高中英語語法復(fù)習(xí)專題講解非謂語動詞

1、高中英語語法復(fù)習(xí)專題講解-非謂語動詞一、考點聚焦1、非謂語動詞的句法功能2、動詞不定式復(fù)心中應(yīng)注意的幾個問題（1）不定式作表語與“be + to do sth.”的異同。不定式作表語說明主語的內(nèi)容或性質(zhì)。His job is to guard.(說明內(nèi)容)be + to do sth.(表示按計劃要做的事)（2）帶不定式作賓語的詞語。下列詞語常不定式作賓語：afford、promise、refuse、expect、hope、learn、offer、wish、want、fail、plan、agree、forget、like、prefer、decide、manage、try、arrange、det

2、ermine、desire等。下列動詞后可接疑問詞+不定式：teach、decide、wonder、show、learn、forget、ask、find、out、advise、discuss等。（3）如何理解和使用不定式作賓補(bǔ)。動詞see、watch、notice、hear、listen to、observe、feel、taste、smell、make、let、have等的賓補(bǔ)用動詞原形，變被動時要加to,此時的不定式就是主語補(bǔ)足語。常用帶不定式作賓補(bǔ)的幾種情況：主語 + ask / require / tell / order / force / get / want / like + sb

3、.to do sth.主語 + think / judge / suppose / believe / consider /imagine/consider / feel + sb. + to be/ to have done主語 + call on / upon / depend on / wait for / ask for + sb.+ to do sth.（4）不定式作定語的特殊用法。下列詞語后常接不定式作定語：chance、wish、right、courage、need、promise、time、opportunity、way、the first、the second、the las

4、t、the only等。不定式作定語和所修飾的名詞在邏輯上有主謂關(guān)系。There is no one to look after her.不定式與被修飾的名詞在邏輯上有動賓關(guān)系。She is now looking for a room to live in.（5）不定式作狀語的用法。不定式作狀語，修飾動詞，在句中表示行為目的、結(jié)果、原因。only to do表示出人意料的結(jié)果。We hurried to the classroom only to find none there .in order(not)to,so as(not)to用來引導(dǎo)目的狀語,enough,too, so as t

5、o do, such + 名詞 as to do作結(jié)果狀語，如:The girl was so kind as to help the old man off the bus.Im not such a fool as to believe that.（6）不定式的完成時的特殊用法。表示不定式中謂語動詞發(fā)生的動作先于主句的謂語動詞發(fā)出的動作。The novel was said to have been published.I regret to have been with you for so many years.seem、appear、be said、be supposed、be be

6、lieved、be thought、be known、be reported等動詞常用于上面句型。此外，glad、happy、satisfied、sorry、surprised、disappointed后也接完成時，但要注意與一般時的區(qū)別。Im sorry to keep you waiting for a minute.對不起，請稍等。（說話時還未等）Im sorry to have kept you waiting.對不起，讓你久等了。（說話時已等了很久）不定式的完成時還可表示“過去本想做某事但未做”的虛擬語氣。（A）should like to / would like to / wou

7、ld love to + 不定式的完成時。（B）was / were to + 不定式的完成時，表示該做某事或想做但未實現(xiàn)。（C）expect / hope / mean / promise / suppose / think / want/ wish + 不定式完成時，表示過去未曾實現(xiàn)的愿望。（7）不定式的省略。  同一結(jié)構(gòu)并列由and或or連接。I want to finish my homework and go home.Im really puzzled what to think or say.特例：To be or not to be,this is a questio

8、n.He is better to laugh than to cry.(表示對比)不定式作表語，其前面的主語從句中含有do時，后面的to省略。What he did was lose the game.句中含有動詞do時，but、except、besides、such as等后面to可省略。即“前有do,后省to”。Dont do anything silly, such as marry him.主句含有不定式，后面有rather than, rather than后省to。Why not、had better、would rather、cant but等詞后省to。如：He could

9、not but walk home.（8）不定式的替代。多用在同一句或聯(lián)系緊密的對話中，為了避免重復(fù)，作賓語或主補(bǔ)，賓補(bǔ)的不定式再次出現(xiàn)時，to后的內(nèi)容常承前省略（只保留to即可）。但如果承前省略的不定式有助動用的have或be任何形式，后應(yīng)該保留原形be或have。如：Susan is not what she used to be.You came late last night. You ought to have finished yourhomework.I know I ought to have.常見的有：Id like / love / be happy to.3、動名詞復(fù)習(xí)中

10、應(yīng)注意的幾個問題（1）動名詞作賓語。下列動詞后只能接動名詞：suggest, finish, avoid, stop, cant help, mind, enjoy, require, practise, miss, escape, pardon, advise, consider, imagine, keep, appreciate, eacape, permit。下列動詞短語接動名詞：leave off, put off, give up, look forward to, feel like, have trouble / difficulty(in) doing sth. devote

11、 to, get used to, pay attention to, be fond of, be worth。介詞后要接動名詞。what about、how about、without、be fond of、be good at等介詞后接動名詞。注意on / upon doing sth. = as soon as 引導(dǎo)的從中。作此意講時on / upon后也可以接名詞。如on his arrival。動名詞作賓語和動詞不定式作賓語的區(qū)別：begin, start, continue, like, love, dislike, hate, prefer, cant stand1. It b

12、egan to rain. It began raining.2. It was beginning to snow.3. I love lying (to lie)on my back.4. I like listening to music, but today I dont like to.5. I don t prefer to swim in the river now. 1. 意思無差別，但謂語動詞用進(jìn)行時，后面只跟不定式。2. 表示一種傾向多接動名詞作賓語，如果表示某一特定的或具體的行動，多接不定式。-remember, forget, regret, try-1. I

13、 remember to meet her at the station.I remember seeing her once somewhere.2. I forgot giving it to you yesterday.  I forgot to tell you about it. Now here it is.3. I regret not having working hard.  I regret to hear of your sisters death. 4. Try knocking at the back door.  We must try

14、 to get everything ready.5. That will mean flooding some land.  I had meant to go on Monday. 1. remember to do sth.記住要做的事  remember doing sth.回顧過去發(fā)生的事2. forget to do sth.忘記要做的事  forget doing sth.忘記做過的事3. regret to do sth.對將要做的事抱歉  regret doing sth.對發(fā)生過的事后悔4. try to do sth.設(shè)法

15、，試圖  try doing sth.試試看，試一試5. mean to do sth.打算做，想要  mean doing sth.意味著，就是- want, require, need-These desks need repairing.These desks need to be repaired.The patient required examinedThe patient required to be examined. 1. need doing 需要被做  need to be done需要被做2. want doing wa

16、nt to be done3. require doing  require to be done4、分詞復(fù)習(xí)應(yīng)注意的幾個問題（1）現(xiàn)在分詞在句中作時間、原因、伴隨、條件、結(jié)果等狀語。時間狀語（分詞作狀語前面可加when, while等）Hearing the good news, he jumped with greatjoy.Not having finished her work in time, the boss fired her.原因狀語Seeing nobody at home, he decided to leave them a note伴隨狀語The girls

17、came in, following their parents.結(jié)果狀語The poor old man died, leaving nothing to his children.注意：現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語的幾個特性。時間性。與謂語動詞同時發(fā)生，用一般時，如發(fā)生在謂語動作之前時則用完成式having done。語態(tài)性。與句子的主語之間的關(guān)系，是主謂關(guān)系或動賓關(guān)系。遵循的規(guī)則“主動進(jìn)行，被動完成”。人稱一致性。分詞的邏輯主語就是句子的主語。（2）分詞作表語。S. + be + 動詞-ed表示被動，主語是人；S. + be + 動詞-ing表示主動，主語是物。分詞作賓補(bǔ)不定式作賓補(bǔ)的區(qū)別： 

18、;     感官動詞          動詞原形做了某事S+           + 賓語 + 現(xiàn)在分詞正在做某事      使役動詞          過去分詞做了或被做5、復(fù)習(xí)過去分詞應(yīng)注意的幾個問題過去分詞作狀語，相當(dāng)于一個

19、狀語從句，有來說明原因、時間、條件等。（1）過去分詞作原因狀語Tired by the trip, he soon feel asleep.= Because he was tired by the trip, he soon fell asleep.Lost in thought , he almost ran into a car.=As he was lost in thought, he almost ran into a car.（2）作時間狀語Seen from the hill, the city looks like a garden.=When the city is see

20、n from the hill, it looks like a garden.（3）作條件狀語Given more time, I would have worked out the problem.=If I have been given more time, I would have worked out the problem.（4）伴隨狀語The teacher came in, followed by some students.=The teacher came in and was followed by some students.分詞短語作狀語時，通常與主句中的主語在邏輯

21、上一致，但有時它也可以有自己獨立的邏輯上的主語，這種結(jié)構(gòu)稱為獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。如：Her grandfather being ill, she had to stay at home looking after him.二、精典名題導(dǎo)解選擇填空1. _such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river.(NMET  2001)A.Having suffered     B.Suffering    C.To suffer&

22、#160;    D.Suffered解析：答案為A。本題考查分詞短語作狀語的用法。分詞作狀語，其邏輯主語必須是句子的主語，而本句的主語看似是it,其實它為形式主語，真正的主語為不定式，而不定式省略了邏輯主語for people，所以應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在分詞，又因already，應(yīng)用完成時。2. One learns a language by making mistakes and _ them.(2001年春季高考)A.correct            B.c

23、orrecting      C.corrects     D.to correct解析：答案為B。本題考查動名詞作介詞賓語的用法。介詞by意為“通過，憑”，后面常接動名詞，形成“by+ v. ing ”結(jié)構(gòu)，表示通過做某事而得到某種結(jié)果。本題中只有correcting符合。3. The picture _ on the wall is painted by my nephew.(2000年春季高考)A.having hung      

24、0; B.hanging       C.hangs       D.being hung解析：答案為B。本題考查現(xiàn)在分詞作定語的用法。根據(jù)句意“墻上掛的那幅畫是我侄子畫的”，可知空白處所填的動詞形式在句中作定語，表說話時仍在進(jìn)行的動作或所處的解題關(guān)鍵在于分析picture與hang之間的邏輯關(guān)系。英語非謂語動詞用法詳細(xì)歸納非謂語動詞主要包括不定式、動名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞。為了區(qū)分這三種不同的非謂語動詞的用法和含義，我們將分別從三種非謂語動詞在句子中做主語、賓語、賓語補(bǔ)足語、定語、

25、狀語、表語以及一些特殊結(jié)構(gòu)句型等角度來區(qū)分其用法和細(xì)微含義。1不定式和動名詞作主語的區(qū)別(1)動名詞作主語通常表示抽象動作；而不定式作主語表示具體動作。Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here這里禁止抽煙。(抽象)It is not very good for you to smoke so much你抽這么多煙對你身體很不好。(具體)(2)動名詞作主語時，通常用以表示一件已知的事或經(jīng)驗。不定式短語通常用來表示一件未完成的事或目的。Climbing mountains is interesting爬山很有趣。(經(jīng)驗)Driving a car during the rush

26、hour is tiring在高峰時刻開車令人厭煩。(經(jīng)驗)(3）不定式做主語，一般用it當(dāng)形式主語，把作主語的不定式短語后置。It took me only five minutes to finish the job.2不定式、動名詞和分詞作表語的區(qū)別(1)不定式作表語1)不定式作表語一般表示具體動作，特別是表示將來的動作。To do two things at a time is to do neither-次做兩件事等于未做。What I would suggest is to start work at once.我的建議是立刻開始干。2）如果主語是不定式（表示條件），表語也是不定式

27、（表示結(jié)果）。To see is to believe.百聞不如一見。To work means to earn a living工作就是為了生活。3)如果主語是以aim， duty， hope， idea， happiness， job， plan， problem， purpose， thing， wish等為中心的名詞，或以what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句，不定式作表語是對主語起補(bǔ)充說明作用。His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future他的希望是在不遠(yuǎn)的將來買一輛豪華轎車。The function of Louis Sullivan&

28、#39;s architecture was to provide large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior.The most important thing is to negotiate with them about the future of the plant(2)動名詞作表語：動名詞作表語，表示抽象的一般性的行為。Our work is serving the people我們的工作是為人民服務(wù)。His hobby is collecting stamps他的愛好是集郵。(注

29、)動名詞作表語時與進(jìn)行時態(tài)中的現(xiàn)在分詞形式相同，但其所屬結(jié)構(gòu)迥異，進(jìn)行時態(tài)說明動作是由主語完成的。動名詞做表語，說明主語的性質(zhì)或情況。People cannot but feel puzzled， for they simply cannot understand how he could have made such a stupid mistake.His victory in the final was no more convincing than I had expected(3)分詞作表語分詞做表語有兩種情況，一種是現(xiàn)在分詞做表語，一種是過去分詞做表語，這兩者區(qū)別是考試中經(jīng)?？嫉降?/p>

30、地方。一般來說，表示心理狀態(tài)的動詞如excite， interest等都是及物動詞，漢語意思不是“激動”，“高興”，而是“使激動”、“使高興”，因而現(xiàn)在分詞應(yīng)該是“令人激動的”、“令人高興的”，過去分詞則是“感到激動的”和“感到高興的”。所以，凡表示“令人的”都是-ing形式，凡是表示“感到”都用-ed形式。換句話說，若人對感興趣，就是somebody is interested in.,若人/物本身有興趣時，就是說sb./sth. is interesting.這類詞常見的有：interesting使人感到高興-interested感到高興的exciting令人激動的-excited感到激動

31、的delighting令人高興的-delighted感到高興的disappointing令人失望的-disappointed感到失望的encouraging令人鼓舞的-encouraged感到鼓舞的pleasing令人愉快的-pleased感到愉快的puzzling令人費解的-puzzled感到費解的satisfying令人滿意的-satisfied感到滿意的surprising令人驚異的-surprised感到驚異的worrying令人擔(dān)心的-worried感到擔(dān)心的Travelling is interesting but tiring旅行是有趣的，但是使人疲勞。The pupils wi

32、ll get confused if they are made to learn too much如果要學(xué)生學(xué)得太多，他們會感到糊涂的。The argument is very convincing他的論點很令人信服。They were very excited at the news聽到這個消息，他們非常激動。3不定式和動名詞作賓語的區(qū)別英語中大多數(shù)動詞既可跟不定式，也可跟動名詞作直接賓語，但有些動詞要求：(1)不定式做賓語和賓語補(bǔ)足語1)下面的動詞要求不定式做賓語attempt企圖 enable能夠 neglect忽視afford負(fù)擔(dān)得起 demand要求 long渴望arrange安排

33、 destine注定 mean意欲，打算begin開始 expect期望 omit忽略，漏appear似乎，顯得 determine決定 manage設(shè)法cease停止 hate憎恨，厭惡 pretend假裝ask問 dread害怕 need需要agree同意 desire愿望 love愛swear宣誓 volunteer志愿 wish希望bear承受 endeavor努力 offer提供beg請求 fail不能 plan計劃bother擾亂；煩惱 forget忘記 prefer喜歡，寧愿care關(guān)心，喜歡 happen碰巧 prepare準(zhǔn)備decide決定 learn學(xué)習(xí) regret抱歉

34、，遺憾choose選擇 hesitate猶豫 profess表明claim要求 hope希望 promise承諾，允許start開始 undertake承接 want想要consent同意，贊同 intend想要 refuse拒絕decide決定 learn學(xué)習(xí) vow起contrive設(shè)法，圖謀 incline有傾向 propose提議seek找，尋覓 try試圖2)下面的動詞要求不定式做賓補(bǔ)：動詞+賓語+動詞不定式ask要求，邀請 get請，得到 prompt促使allow允許 forbid禁止 prefer喜歡，寧愿announce宣布 force強(qiáng)迫 press迫使bride 收買 i

35、nspire鼓舞 request請求assist協(xié)助 hate憎惡 pronounce斷定，表示advise勸告 exhort告誡，勉勵 pray請求authorize授權(quán)，委托 help幫助 recommend勸告，推薦bear容忍 implore懇求 remind提醒beg請求 induce引誘 report報告compel強(qiáng)迫 invite吸引，邀請， summon傳喚command命令 intend想要，企圖 show 顯示drive驅(qū)趕 mean意欲，打算 train訓(xùn)練cause引起 instruct指示 require要求deserve應(yīng)受 leave使，讓 tell告訴dire

36、ct指導(dǎo) like喜歡 tempt勸誘entitle有資格 order命令 warn告誡enable使能夠 need需要 urge激勵，力說encourage鼓勵 oblige不得不 want想要condemn指責(zé)，譴責(zé) lead引起，使得 teach教entreat懇求 permit允許 wish希望(2)有少數(shù)動詞只能用動名詞作賓語acknowledge承認(rèn)，自認(rèn) cease 停止 mention說到，講到admit 承認(rèn) tolerate忍受 dislike不喜歡，討厭advocate：提倡，主張 complete完成 dread可怕appreciate 感激，欣賞 confess坦白

37、endure忍受avoid避免 contemplate細(xì)想 enjoy享有，喜愛bear忍受 defer拖延 envy嫉妒can't help不禁 delay延遲 escape逃跑，逃避can't stand受不了 deny否認(rèn) excuse借口consider 考慮 detest嫌惡 fancy幻想，愛好favor 造成，偏愛 mind 介意 repent悔悟figure描繪，計算 miss錯過 resent怨恨finish完成，結(jié)束不得 pardon原諒，饒恕 resist抵抗，阻止forgive原諒 permit 允許 resume恢復(fù)imagine設(shè)想 postpone

38、延遲，延期 risk冒險involve卷入，包含 practise 實行，實踐 suggest建議hate討厭 prevent阻止 save營救，儲蓄keep保持 quit放棄停止 stand堅持，忍受loathe非常討厭，厭惡 recall回想例如：I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.我很感激兩年前給我出國學(xué)習(xí)的機(jī)會。(3)有些動詞后使用動名詞和動詞不定式作賓語的差別1）forget to do 忘記要去做某事（此事未做）forget doing忘記做過某事（此事已做過或已發(fā)

39、生）2）stop to do 停止、中斷（某件事），目的是去做另一件事stop doing 停止正在或經(jīng)常做的事3）remember to do 記住去做某事（未做）remember doing記得做過某事(已做)4) regret to do對要做的事遺憾regret doing對做過的事遺憾、后悔5）try to do努力、企圖做某事try doing試驗、試一試某種辦法6) mean to do打算，有意要mean doing意味著7）go on to do 繼而（去做另外一件事情）go on doing 繼續(xù)（原先沒有做完的事情）8）propose to do 打算（要做某事）prop

40、osing doing建議（做某事）9) like /love/hate/ prefer +to do 表示具體行為；+doing sth 表示抽象、傾向概念（注)如果這些動詞前有should一詞，其后賓語只跟不定式，不能跟動名詞。例如：I should like to see him tomorrow10) need, want, deserve +動名詞表被動意義；+不定式被動態(tài)表示“要(修、清理等)”意思。Don't you remember seeing the man before?你不記得以前見過那個人嗎?You must remember to leave tomorro

41、w你可要記著是明天動身。I don't regret telling her what I thought我不后悔給她講過我的想法。(已講過)I regret to have to do this， but I have no choice我很遺憾必須這樣去做，我實在沒辦法。(未做但要做)You must try to be more careful你可要多加小心。Let's try doing the work some other way讓我們試一試用另外一種辦法來做這工作。I didn't mean to hurt your feeling我沒想要傷害你的感情。T

42、his illness will mean (your) going to hospital得了這種病(你)就要進(jìn)醫(yī)院。4不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞作定語的區(qū)別(1）不定式作定語1)不定式與其所修飾的名詞可能是主謂關(guān)系He was the last one to leave school yesterday昨天他是最后一個離開教室的。The train to arrive was from London將要到站的火車是從倫敦開來的。2)不定式與其所修飾的名詞可能是動賓關(guān)系Get him something to eat給他拿點兒東西吃。She has a lot of work to do i

43、n the morning早上他有很多工作要做。3)不及物動詞構(gòu)成的不定式做定語，要加上適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~和被修飾的名詞形成邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系，這里的介詞不能省去。I need a pen to write with我需要一支筆寫字。There is nothing to worry about沒有什么值得發(fā)愁的。4)不定式修飾一些表示方向、原因、時間、機(jī)會、權(quán)利等抽象名詞如：ability能力，本領(lǐng) drive趕，駕駛 movement運動，活動ambition抱負(fù)，野心 effort努力，嘗試 need需要，需求campaign戰(zhàn)役，運動 failure失敗，不及格 opportunity機(jī)會cha

44、nce機(jī)會 force力，壓力，要點 promise許諾，希望courage勇氣 intention意向，意圖 reason理由，原因decision決定 method方法，方式 light光，光線，亮光determination決心，決定 motive動機(jī)，目的 struggle奮斗，努力，tendency傾向，趨勢 wish希望，愿望，祝愿5）被修飾的名詞前有序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級或next， second, last, only和not a，the等限定詞時候，只能用不定式。6）不定代詞something, nothing, little, much, a lot 等習(xí)慣上用不定式做定語。

45、John will do anything but work on a farm除了農(nóng)活，約翰什么都愿意干。7）如果其動詞要求用不定式做賓語，或者其形容詞要器接不定式做補(bǔ)語，則相應(yīng)的名詞一般用不定式做定語。如： tend to do-tendency to do；decide to do = decision to do；be curious to do = curiosity to doHis wish to buy a car came true他要買輛車的愿望實現(xiàn)了。Their decision to give up the experiment surprised us他們放棄這個實驗

46、的決定使我們大吃一驚。He is always the first to come and the last to leave他總是第一個到來，最后一個離去。(2)分詞作定語分詞作定語時有下面幾個特點：1)現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動意義，過去分詞一般表示被動含意。2)現(xiàn)在分詞表示正在進(jìn)行，過去分詞表示狀態(tài)或做完(完成)的事。He rushed into the burning house他沖進(jìn)了正在燃燒著的房子。The child standing over there is my brother站在那兒的男孩子是我弟弟。The room facing south is our classroom朝南的

47、房間是我們的教室。Have you got your watch repaired? 你拿到那個修好的表了嗎?He is an advanced teacher他是個先進(jìn)教師。3）下列不及物動詞也以過去分詞形式做定語或表語，但不具有被動意義，這點要注意：departed, elapsed, faded, fallen, gone, frown-up, retired, returned, risen, set, vanished, much-traveled, newly-arrived, recently-come(3)不定式和分詞作定語時的時間關(guān)系一般來說，不定式所表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞

48、所表示的動作之后；現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動作與謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發(fā)生；過去分詞表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前。例如：Do you want to see the doctor to be sent for from Beijing?你要見那位將從北京請來的醫(yī)生嗎？Do you want to see the doctor working on the case report in the office?你要見那位正在辦公室里寫病歷的醫(yī)生嗎？5不定式和分詞作狀語的區(qū)別（1）現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞作狀語的區(qū)別?，F(xiàn)在分詞做狀語與過去分詞做狀語的最主要區(qū)別在于兩者與所修飾的主語的主動與被動關(guān)系的

49、區(qū)別。1）現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語時，現(xiàn)在分詞的動作就是句子主語的動作，它們之間的關(guān)系是主動關(guān)系。He went out shutting the door behind him.他出去后將門隨手關(guān)上。Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help.由于不知如何辦是好，他去找父母幫忙。2）過去分詞作狀語時，過去分詞表示的動作是句子主語承受的動作，它們之間的關(guān)系是被動關(guān)系。Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.如果對這些樹多關(guān)心一些，它們本來會長得更好。Faced wi

50、th difficulties, we must try to overcome them.在遇到困難的時候，我們必須設(shè)法克服。(2)動詞不定式和分詞作狀語的區(qū)別1)分詞作狀語一般表示伴隨，而不定式常常表示目的。They stood by the roadside talking about the plan他們站在路邊談?wù)撝@個計劃。(伴隨)They stood by the roadside to talk about the plan他們站在路邊為的是談?wù)撨@個計劃。(目的)2)分詞作狀語放在句子開頭，除表示原因之外有時表示時間或條件。動詞不定式作狀語時，除了表示目的以外，還表示結(jié)果或原因

51、。Reading attentively，he forgot the time for lunch由于在專心讀書，他忘了吃午飯的時間。(原因)Reading carefully，he found something he had not known before他仔細(xì)讀書時，發(fā)現(xiàn)了一些從前不知道的東西。(時間)Reading carefully，you'll learn something new只要你仔細(xì)閱讀，你會學(xué)到一些新的東西。(條件)His family was too poor to support him他的家庭太窮，不能維持他的生活。(結(jié)果)The boy is not

52、tall enough to reach the book shelf這男孩個子不夠高，手伸不到書架。(結(jié)果)We are glad to hear the news我們很高興聽到這消息。(原因)（3）下面一些句型是不定式做狀語時候應(yīng)該注意的：a：not/never tooto, toonot to , but/only too to, too ready/eager/apt/inclined to 表示肯定意義b：做結(jié)果狀語的不定式只能出現(xiàn)在句子的末尾，常見的不定式動詞有：find, hear, see, be told, form, give, make, produce 等。c：不定式做

53、狀語時，其邏輯主語一般為句子的主語，否則用for引導(dǎo)主語。6非謂語動詞?？嫉钠渌Y(jié)構(gòu)（1)疑問詞+不定式結(jié)構(gòu)疑問詞who，what，which，when，where和how后加不定式可構(gòu)成一種特殊的不定式短語。它在句中可以用作主語、賓語、表語和雙重賓語。如：When to start has not been decided何時動身尚未決定。(主語)I don't know what to do我不知道該怎么辦。(賓語)The difficulty was how to cross the river困難在于如何過河。(表語)I can tell you where to get th

54、is book.我可以告訴你哪里可以買到此書。（雙重賓語）注）A.有時疑問詞前可用介詞，如：I have no idea of how to do it.我不知道如何做此事。B.動詞know 后面不能直接跟不定式作賓語，只能跟疑問詞（如：how, what）+不定式：While still a young boy, Tom knew to play the piano well and as he grew older, he wrote operas, the most famous of which is Carmen.(2)介詞except和but作“只有，只能”講時跟不定式結(jié)構(gòu)（but

55、與不帶to的不定式連用）。When the streets are full of melting snow, you cannot help but getting your shoes wet.(3)不帶to的不定式1）在表示生理感覺的動詞后的不定式不帶to。這類詞有：feel 覺得 observe 注意到，看到 overhear聽到watch注視 listen to聽 perceive察覺，感知notice注意 see看見 look at看 hear聽On seeing the young child fell into the lake，Eric sprang to his feet，and went on the rescue.2)另一類是某些使役動詞，如make, let，have等。如：Let him do it.讓他做吧。I would have you know tha