人力資源管理專業(yè)詞匯

1、AppendixAGlossaryofHumanResourceManagementTermsabsenteesAbsenteesareemployeeswhoarescheduledtobeatworkbutarenotpresent.AccidentandsicknesspoliciesAccidentandsicknesspoliciesusuallyprovideaminimum-carestipendforseveralweeksuptosixmonthstohelpemployeesdefraythelossofincomewhiletheyaresickorrecoveringf

2、romanaccident.accreditationAccreditationisaprocessofcertifyingthecompetenceofapersoninanareaofcapability.TheSocietyforHumanResourceManagementoperatesanaccreditationprogramforpersonnelprofessionals.activelisteningActivelisteningrequiresthelistenertostoptalking,toremovedistractions,tobepatient,andtoem

3、pathizewiththetalker.adverseselectionAdverseselectionoccurswhenaninsurancecompanyhasadisproportionatelyhighpercentageofinsuredswhowillmakeclaimsinthefuture.Adverseselectionoftenresultswhenpeoplearegivenachancetobuyinsurancewithoutprescreening,whichoftenmeansthatahigherthannormalproportionhaveacondit

4、ionthatislikelytocausethemtobefrequentclaimants.affirmativeactionprogramsAffirmativeactionprogramsaredetailedplansdevelopedbyemployerstoundotheresultsofpastemploymentdiscrimination,ortoensureequalopportunityinthefuture.AgeDiscriminationinEmploymentActof1967(asamended)Thisactprohibitsdiscriminationon

5、employmentbecauseofageagainstthosewhoare40andolder.AmericanFederationofLaborandCongressofIndustrialOrganization(AFL-CIO)TheAFL-CIOisafederationofmostnationalunions.Itexiststoprovideaunifiedfocalpointforthelabormovement,toassistnationalunions,andtoinfluencegovernmentpoliciesthataffectmembersandworkin

6、gpeople.appliedresearchAppliedresearchisastudyofpracticalproblems,thesolutionsofwhichwillleadtoimprovedperformance.arbitrationArbitrationisthesubmissionofadisputetoaneutralthirdparty.assessmentcentersAssessmentcentersareastandardizedformofemployeeappraisalthatreliesonmultipletypesofevaluationandmult

7、ipleraters.associatemembershipAssociatemembershipinalabororganizationallowspeoplewhoarenotemployedunderaunioncontracttoaffiliatewithaunionbypayingfeesandduesinreturnforunion-supportedbenefits.attitudesurveysAttitudesurveysaresystematicmethodsofdeterminingwhatemployeesthinkabouttheirorganization.Thes

8、urveysareusuallydonethroughquestionnaires.Attitudesurveyfeedbackresultswhentheinformationcollectedisreportedbacktotheparticipants.Thisprocessthenisusuallyfollowedbyactionplanningtoidentifyandresolvespecificareasofemployeeconcern.attritionAttritionisthelossofemployeeswholeavetheorganization'sempl

9、oyment.auditreportTheauditreportisacomprehensivedescriptionofpersonnelactivities.Itincludesbothcommendationforeffectivepracticesandrecommendationsforimprovingpracticesthatareineffective.auditteamAnauditteamconsistsofthosepeoplewhoareresponsibleforevaluatingtheperformanceofthepersonneldepartment.auth

10、orizationcardsAuthorizationcardsareformsthatprospectiveunionmemberssign.Thecardsindicatetheirwishtohaveanelectiontodeterminewhetheralabororganizationwillrepresenttheworkersintheirdealingswithmanagement.autonomousworkgroupsAutonomousworkgroupsareteamsofworkers,withoutaformalcompany-appointedleader,wh

11、odecideamongthemselvesmostdecisionstraditionallyhandledbysupervisors.autonomyAutonomyishavingcontroloverone'swork.bargainingbookAbargainingbookisacompilationofthenegotiationteam'splansforcollectivebargainingwithlaborormanagement.Increasingly,thebargainingbookisbeingreplacedbyinformationstore

12、dinaccompanyorunioncomputer.bargainingcommitteeTheunionbargainingcommitteeconsistsofunionofficialsandstewardswhonegotiatewithmanagement'srepresentativestodeterminewages,hours,andworkingconditionstobeembodiedinthelaboragreement.behaviorallyanchoredratingscales(BARS)BARSrateemployeesscalethathassp

13、ecificbehavioralexamplesonittoguidetherater.BehavioralmodelingBehavioralmodelingreliesontheinitiationoremulationofadesiredbehavior.Arepetitionofbehaviormodelinghelpstodevelopappropriateresponsesinspecifiedsituations.behaviormodificationBehaviormodificationstatesthatbehaviordependsonitsconsequences.b

14、lindadsBlindadsarewantadsthatdonotidentifytheemployer.bonafideoccupationalqualifications(BFOQ)ABFOQoccurswhenanemployerhasajustifiedbusinessreasonfordiscriminatingagainstamemberofaprotectedclass.TheburdenofprovingaBFOQgenerallyfallsontheemployer.bottom-linetestThebottom-linetestisappliedbytheEqualEm

15、ploymentOpportunityCommissiontodetermineifafirm'soverallselectionprocessishavinganadverseimpactonprotectedgroups.Eventhoughindividualstepsintheselectionprocessmightexhibitanadverseimpactonaprotectedgroup,thefirmwillbeconsideredincomplianceiftheoverallprocessdoesnothaveanadverseeffect.BoulwarismB

16、oulwarismisanegotiationstrategydevelopedbyGeneralElectric.Usingthisapproachthecompanymadeits"best"offertotheunionatthebeginningofnegotiations.Thenitremainedfirmunlesstheunioncouldfindwheremanagementhaderredinthecalculationsusedtoarriveattheoffer.Thisstrategyhasbeenruledasanunfairlaborpract

17、icebytheNationalLaborRelationsBoardandbythefederalcourts.brainstormingBrainstormingisaprocessbywhichparticipantsprovidetheirideasonastatedproblemduringafreewheelinggroupsession.buddysystemThe"buddysystem"oforientationexistswhenanexperiencedemployeeisaskedtoshowanewworkeraroundthejobsite,co

18、nductintroduction,andanswerthenewcomer'squestions.burnoutBurnoutisaconditionofmental,emotional,andsometimesphysicalexhaustionthatresultsfromsubstantialprolongedstress.businessagentAbusinessagentisafull-timeemployeeofalocal(usuallycraft)union.Thebusinessagenthelpsemployeesresolvetheirproblemswith

19、management.businessunionismBusinessunionismdescribesunionsthatseektoimprovethewages,hours,andworkingconditionsoftheirmembersinabusinesslikemanner.(Seesocialunionism.)buy-backBuy-backsoccurwhenanemployeewhoattemptstoresignisconvincedtostayintheemploymentoftheorganization.Normallythepersonis"boug

20、htback"withanofferofincreasedwagesorsalary.CafeteriabenefitprogramsCafeteriabenefitprogramsallowemployeestoselectthefringebenefitsandservicesthatanswertheirindividualneeds.careerAcareerisallthejobsthatareheldduringone'sworkinglife.careercounselingCareercounselingassistsemployeesinfindingapp

21、ropriatecareergoalsandpaths.careerdevelopmentCareerdevelopmentconsistsofthoseexperiencesandpersonalimprovementsthatoneundertakestoachieveacareerplan.careergoalsCareergoalsarethefuturepositionsthatonestrivestoreach.Thesegoalsserveasbenchmarksalongone'scareerpath.careerpathAcareerpathisthesequenti

22、alpatternofjobsthatformone'scareer.careerplanningCareerplanningistheprocessbywhichoneselectscareergoalsandpathstothosegoals.careerplateauAcareerplateauoccurswhenanemployeeisinapositionthatheorshedoeswellenoughnottobedemotedorfiredbutnotwellenoughtobepromoted.changeagentsChangeagentsarepeoplewhoh

23、avetheroleofstimulatingchangewithinagroup.checkoffAcheckoffprovisioninaunion-managementlaboragreementrequirestheemployertodeductunionduesfromemployeepaychecksandtoremitthosemoneystotheunion.CivilRightsActof1964Thisactwaspassedtomakevariousformsofdiscriminationillegal.closedshopAclosedshopisaworkplac

24、ewhereallemployeesarerequiredtobemembersoftheunionbeforetheyarehired.ThesearrangementsareillegalundertheNationalLaborRelationsAct.codeterminationCodeterminationisaformofindustrialdemocracyfirstpopularizedinWestGermany.Itgivesworkerstherighttohaverepresentativesvoteonmanagementdecisions.coinsurancecl

25、auseAcoinsuranceclauseisaprovisioninaninsurancepolicythatrequirestheemployeetopayapercentageoftheinsured'sexpensescommunicationCparableworthComparableworthistheideathatajobshouldbeevaluatedastoitsvaluetotheorganizati

26、onandthenpaidaccordingly.Thusjobsofcomparableworthwouldbepaidequally.Forexample,parativeevaluationapproachesComparativeevaluationapproachesareacollectionofdifferentmethodsthatcompareoneperson's

27、pensationCompensationiswhatemployeesreceiveinexchangefortheirwork.ComprehensiveEmploymentandTrainingActof1973(CETA)CETAwasabroad-rangingactdesignedtoprovidejobtraining,employment,andjobhuntingassistancetolessadvantagedpersons.IthassincebeenreplacedbytheJobPartnersh

28、ipTrainingAct.concentrationinemploymentConcentrationexistswhenanemployer(orsomesubdivisionsuchasadepartment)hasahigherproportionofemployeesfromaprotectedclassthanisfoundintheemployer'slabormarket.(Seuenderutilization.)concessionarybargainingConcessionarybargainingoccurswhenlabormanagementnegotia

29、tionsresultinfeweremployer-paidfringebenefitsorwageconcessions,suchasafreezeorwagecut.conciliationagreementaconciliationagreementisanegotiatedsettlementagreeabletotheEEOCandtoallpartiesinvolved.Itsacceptancesclosesthecase.ConsolidatedOmnibusBudgetReconciliationActof1985(COBRA)Thisactwassignedintolaw

30、in1986.COBRArequiresemployersthatprovidegroupbenefitstoemployeesthroughagroupplantoalsoprovidegroupbenefitstoqualifiedbeneficiarieswiththerighttoelecttocontinuetheircoverageforacertainperiodoftimeaftertheircoveragewouldotherwiseterminate,withafewexceptions.constructsConstructsaresubstitutesforactual

31、performance.Forexample,ascoreonatestisaconstructforactuallearning.contractlaborContractlaborconsistsofpeoplewhoarehired(andoftentrained)byanindependentagencythatsuppliescompanieswithneededhumanresourcesforafee.contributorybenefitplansContributorybenefitplansarefringebenefitsthatrequireboththeemploye

32、randtheemployeetocontributetothecostoftheinsurance,retirement,orotheremployerbenefit.coordinatedorganizingCoordinatedorganizingoccurswhentwoormoreunionspooltheirresourcestoorganizeatargetedemployerorgroupofemployees.correctivedisciplineCorrectivedisciplineisanactionthatfollowsaruleinfractionandseeks

33、todiscouragefurtherinfractionssothatfutureactsareincompliancewithstandards.counselingCounselingisthediscussionofanemployeeproblemwiththegeneralobjectiveofhelpingtheworkercopewithit.counselingfunctionsCounselingfunctionsaretheactivitiesperformedbycounselors.Theyincludeadvice,reassurance,communication

34、,releaseofemotionaltension,clarifiedthinking,andreorientation.craftunionsCraftunionsarelabororganizationsthatseektoincludeallworkerswhohaveacommonskill,suchascarpentersorplumbers.criticalincidentmethodThecriticalincidentmethodrequirestheratertoreportstatementsthatdescribeextremelygoodorextremelybade

35、mployeebehavior.Thesestatementsarecallectriticalincidents,andtheyareusedasexamplesofgoodorbadperformanceinratingtheemployee.Decision-makingauthoritySeelineauthority.deductibleclauseAdeductibleclauseisaprovisioninaninsurancepolicythatrequirestheinsuredtopayaspecifiedamountofaclaimbeforetheinsurerisob

36、ligatedtopay.deferraljurisdictionsDeferraljurisdictionsareareasintheUnitedStateswheretheEEOCwillreferacasetoanother(usuallyastateorlocal)agency;forexample,FloridaHumanRelationsCommission.deferredstockincentivesystemsTheseincentivesawardstockthatbecomesownedbytheexecutivegraduallyoverseveralyears.del

37、egationDelegationistheprocessofgettingotherstoshareamanager'swork.Itrequiresthemanagertoassignduties,grantauthority,andcreateasenseofresponsibility.DelphitechniqueTheDelphitechniquesolicitspredictionsfromapanelofexpertsaboutsomespecifiedfuturedevelopment(s).Thecollectiveestimatesarethenreportedb

38、acktothepanelsothatthemembersmayadjusttheiropinions.Thisprocessisrepeateduntilageneralagreementonfuturetrendsemerges.demographicsDemographicsisthestudyofpopulationcharacteristics.demotionsDemotionsoccurwhenanemployeeismovedfromonejobtoanotherthatislowerinpay,responsibility,andorganizationallevel.dev

39、elopmentDevelopmentrepresentsthoseactivitiesthatprepareanemployeeforfutureresponsibilities.DictionaryofOccupationalTitles(DOT)TheDictionaryofOccupationalTitlesisafederalgovernmentpublicationthatprovidesdetailedjobdescriptionsandjobcodesformostoccupationsingovernmentandindustry.differentialvalidityDi

40、fferentialvalidityisusedtodemonstratethattestsorotherselectioncriteriaarevalidfordifferentsubgroupsorprotectedclasses.directivecounselingDirectivecounselingistheprocessoflisteningtoanemployee'semotionalproblems,decidingwiththeemployeewhatshouldbedone,andthentellingandmotivatingtheemployeetodoit.

41、(Seenondirectivecounseling.)disciplineDisciplineismanagementactiontoencouragecompliancewiththeorganization'sstandards.dismissalDismissalistheultimatedisciplinaryactionbecauseitseparatestheemployeefromtheemployerforacause.disparateimpactDisparateimpactoccurswhentheresultsofanemployer'sactions

42、haveadifferenteffectononeormoreprotectedclasses.disparatetreatmentDisparatetreatmentoccurswhenmembersofaprotectedclassreceiveunequaltreatment.Drug-FreeWorkplaceActof1988Thislegislationrequiresthatorganizationsapplyingforfederalgrantscertifythattheywillmakegood-faitheffortstoprovideadrug-freeworkplac

43、e.dualresponsibilityforpersonnelmanagementSincebothlineandstaffmanagersareresponsibleforemployees,production,andqualityofworklife,adualresponsibilityforpersonnelmanagementexists.dueprocessDueprocessmeansthatestablishedrulesandproceduresfordisciplinaryactionarefollowedandthatemployeeshaveanopportunit

44、ytorespondtothechargesmadeagainstthem.earlyretirementEarlyretirementoccurswhenaworkerretiresfromanemployerbeforethe"normal"retirementage.EmployeeAssistancePrograms(EAPs)EAPsarecompany-sponsoredprogramstohelpemployeesovercometheirpersonalproblemsthroughdirectcompanyassistance,counseling,oro

45、utsidereferral.employeehandbookTheemployeehandbookexplainskeybenefits,policies,andgeneralinformationabouttheemployer.TheEmployeePolygraphProtectionActTheactprohibitstheuseofpolygraphsinprivateindustrybyforbiddinganyemployerengagedincommerceorintheproductionofgoodsforcommercefromdirectlyorindirectlyr

46、equiring,requesting,orcausinganyemployeeorprospectiveemployeetotakeorsubmittoaliedetectortest.Restrictionsalsocoveruseofinformationregardingresultsofsuchatestandthetakingofadverseemploymentactionagainstanyemployeewhorefuses,declines,orfailstotakealiedetectortest.EmployeeRetirementIncomeSecurityAct(E

47、RISA)ERISAwaspassedbyCongresstoensurethatemployerpensionplansmeetminimumparticipation,vesting,andfundingrequirements.employmentfreezeAnemploymentfreezeoccurswhentheorganizationcurtailsfuturehiring.employmentfunctionTheemploymentfunctionisthataspectofpersonnelresponsibleforrecruiting,selecting,andhir

48、ingnewworkers.Thisfunctionisusuallyhandledbytheemploymentsectionoremploymentmanagerofalargepersonneldepartment.employmentreferencesEmploymentreferencesareevaluationsofanemployee'sworkperformance.Theyareprovidedbypastemployers.employmenttestsEmploymenttestsaredevicesthatassesstheprobablematchbetw

49、eentheapplicantsandthejobrequirements.EqualEmploymentActof1972ThisactstrengthenedtheroleoftheEqualEmploymentOpportunityCommissionbyamendingtheCivilRightsActof1964.The1972lawempoweredtheEEOCtoinitiatecourtactionagainstnoncomplyingorganizations.equalemploymentopportunityEqualemploymentopportunitymeans

50、givingpeopleafairchancetosucceedwithoutdiscriminationbasedonfactorsunrelatedtojobperformance-suchasage,race,ornationalorigin.EqualEmploymentOpportunityCommission(EEOC)TheEEOCisthefederalagencyresponsibleforenforcingTitleVIIoftheCivilRightsAct,asamendedandotherlawssuchastheAgeDiscriminationinEmployeq

51、ualemploymentopportunitylawsEqualemploymentopportunitylawsareafamilyoffederalandstateactsthatseektoensureequalemploymentopportunitiesformembersofprotectedgroups.EqualPayArtof1963Thisactprohibitsdiscriminationinpaybecauseofaperson'ssex.ergonomicsErgonomicsisthestudyofbiotechnicalrelationshipsbetw

52、eenthephysicalattributesofworkersandthephysicaldemandsofthejobs.Theobjectistoreducephysicalandmentalstraininordertoincreaseproductivityandqualityofworklife.errorofcentraltendencyTheerrorofcentraltendencyoccurswhenaraterevaluatesemployeeperformanceasneithergoodnorpoor,evenwhensomeemployeesperformexce

53、ptionallywellorpoorly.Instead,theraterrateseveryoneasaverage.evaluationinterviewsEvaluationinterviewsareperformancereviewsessionsthatgiveemployeesfeedbackabouttheirpastPerformanceorabouttheirfuturepotential.executiveorderExecutiveordersarepresidentialdecreesthatnormallyapplytogovernmentcontractorsor

54、managersintheexecutivebranchesofthefederalgovernment.exitinterviewsExitinterviewsareconversationswithdepartingemployeestolearntheirviewsoftheorganization.expeditedarbitrationExpeditedarbitrationisanattempttospeedupthearbitrationprocess.Itmayincludeanarrangementwiththearbitratorforhimorhertobeavailab

55、leonshortnoticetoneortwodays)andtorenderaquickdecisionattheconclusionofthehearings(sometimesanoraldecisionisusedinthesecases).experienceratingExperienceratingisapracticewherebystateunemploymentofficesdetermineanemployer'sunemploymentcompensationtaxratebasedontheemployer'spreviousexperiencein

56、providingstableemployment.experientiallearningExperientiallearningmeansthatparticipantslearnbyexperiencinginthetrainingenvironmentthekindsofproblemstheyfaceonthejob.exposureExposuremeansbecomingknownbythosewhodecideonpromotions,transfers,andothercareeropportunities.extrapolationponExtrapolationinvol

57、vesextendingpastratesofchangeintothefacilitatorAfacilitatorissomeonewhoassistsqualitycirclesandthequalitycircleleaderinidentifyingandsolvingworkplaceproblems.factorcomparisonmethodThefactorcomparisonmethodisaformofjobevaluationthatallocatesapartofeachjob'swagetokeyfactorsofthejob.Theresultisarel

58、ativeevaluationoftheorganization'sjob.fairemploymentpracticesFairemploymentpracticesarestateandlocallawsthatprohibitemployerdiscriminationinemploymentagainstmembersofprotectedclasses.FairLaborStandardsActof1938(FLSA)FLSAisacomprehensivefederallawaffectingcompensationmanagement.Itsetsminimumwage,

59、overtimepay,equalpay,childlabor,andrecord-keepingrequirements.FederalMediationandConciliationService(FMCS)TheFMCSwascreatedbytheLaborManagementRelationsActof1947tohelplaborandmanagementresolvenegotiationimpassespeacefullythroughmediationandconciliationwithoutresorttoastrike.TheFMCSalsoisacourseofqualifiedlaborarbitrators.feedbackFeedbackisinformationthathelpsevaluatethesuccessorfailureofanactionorsystem.fieldexperimentAfieldexperimentisresearchthatallowstheresearcherstostudyemployeesunderrealisticconditionstolea