高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞

1、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞1、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的句法功能名稱語(yǔ) 法 功 能 主語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)表語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)狀語(yǔ)不定式動(dòng)名詞現(xiàn)在分詞過(guò)去分詞2、動(dòng)詞不定式中應(yīng)注意的幾個(gè)問(wèn)題1）不定式在句中的成分。(1)To learn a foreign language is difficult.(2) His wish is to be a driver. (3) Tom wanted to have a cup of beer. (4) The teacher told us to do morning exercises. (5) I have nothing to say. (6) They went to see their

2、 aunt. (7) Its easy to see their aunt.(8) I dont know what to do next.(9) I heard them make a noise.說(shuō)明：(1) 動(dòng)詞不定式作主語(yǔ)；(2) 動(dòng)詞不定式作表語(yǔ)；(3) 動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)；(4) 動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)；(5) 動(dòng)詞不定式作定語(yǔ)；(6) 動(dòng)詞不定式作目的狀語(yǔ)；(7) 動(dòng)詞不定式作真正主語(yǔ)，it 代替動(dòng)詞不定式，作形式主語(yǔ)；(8) 帶有連接代詞的動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)；(9) 不帶to 的動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。2）不定式作表語(yǔ)與“be + to do sth.”的異同。不定式作表語(yǔ)說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)

3、的內(nèi)容或性質(zhì)。His job is to guard.(說(shuō)明內(nèi)容)be + to do sth.(表示按計(jì)劃要做的事)3）“to”是不定式符號(hào)還是介詞，下列短語(yǔ)中的to 都是介詞。 agree to, object to, close to, come to, lead to, refer to, equal to, familiar to, point to, thanks to, devote to, next to, belong to, be used to, look forward to4) 后接不定式作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有： afford, agree, arrange, ask, ch

4、oose, dare, decide, desire, determine, expect, fail, help, hope, know, learn, manage, offer, plan, promise, teach, refuse, prepare, want, wish,下列動(dòng)詞后可接疑問(wèn)詞+不定式：advise, ask, consider, decide, discuss, find out, know, learn, teach, show, wonder5) 不定式的省略。下列短語(yǔ)中，如果意義明確，常常省略到to。want to, wish to, hope to, li

5、ke to, hate to, plan to, try to, love to, have to, ought to, need to, used to, be able to6) 動(dòng)詞不定式邏輯主語(yǔ)是由for 作為標(biāo)記的，但是有時(shí)用of，由其前面的形容詞決定。 Its necessary for you to study hard. Its foolish of him to do it. 與of 連用的形容詞有：good, kind, nice, wise, clever, foolish, right, wrong, careful, careless, polite, possibl

6、e7) 如何理解和使用不定式作賓補(bǔ)。動(dòng)詞see、watch、notice、hear、listen to、observe、feel、taste、smell、make、let、have等的賓補(bǔ)用動(dòng)詞原形，變被動(dòng)時(shí)要加to，此時(shí)的不定式就是主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。如：They saw a lot of people enter the hall. A lot of people were seen to enter the hall.常用帶不定式作賓補(bǔ)的幾種情況：主語(yǔ) + ask / require / tell / order / force / get / want / like + sb.to do st

7、h.主語(yǔ) + think / judge / suppose / believe / consider /imagine/consider / feel + sb. + to be/ to have done主語(yǔ) + call on / upon / depend on / wait for / ask for + sb.+ to do sth.8）不定式作定語(yǔ)，應(yīng)注意兩種關(guān)系：（1）動(dòng)賓關(guān)系：(不定式和所修飾的名詞間是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，所以，如果不定式中的動(dòng)詞是不及物動(dòng)詞在應(yīng)該在后面加上合適的介詞)He has a lot of meeting to attend. Please lend me s

8、omething to write with. He is looking for a room to live in.（2）主謂關(guān)系： She is always the last (person) to speak at the meeting. I m going to the post office, for I have a letter to post. (邏輯主語(yǔ)是I) I am going to the post office, do you have any letter to be posted? (邏輯主語(yǔ)不是I) Thank you. Here you are.（3）下

9、列詞語(yǔ)后常接不定式作定語(yǔ)：chance、wish、right、courage、need、promise、time、opportunity、way、the first、the second、the last、the only等。9）不定式作狀語(yǔ)的用法。不定式作狀語(yǔ)，修飾動(dòng)詞，在句中表示行為原因、目的、結(jié)果、。(only) to do表示出乎意料的結(jié)果。They were surprised to see so many green plants at the top of the mountain.He is working hard day and night to catch up with

10、 others.We hurried to the classroom only to find none there.in order (not) to, so as (not) to用來(lái)引導(dǎo)目的狀語(yǔ), enough + to, too + to, soas to, such + 名詞as to作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)。如：The book is too hard for the boy to read.He is old enough to take care of himself.The girl was so kind as to help the old man off the bus.Im no

11、t such a fool as to believe that. 不定式做原因狀語(yǔ)一般用于做表語(yǔ)的形容詞后。如： He is lucky to get here on time. 這種結(jié)構(gòu)中常用的是表示情緒的形容詞，不定式表示該情緒產(chǎn)生的原因。有： happy, glad, delighted, pleased, sorry, eager, anxious, lucky, fortunate, proud, angry surprised, frightened, disappointed, ready, clever, foolish, worthy10）不定式的完成時(shí)。表示不定式中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)

12、詞的動(dòng)作先于主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞發(fā)生。The book is said to have been published.Alexander Bell is said to have invented the telephone.seem, appear, be said / reported / supposed / believed considered / thought / known等動(dòng)詞常用于上面句型。此外，glad、happy、satisfied、sorry、surprised、disappointed后也接完成時(shí)，但要注意與一般時(shí)的區(qū)別。Im sorry to keep you wait

13、ing for a minute. 對(duì)不起，請(qǐng)稍等。（說(shuō)話時(shí)還未等）Im sorry to have kept you waiting. 對(duì)不起，讓你久等了。（說(shuō)話時(shí)已等了很久）不定式的完成時(shí)還可表示“過(guò)去本想做某事但未做”的虛擬語(yǔ)氣。（A）should like to / would like to / would love to + 不定式的完成時(shí)。（B）was / were to + 不定式的完成時(shí)，表示該做某事或想做但未實(shí)現(xiàn)。（C）expect / hope / mean / promise / suppose / think / want/ wish + 不定式完成時(shí)= had +

14、expected / hoped / meant / promised / supposed / thought / wanted / wished + 不定式一般式，表示過(guò)去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望。Tom hoped to have succeeded, but he failed.7）不定式的省略。 同一結(jié)構(gòu)并列由and或or連接。I want to finish my homework and go home.Im really puzzled what to think or say.特例：To be or not to be, this is a question.He is better

15、to laugh than to cry.(表示對(duì)比)不定式作表語(yǔ)，其前面的主語(yǔ)從句中含有do時(shí)，后面的to省略。What he did was lose the game.句中含有動(dòng)詞do時(shí)，but、except、besides、such as等后面to省略，即“前有do后無(wú)to，后無(wú)to前有do”。He had do nothing but wait. He had no choice but to wait.主句含有不定式，后面有rather than, rather than后省to。Why not、had better、would rather、cant / couldnt but等

16、詞后省to。如：He could not but walk home.8）不定式的替代。多用在同一句或聯(lián)系緊密的對(duì)話中，為了避免重復(fù)，作賓語(yǔ)或主補(bǔ)，賓補(bǔ)的不定式再次出現(xiàn)時(shí)，to后的內(nèi)容常承前省略（只保留to即可）。但如果承前省略的不定式有助動(dòng)用的have或be任何形式，后應(yīng)該保留原形be或have。如： Susan is not what she used to be. You came late last night. You ought to have finished your homework.I know I ought to have.常見的有：Id like / love / b

17、e happy to.3、動(dòng)名詞復(fù)習(xí)中應(yīng)注意的幾個(gè)問(wèn)題1）動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ) Choosing what to eat is no longer as easy as it once was. Reading poetry in English also opens the door to finding new ways of expressing yourself in Chinese.2）動(dòng)名詞做賓語(yǔ) Wasting a lot of time during school days means failing in the future.Reading poetry in English al

18、so opens the door to finding new ways of expressing yourself in Chinese.3）動(dòng)名詞做表語(yǔ) A way of saying “I am hungry” is patting the stomach before a meal.下列動(dòng)詞后只能接動(dòng)名詞：allow, permit，avoid, suggest, finish, cant help(禁不住), mind, enjoy, require, practise, miss, escape, pardon, advise, consider, imagine, keep,

19、 appreciate, escape 下列動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)接動(dòng)名詞：leave off, put off, give up, look forward to, feel like, have trouble / difficulty (in), devote to, get used to, pay attention to, be fond of, be worth。介詞后要接動(dòng)名詞。what about、how about、without、be fond of、be good at等介詞后接動(dòng)名詞。注意on / upon doing sth. = as soon as 引導(dǎo)的從中。作此意講時(shí)on

20、 / upon后也可以接名詞。如on his arrival。動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)和動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)的區(qū)別：begin, start, continue, like, love, dislike, hate, prefer, cant stand例 句解 析1. It began to rain. It began raining.2. It was beginning to snow.3. I love lying (to lie)on my back.4. I like listening to music, but today I dont like to.5. I don t prefer t

21、o swim in the river now.1. 意思無(wú)差別，但謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用進(jìn)行時(shí)，后面只跟不定式。2. 表示一種傾向多接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)，如果表示某一特定的或具體的行動(dòng)，多接不定式。remember, forget, regret, stop, try例 句解 析1. I remember to meet her at the station.I remember seeing her once somewhere.2. I forgot giving it to you yesterday. I forgot to tell you about it. Now here it is.3. I

22、 regret not having working hard. I regret to hear of your sisters death. 4. Lets stop wasting time.We must stop to work hard.5. Try knocking at the back door. We must try to get everything ready.6. That will mean flooding some land. I had meant to go on Monday.1. remember to do sth.記住要做的事 remember d

23、oing sth.回顧過(guò)去發(fā)生的事2. forget to do sth.忘記要做的事 forget doing sth.忘記做過(guò)的事3. regret to do sth.對(duì)將要做的事抱歉 regret doing sth.對(duì)發(fā)生過(guò)的事后悔4. stop doing sth. 停止做某事stop to do sth. 停下來(lái)做某事5. try to do sth.設(shè)法，試圖 try doing sth.試試看，試一試6. mean to do sth.打算做，想要 mean doing sth.意味著，就是want, require, need例 句解 析These desks need r

24、epairing.These desks need to be repaired.The patient required examinedThe patient required to be examined.1. need doing / to be done需要被做2. want doing / to be done3. require doing / to be done4、分詞1）分詞（或分詞短語(yǔ)）可以用來(lái)說(shuō)明句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所處的狀態(tài)，表示時(shí)間、原因、條件、讓步、結(jié)果、行為方式、伴隨等情況，相當(dāng)于各自的狀語(yǔ)從句。如果狀語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)和主句的主語(yǔ)相同時(shí)，就可以簡(jiǎn)化和轉(zhuǎn)換成分詞做狀語(yǔ)。如：（

25、1）When I was walking along the street, I met an old friend of mine.這里從句的主語(yǔ)I和主句的主語(yǔ)相同，所以可以轉(zhuǎn)換成分詞做狀語(yǔ)：Waling along the street, I met an old friend of mine.（2）If you stand on the church tower, you can see the whole village.= Standing on the church tower, you can see the whole village.簡(jiǎn)化方法是去掉從句的主語(yǔ)，如果從句是主動(dòng)語(yǔ)

26、態(tài)，就把謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞變成現(xiàn)在分詞，進(jìn)行時(shí)的be動(dòng)詞去掉；如果是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，就把謂語(yǔ)部分的過(guò)去分詞留下即可。又如：If they had been given enough sunlight, the flowers could have grown better.= Given enough sunlight, the flowers could have grown better.由此，我們也可以得出結(jié)論：做狀語(yǔ)的現(xiàn)在分詞與句子主語(yǔ)間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，做狀語(yǔ)的過(guò)去分詞與句子主語(yǔ)之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，反之亦然。時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)（分詞作狀語(yǔ)前面可加when, while等）Hearing the good news, h

27、e jumped with great joy.Having enjoyed the rides at the Headland, visitors can take the shuttle to the Lowland.Not having finished her work in time, the boss fired her.Seen from the hill, the city looks like a garden.=When the city is seen from the hill, it looks like a garden.原因狀語(yǔ)Seeing nobody at h

28、ome, he decided to leave a note.Tired by the trip, he soon fell asleep.= Because he was tired by the trip, he soon fell asleep.Lost in thought, he almost ran into a car.=As he was lost in thought, he almost ran into a car.伴隨狀語(yǔ)But theme parks also try to make sure that visitors leave knowing more abo

29、ut their theme.The teacher came in, followed by some students.=The teacher came in and was followed by some students.結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)The poor old man died, leaving nothing to his children.European football is played in 80 countries, making it the most popular sport in the world.作條件狀語(yǔ)Given more time, I would hav

30、e worked out the problem.=If I have been given more time, I would have worked out the problem.注意：現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)的幾個(gè)特性。時(shí)間性。與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生，用一般時(shí)，如發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前時(shí)則用完成式having done。語(yǔ)態(tài)性。與句子的主語(yǔ)之間的關(guān)系，是主謂關(guān)系。人稱一致性。分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)就是句子的主語(yǔ)。2）分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)一般用在see, hear, notice, watch, feel, find, keep, have, get, make等從此后。如果賓語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)在邏輯上是主謂關(guān)系，則用

31、現(xiàn)在分詞表示賓語(yǔ)的正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。如果在邏輯上是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，則用過(guò)去分詞表示被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作。如：(1) From the window we could see the children playing in the yard.His parents saw him awarded the winner's medal.(2) I heard someone knocking at the door.Have you heard the song sung in Italian?(3) I could feel the sweat trickling down my back. She fe

32、lt a great weight taken off her mind when she knew her son had come back.(4) She kept me talking on the phone for half an hour. Why do you keep the door closed and stay inside alone?(5) I wont have you saying such things to your mother.She had her car stolen (= it was stolen) last week.(6) Haven'

33、;t you got the photocopier working yet?I'm trying to get this article finished for Thursday.(7) I can make myself understood in French, but I'm not fluent. make沒(méi)有接現(xiàn)在分詞做補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的用法。3）賓語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)有時(shí)相當(dāng)于賓語(yǔ)從句。如：I found the boy beaten black and blue. 這里the boy和beaten在邏輯上是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，the boy是beaten的承受者，表示被打。相當(dāng)于：I

34、found that the boy was beaten black and blue.以下是課文中出現(xiàn)的例句。（1）中，expressed和its own ideas of beauty；（2）中them與designed, planned, built；（3）中their buildings與constructed；（4）中himself與inspired之間都是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。(1) Every great culture in the past had its own ideas of beauty expressed in art and architecture.(2) When yo

35、u look around at buildings, streets, squares and parks, you will find them designed, planned and built in different styles.(3) They wanted their buildings constructed in a way to look unusual.(4) Frank Lloyd Wright, who built an art museum in New York, found himself inspired by Japanese seashells.4）

36、上述賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)用在主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的句子中，一旦這類句子變成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，賓語(yǔ)變成主語(yǔ)了，那么原來(lái)的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)就變成了主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，但分詞的形式不變。如：What was discussed at the meeting yesterday hasnt been made known yet. = They havent made known what was discussed at the meeting yesterday.The manages discussed the plan that they would like to see carried out the next year. (200

37、0全國(guó))5）幾個(gè)注意點(diǎn)(1) 分詞(或分詞短語(yǔ))表示方式或伴隨情況時(shí)，常常由并列句轉(zhuǎn)換而來(lái)。如：A woman entered the room and was followed by two girls.= A woman entered the room, followed by two girls.(2) 表示原因、時(shí)間、條件和讓步等的分詞短語(yǔ)，一般放在句子開頭；表示方式、結(jié)果和伴隨的分詞短語(yǔ)，一般放在句子后面。(3) 幾個(gè)特殊的過(guò)去分詞的使用given可做介詞，意思是“考慮到”。如： Given the general state of his health, it may take

38、him a while to recover from the operation.(2000全國(guó)) Given her interest in children (= Given that she is interested in children), I am sure teaching is the right career for vided做連詞，意思是“以為條件，假如”。如： We shall go provided (that) the weather is fine. Provided you sat at the back, you were permitted

39、 into the hall for the film.5. 過(guò)去分詞做狀語(yǔ)與現(xiàn)在分詞及不定式做狀語(yǔ)的區(qū)別1) 現(xiàn)在分詞做狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，分詞與句子主語(yǔ)間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系；過(guò)去分詞做狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，分詞與句子主語(yǔ)之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系2) 分詞做狀語(yǔ)一般表示時(shí)間、原因、條件、讓步，相當(dāng)于狀語(yǔ)從句；表示方式、伴隨、結(jié)果，相當(dāng)于并列句3) 不定式做狀語(yǔ)一般表示原因（常用于表示情緒的形容詞后）、目的和出乎意料的結(jié)果6. 分詞作表語(yǔ)。S. + be + 動(dòng)詞-ed表示被動(dòng)，主語(yǔ)是人；S. + be + 動(dòng)詞-ing表示主動(dòng)，主語(yǔ)是物。分詞作賓補(bǔ)不定式作賓補(bǔ)的區(qū)別： 感官動(dòng)詞 動(dòng)詞原形做了某事S+ + 賓語(yǔ) + 現(xiàn)在分詞正在做某事 使役動(dòng)詞 過(guò)去分詞做了或被做二、精典名題導(dǎo)解選擇填空1. _such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river.(NMET 2001)A. Having suffere