. gave upC. would give upD. should give up（【答案】B）（1999年31題） 以as if ，as though引導(dǎo)的從句在as if ，as though引導(dǎo)的從句中，如果 談?wù)摰氖遣豢赡?/p>

12、或不真 實(shí)的情況時(shí)，它們所 引用的狀語(yǔ)從句要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，動(dòng)詞形式和wish后面的從句動(dòng)詞形式變化相同。例：He talks as if heeverything in the world.A. kno wsB. knew C. had known D. would have known（【答案】B。本句表示說(shuō)話人對(duì)現(xiàn)在的情況有所 懷疑，所以用過(guò)去時(shí)。）五、should+動(dòng)詞原形及should的省略(1)、一些表示建 議、要求、命令等的 動(dòng)詞本身隱含說(shuō)話者主觀的意見(jiàn)。因此這些動(dòng)詞 （或其變形，如名詞，形容詞，分詞等）后面的從句應(yīng)使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，即“should do ”結(jié) 構(gòu)，其中的“ shoul

13、d ”常被省略。如：表 “提議、建議” 的動(dòng)詞:suggest ,advise, propose, recommend, move（提議）;表 “要求、主 張” 的動(dòng)詞：in sist, require, request, dema nd , desire ;表 “命令” 的動(dòng)詞：order, comma nd.例（1）1 don ' t think it adv isable that Tomto the job since he has noexperie nee.A. be assig ned B. is assig ned C. will be assig ned D. has

14、 bee n assig ned（【答案】A）（2006年11月29題）例（2）His mother in sisted that hethe coat whe n going out.A. put onB. puts onC. to putD. putt ing on（【答案】A）（1999年58題）此處省略了 should.例（3）The doctor advised that Mr. Mala nan operati on right away so asto save his life.A. had B. would have C. haveD. was going to have（【

15、答案】C）（1998年28題）此處省略了 should.（2） 、 It is necessary/important/essential/ vital/urgent / surprising/ amazingthat引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句中，從句的 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用should+原形動(dòng)詞，should也可以省略。此 類形容詞的特點(diǎn)是表示重要性或吃驚。例（1）it is vital that eno ugh moneycollected to get the project started.A. is B. be C must be D can be（【答案】B）（2004年11月24題）例（2） It

16、' s urge nt that a meeti ngbefore the final decisi on is made.A. will be arran gedB. must be arran gedC. be arran gedD. would be arran ged（【答案】C）（2003年4月45題）(3)、以 in case, lest, for fear that引起的狀語(yǔ)從句，表示“以防，以免”。其形式為should+動(dòng)詞原形。如：He took his rain coat with him in case it should rain.他把雨衣帶在身上以防下雨。1.

17、3配套練習(xí)1. You didn' t let me drive. If wein turn, youso tired.A. drove; didn ' t B. drove; wouldn ' t getC. were driving; wouldn' t get D. had driven; wouldn' t have got2. , we could not have fini shed the work on time.A. If they do not help us B. Was it not for their helpC. Should

18、 they offer to help us D. But for their help3. today, he would get there by Friday.A. Was he leaving B. If he is leaving C. Were he to leave D. If he leaves4. If only Ihow to operate a computer as you do!A. had known B. would know C. should know D. knew5. When a pencil is partly in a glass of water,

19、 it looks as if it.A. breaks B. has broke n C. were broke n D. had bee n broke n6. The chairma n requested thatA. the members studied the problem more carefullyB. the problems were more carefully studiedC. the problems could be studied with more careD. the members study the problem more carefully7.

20、If Iyou, Imore atte nti on to En glish idioms and phrases.A. was; shall pay B. am; will payC. would be; would pay D. were; would pay8. We cannot imagi ne what our worldlike without electric power.A. is B. will be C. would be D. were9. There was a half smile on his face which suggested that hehappyto

21、 have given his life for his country.A. was B. should be C. would be D. were10. We all agreed to her suggesti on that weto the Great Wall forsightsee ing.A. will go B. go C. shall go D. should have gone11. The young man in sisted that henothing wrong andfree.A. did; set B. had done; should be setC.

22、do; be set D. had done; must be set12. I lost your address, otherwise Iyou long before.A. had visited B. have visitedC. would have visited D. should visit13. the rain we would have had a nice holiday.A. But thatB. But forC. DespiteD. In spite of14no gravity, there would be no air around the earth.A.

23、 Were thereB. There wereC. Was thereD. There be15.lt' s getting rather late. It' s time we.A. are goin gB. wen tC. goD. must go16. They keep telling us that it is vital that wethere on time.A. areB. beC. must beD. would be答案與解析1. 本句是對(duì)過(guò)去情況的虛擬。意為：如果我們輪流開(kāi)車的話，你就不會(huì)那么累了。對(duì) 過(guò)去虛擬，if條件句用過(guò)去完成式，had driven，主句用 wouldn' t have got 。選D2. 選Do這里是含蓄虛擬語(yǔ)氣用法。這句話的意思是：要不是他 們幫忙，我們不會(huì)按 時(shí)完成工作的。3. 選Co這是考察倒裝虛 擬語(yǔ)氣。原來(lái)順