01英語(yǔ)的各種時(shí)態(tài)

1、英語(yǔ)的各種時(shí)態(tài)一、 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)： 1.概念：經(jīng)常、反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或行為及現(xiàn)在的某種狀況。 2.時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)： always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month), once a week, on Sundays, 3.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：動(dòng)詞 原形 （如主語(yǔ)為第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)，動(dòng)詞上要改為第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)形式） 4.否定形式：am/is/are+not;此時(shí)態(tài)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞若為行為動(dòng)詞，則在其前加don't,如主語(yǔ)為第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)，則用doesn't，同時(shí)還原行為動(dòng)詞。 5.一般疑問(wèn)句：把be動(dòng)詞放于句首；用助動(dòng)詞do提問(wèn)，如主

2、語(yǔ)為第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)，則用does，同時(shí)，還原行為動(dòng)詞。 6.例句：. It seldom snows here. (這里很少下雪)He is always ready to help others. (他總是樂(lè)于幫助別人)Action speaks louder than words. (行動(dòng)勝于空談)二、 一般過(guò)去時(shí)： 1.概念：過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間里發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)；過(guò)去習(xí)慣性、經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作、行為。 2.時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week,last(year, night, month), in 1989, just no

3、w, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time, etc. 3.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：be動(dòng)詞；行為動(dòng)詞 的過(guò)去式 4.否定形式：was/were+not;在行為動(dòng)詞前加didn't，同時(shí)還原行為動(dòng)詞。 5.一般疑問(wèn)句：was或were放于句首；用助動(dòng)詞do的過(guò)去式did 提問(wèn)，同時(shí)還原行為動(dòng)詞。 6.例句：She often came to help us in those days.(這些天她經(jīng)常來(lái)幫助我們) I didn't know you were so busy. (我不知道你這么忙)三、 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)：

4、1.概念：表示現(xiàn)階段或說(shuō)話(huà)時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作及行為。 2.時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：now, at this time, these days, etc. 3.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：am/is/are+doing 4.否定形式：am/is/are+not+doing. 5.一般疑問(wèn)句：把be動(dòng)詞放于句首。 6.例句： How are you feeling today?(今天你感覺(jué)怎么樣) He is doing well in his lessons. (在課上他表現(xiàn)很好)四、 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)： 1.概念：表示過(guò)去某段時(shí)間或某一時(shí)刻正在發(fā)生或進(jìn)行的行為或動(dòng)作。 2.時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：at this time yesterday, a

5、t that time或以when引導(dǎo)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一般過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)等。 3.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：was/were+doing 4.否定形式：was/were + not + doing. 5.一般疑問(wèn)句：把was或were放于句首。 6.例句：At that time she was working in a PLA unit. (那時(shí)她正在人民解放軍單位工作)When he came in, I was reading a newspaper.(當(dāng)他進(jìn)來(lái)時(shí),我正在讀報(bào)紙) 五、 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)： 1.概念：過(guò)去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果，或從過(guò)去已經(jīng)開(kāi)始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。 2.

6、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：recently, lately, sincefor,in the past few years, etc. 3.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：have/has + done 4.否定形式：have/has + not +done. 5.一般疑問(wèn)句：have或has。 6.例句：I've written an article. (我已經(jīng)寫(xiě)過(guò)一篇文章)The countryside has changed a lot in the past few years. (在過(guò)去幾年,農(nóng)村改變了很多)六、 過(guò)去完成時(shí)： 1.概念：以過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，在此以前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或行為，或在過(guò)去某動(dòng)作之前完成的行為

7、，即“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”。 2.時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：before, by the end of last year(term, month),etc. 3.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：had + done. 4.否定形式：had + not + done. 5.一般疑問(wèn)句：had放于句首。 6.例句：As soon as we got to the station, the train had left. (當(dāng)我們趕到車(chē)站時(shí),火車(chē)已經(jīng)開(kāi)走了)By the end of last month. We had reviewed four books (到上個(gè)月底為止,我們已經(jīng)閱讀了四本書(shū))七、 一般將來(lái)時(shí)： 1.概念：表示將要發(fā)生

8、的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)及打算、計(jì)劃或準(zhǔn)備做某事。 2.時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：tomorrow, next day(week, month, year),soon, in a few minutes, by,the day after tomorrow, etc. 3.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：am/is/are/going to + do；will/shall + do. 4.否定形式：was/were + not; 在行為動(dòng)詞前加didn't，同時(shí)還原行為動(dòng)詞。 5.一般疑問(wèn)句：be放于句首；will/shall提到句首。 6.例句：They are going to have a competition with

9、 us in studies. (在學(xué)習(xí)上,他們將和我們競(jìng)爭(zhēng))It is going to rain.(要下雨了) 八、 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)： 1.概念：立足于過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻，從過(guò)去看將來(lái)，常用于賓語(yǔ)從句中。 2.時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：the next day(morning, year),the following month(week),etc. 3.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：was/were/going to + do；would/should + do. 4.否定形式：was/were/not + going to + do;would/should + not + do. 5.一般疑問(wèn)句：was或were放于句首；wou

10、ld/should 提到句首。 6.例句：He said he would go to Beijing the next day.(他說(shuō)明天他要來(lái)北京) I asked who was going there(我問(wèn)誰(shuí)要去那里) . 九.將來(lái)完成時(shí)： 1.概念：在將來(lái)某一時(shí)刻之前開(kāi)始的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài) 2.時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：by the time of;by the end of+時(shí)間短語(yǔ)（將來(lái)）;by the time+從句（將來(lái)） 3.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：be going to/will/shall + have done 十.現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí): 1.概念：在過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻之前開(kāi)始的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)一直持續(xù)到說(shuō)話(huà)為止 2.基

11、本結(jié)構(gòu)：have/has +been+doing 幾種常見(jiàn)時(shí)態(tài)的相互轉(zhuǎn)換 英語(yǔ)中的幾種時(shí)態(tài)在一定情況下可以互相轉(zhuǎn)換，以下是幾種常見(jiàn)的轉(zhuǎn)換形式： 十一、 一般過(guò)去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的轉(zhuǎn)換 在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)中，延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞能與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用，瞬間動(dòng)詞卻不能。但是，可用別的表達(dá)方式：瞬間動(dòng)詞用于“一段時(shí)間 + ago”的一般過(guò)去時(shí)的句型中；瞬間動(dòng)詞可改成與之相對(duì)應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞及短語(yǔ)，與一段時(shí)間連用；瞬間動(dòng)詞用于“It is + 一段時(shí)間 + since + 一般過(guò)去時(shí)”的句型中，表示“自從以來(lái)有時(shí)間”的意思，主句一般用it is來(lái)代替It has been;瞬間動(dòng)詞用于“Some time has p

12、assed since + 一般過(guò)去時(shí)”的句型中。請(qǐng)看： A. He joined the League two years ago. B. He has been in the League for two years. C. It is two years since he joined the League. D. Two years has passed since he joined the League. 十二、 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)與現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的轉(zhuǎn)換 在一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)中，at加上名詞表示“處于某種狀態(tài)”，如at work（在工作）, at school（上學(xué)、上課）等。此短語(yǔ)可與進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換。

13、請(qǐng)看： Peter is at work, but Mike is at play. Peter is working, but Mike is playing. 十三、 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)與一般將來(lái)時(shí)的轉(zhuǎn)換 在現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)中g(shù)o, come, leave, start, arrive等動(dòng)詞常與表示將來(lái)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如：I am coming, Mum! 意為“我就來(lái)，媽媽?zhuān)　闭?qǐng)看： The train is leaving soon. The train will leave soon. 十六種時(shí)態(tài) 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，一般過(guò)去時(shí)，一般將來(lái)時(shí)，一般過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)； 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)，將

14、來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)，過(guò)去將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)； 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，過(guò)去完成時(shí)，將來(lái)完成時(shí)，過(guò)去將來(lái)完成時(shí)； 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，將來(lái)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，過(guò)去將來(lái)完成進(jìn)行時(shí) 初中英語(yǔ)中的各種時(shí)態(tài)的主要構(gòu)成 初中常用的有8種時(shí)態(tài):一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),一般過(guò)去時(shí),一般將來(lái)時(shí),現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí),過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí),現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),過(guò)去完成時(shí)和過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí),其他時(shí)態(tài)在初中少見(jiàn) (一)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的定義:一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)是表示現(xiàn)在經(jīng)常反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作存在的狀態(tài)或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作的時(shí)態(tài) 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的構(gòu)成:（這是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的表格） 動(dòng)詞 肯定句 否定句 I am. I am not. be You/We/They are You/We/They are not He/She

15、/It is He/She /It is not 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)用行為動(dòng)詞的原形，主語(yǔ)是he,she,it這些第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)時(shí)，動(dòng)詞要加s或es （二）一般過(guò)去時(shí)的定義：一般過(guò)去時(shí)是表示過(guò)去經(jīng)?；蚺既话l(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)的時(shí)態(tài) 一般過(guò)去時(shí)的構(gòu)成： 動(dòng)詞 肯定句 否定句 I was. I was not. be He/She/It was. He/She/It was not. We/You/They were. We/You/They were not. 一般過(guò)去時(shí)用動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式一般都加ed，如work worked結(jié)尾是e的只加d，如like liked.末尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母的重讀閉

16、音節(jié)要雙寫(xiě)這個(gè)字母再加ed,如stop stopped，以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的，先變y為i再加ed,如study studied另外還有一些不規(guī)則的變化，課本后邊的單詞表上有注釋 （三）一般將來(lái)時(shí)的定義：一般將來(lái)時(shí)是表示將來(lái)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)的時(shí)態(tài) 一般將來(lái)時(shí)的構(gòu)成: 人稱(chēng) 肯定句 否定句 一 I/We will go. I/We will not go. 二 You will go. You will not go. 三 He/She/It/They will go.He/She/They will not go 一般將來(lái)時(shí)由助動(dòng)詞（will,shall）動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成,shall主要用于以

17、第一人稱(chēng)(I,We)為主語(yǔ)的疑問(wèn)句中 （四）現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的定義：現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)是表示在某一時(shí)刻或某段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作的時(shí)態(tài) 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的構(gòu)成： 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)由系動(dòng)詞（am,is,are）現(xiàn)在分詞（動(dòng)詞加ing形式）構(gòu)成 如I am working.Am I working?I am not working. （五）過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的定義：過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)是表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或某段時(shí)間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作時(shí)態(tài) 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的構(gòu)成： 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)是由系動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式（was were）現(xiàn)在分詞（動(dòng)詞加ing）構(gòu)成的 如I was talking,Was I talking?I was not talking. (六）現(xiàn)在完成

18、時(shí)的定義：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)是表示在過(guò)去發(fā)生但與現(xiàn)在情況有聯(lián)系的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的時(shí)態(tài) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成： 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)是由助動(dòng)詞have,has過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成的,過(guò)去分詞的變化方法和上述的過(guò)去式的方法一樣，在此不做詳細(xì)解釋過(guò)去分詞也有不規(guī)則的 如You have talked.Have you talked? (七）過(guò)去完成時(shí)的定義：過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作以前已完成的行為或存在的狀態(tài) 過(guò)去完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成： 過(guò)去完成時(shí)由助動(dòng)詞had（無(wú)人稱(chēng)和數(shù)的變化）過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成，其否定句式和疑問(wèn)句式在結(jié)構(gòu)上與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)一樣 如They /he had read it.Had they/he read it? （八）

19、過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)的定義：過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)表示從過(guò)去的觀點(diǎn)看將來(lái)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài) 過(guò)去將來(lái)是的構(gòu)成： 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)由助動(dòng)詞would動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成. 如He said he would come.玉兔王子 的 中考英語(yǔ)各種時(shí)態(tài)基本用法介紹一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的功能 1.表示事物或人物的特征、狀態(tài)。如：The sky is blue.天空是藍(lán)色的。 2.表示經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。如：I get up at six every day.我每天六點(diǎn)起床。 3.表示客觀現(xiàn)實(shí)。如：The earth goes around the sun.地球繞著太陽(yáng)轉(zhuǎn)。 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的構(gòu)成 1. be動(dòng)詞：主語(yǔ)+be(am,is,are)+

20、其它。如： I am a boy.我是一個(gè)男孩。 2.行為動(dòng)詞：主語(yǔ)+行為動(dòng)詞(+其它)。如： We study English.我們學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)。 當(dāng)主語(yǔ)為第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)(he, she,it)時(shí)，要在動(dòng)詞后加"-s"或"-es"。如：Mary likes Chinese.瑪麗喜歡漢語(yǔ)。 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的變化 1. be動(dòng)詞的變化。 否定句：主語(yǔ)+ be + not +其它。 如：He is not a worker.他不是工人。 一般疑問(wèn)句：Be +主語(yǔ)+其它。 如：-Are you a student? -Yes. I am. / No, I'm n

21、ot. 特殊疑問(wèn)句：疑問(wèn)詞+一般疑問(wèn)句。如：Where is my bike? 2.行為動(dòng)詞的變化。 否定句：主語(yǔ)+ don't( doesn't ) +動(dòng)詞原形(+其它)。如： I don't like bread. 當(dāng)主語(yǔ)為第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)時(shí)，要用doesn't構(gòu)成否定句。如： He doesn't often play. 一般疑問(wèn)句：Do( Does ) +主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞原形+其它。如：- Do you often play football? - Yes, I do. / No, I don't. 當(dāng)主語(yǔ)為第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)時(shí)，要用does構(gòu)成一般疑問(wèn)

22、句。如： - Does she go to work by bike? - Yes, she does. / No, she doesn't. 特殊疑問(wèn)句：疑問(wèn)詞+一般疑問(wèn)句。如：How does your father go to work?動(dòng)詞+s的變化規(guī)則1一般情況下，直接加-s，如：cook-cooks, milk-milks2以s. x. sh. ch. o結(jié)尾，加-es，如：guess-guesses, wash-washes, watch-watches, go-goes3以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾，變y為i, 再加-es，如：study-studies現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)1現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)

23、表示現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行或發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，也可表示當(dāng)前一段時(shí)間內(nèi)的活動(dòng)或現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。2現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的肯定句基本結(jié)構(gòu)為be+動(dòng)詞ing.3現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的否定句在be后加not。4現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的一般疑問(wèn)句把be動(dòng)詞調(diào)到句首。5現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的特殊疑問(wèn)的基本結(jié)構(gòu)為：疑問(wèn)詞+ be + 主語(yǔ) + 動(dòng)詞ing? 但疑問(wèn)詞當(dāng)主語(yǔ)時(shí)其結(jié)構(gòu)為： 疑問(wèn)詞+ be + 動(dòng)詞ing?動(dòng)詞加ing的變化規(guī)則1一般情況下，直接加ing，如：cook-cooking2以不發(fā)音的e結(jié)尾，去e加ing，如：make-making, taste-tasting3如果末尾是一個(gè)元音字母和一個(gè)輔音字母，雙寫(xiě)末尾的輔音字母，再加ing，如：ru

24、n-running, stop-stopping一般過(guò)去時(shí)1一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，常和表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。一般過(guò)去時(shí)也表示過(guò)去經(jīng)?；蚍磸?fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作感謝。2Be動(dòng)詞在一般過(guò)去時(shí)中的變化：主+were/was +其它成分am 和is在一般過(guò)去時(shí)中變?yōu)閣as。（was not=wasnt）are在一般過(guò)去時(shí)中變?yōu)閣ere。（were not=werent）帶有was或were的句子，其否定、疑問(wèn)的變化和is, am, are一樣，即否定句在was或were后加not，一般疑問(wèn)句把was或were調(diào)到句首。3句中沒(méi)有be動(dòng)詞的一般過(guò)去時(shí)的句子 主+過(guò)去式 +其它成分 否

25、定句：didnt +動(dòng)詞原形，如：Jim didnt go home yesterday. 一般疑問(wèn)句：在句首加did，句子中的動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式變回原形。如：Did Jim go home yesterday? 特殊疑問(wèn)句：疑問(wèn)詞+did+主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞原形？如： What did Jim do yesterday?疑問(wèn)詞當(dāng)主語(yǔ)時(shí)：疑問(wèn)詞+動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式？如：Who went to home yesterday?動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式變化規(guī)則：1一般在動(dòng)詞末尾加-ed，如：pull-pulled, cook-cooked2結(jié)尾是e加d，如：taste-tasted3末尾只有一個(gè)元音字母和一個(gè)輔音字母的重讀閉音節(jié)，應(yīng)雙寫(xiě)

26、末尾的輔音字母，再加-ed，如：stop-stopped4以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾的，變y為i， 再加-ed，如：study-studied5不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式：am,is-was, are-were, do-did, see-saw, say-said, give-gave, get-got, go-went, come-came, have-had, eat-ate, take-took, run-ran, sing-sang, put-put, make-made, read-read, write-wrote, draw-drew, drink-drank, fly-flew, ride-

27、rode, speak-spoke, sweep-swept, swim-swam, sit-sat過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)精講 主+were(was)+現(xiàn)在分詞 +其它成分一、概念和用法: 1） 概念：表示過(guò)去某時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的狀態(tài)或動(dòng)作。2） 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的主要用法是描述一件事發(fā)生的背景；一個(gè)長(zhǎng)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)候，另一個(gè)短動(dòng)作發(fā)生。3) 常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while例如：We were watching TV from seven to n

28、ine last night. 昨天晚上七點(diǎn)到九點(diǎn)的時(shí)候我們?cè)诳措娨暋?What was he researching all day last Sunday? 上周日他一整天都在研究什么？ My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself. 我哥哥騎自行車(chē)的時(shí)候從車(chē)上摔下來(lái)，受傷了。 It was raining when they left the station. 他們離開(kāi)車(chē)站的時(shí)候天正在下雨。 When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shinin

29、g. 當(dāng)我到達(dá)山頂?shù)臅r(shí)候，陽(yáng)光燦爛。二、 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示在過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)發(fā)生的事情。時(shí)間點(diǎn)可以用介詞短語(yǔ)、副詞或從句來(lái)表示。如： What was she doing at nine o'clock yesterday? 昨天晚上九點(diǎn)她在做什么？ (介詞短語(yǔ)表示時(shí)間點(diǎn)) When I saw him he was decorating his room. 當(dāng)我看見(jiàn)他的時(shí)候他正在裝飾房間。 (when從句表示時(shí)間點(diǎn))三、 在復(fù)合句中，如果主要?jiǎng)幼骱捅尘皠?dòng)作都是延續(xù)的或同時(shí)發(fā)生的，那么主從句的動(dòng)詞都可用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)。例如： While he was waiting for the bus

30、, he was reading a newspaper.他邊等車(chē)邊看報(bào)。 (兩個(gè)動(dòng)作都是延續(xù)的) He was cleaning his car while I was cooking. 他擦車(chē)時(shí)我在做飯。(兩個(gè)動(dòng)作同時(shí)進(jìn)行)四、 通常不能用于過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的動(dòng)詞主要有：agree, be, believe, belong, care, forget, hate, have(擁有), hear, know, like, love, mean, mind, notice, own, remember, seem, suppose, understand, want, wish等。例如： 誤：I w

31、as knowing the answer. 正：I knew the answer. 我知道答案。 誤：I wasn't understanding him. 正：I didn't understand him. 我不明白他的意思。五、典型例題1) Mary _ a dress when she cut her finger. A. made B. is making C. was making D. makes 答案C. 割傷手指是已發(fā)生的事情，應(yīng)用過(guò)去時(shí)。同 時(shí)，when表時(shí)間的同時(shí)性，"瑪麗在做衣服時(shí)"提供事情發(fā)生的背景，因此用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)。2) As

32、 she _ the newspaper, Granny _ asleep. read； was falling B. was reading； fell C. was reading； was falling D. read；fell 答案B.句中的as = when, while，意為"當(dāng)之時(shí)"。描述一件事發(fā)生的背景時(shí)，用過(guò)去進(jìn)行；一個(gè)長(zhǎng)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)候，另一個(gè)短動(dòng)作發(fā)生。句意為 "在她看報(bào)紙時(shí)，奶奶睡著了。"句中的 fell (fall的過(guò)去時(shí))，是系動(dòng)詞，后跟形容詞，如：fall sick。一般將來(lái)時(shí) 一。主+will+v.+其它二主+be goi

33、ng to+v.+其它三主+be +v.ing+其它, 此類(lèi)常為移位動(dòng)詞。如:go,come ,leave,arrive,move,leave for,fly(飛)，take off,（起飛）set off,drive等結(jié)構(gòu)用法精講一、be going to 的用法點(diǎn)撥 ：be going to 是一種固定結(jié)構(gòu)，它后面要接動(dòng)詞原形。含有be going to 結(jié)構(gòu)的句子中往往有表示將來(lái)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，如：tomorrow, next week等。1、用來(lái)表示按計(jì)劃或安排要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，有“準(zhǔn)備；打算”的意思。這種主觀意圖，一般已做過(guò)事先安排，故其實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能性較大，其主語(yǔ)常是人。We are goin

34、g to have a class meeting this afternoon.今天下午我們打算開(kāi)班會(huì)。（安排）2、表示根據(jù)現(xiàn)有情況、某種跡象，判斷將要或即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。此時(shí)不含有主觀意圖，只是表示說(shuō)話(huà)人對(duì)客觀事態(tài)發(fā)展的判斷或推測(cè)，此時(shí)主語(yǔ)可以是人，也可以是物。例如：Look at the black clouds. It's going to rain.看那些烏云，快要下雨了。（推測(cè)） I”m not feeling well, I”m going to be ill. 我感覺(jué)不是很好，可能要生病了。（表示說(shuō)話(huà)人的感覺(jué)而已）若表示客觀現(xiàn)象則只能用主+will+v.+其它，如： I

35、will be 18 years old next year.It will be sunny tomorrow.二、be going to 在肯定句中的形式 be going to 結(jié)構(gòu)中的助動(dòng)詞be很少用原形，be隨主語(yǔ)人稱(chēng)和數(shù)的變化而變化，它一般有三種形式，am , is , are 。而going to 固定不變。即：當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是 I 時(shí)用am ；當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)時(shí)用is；當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是其他人稱(chēng)時(shí)用are。 I am going to buy something tomorrow morning.明天早上我要去買(mǎi)些東西。 She is going to see Mr. Wang this a

36、fternoon.她打算今天下午去看望王先生。 三、含be going to 的句子變否定句和一般疑問(wèn)句的變法 由于句子中有助動(dòng)詞be，因此be going to 的否定句和一般疑問(wèn)句的構(gòu)成很容易，即在be (am, is, are) 的后面加上not 就構(gòu)成了否定句；把be (am, is, are) 放到句首，在句末加問(wèn)號(hào)就構(gòu)成了一般疑問(wèn)句，其答語(yǔ)為：Yes, 主語(yǔ)+ am/is/are. / No, 主語(yǔ)+ isn't/aren't. / No, I'm not.不過(guò) I am. 在改為一般疑問(wèn)句時(shí)常常改為“Are you .?”。例如： They are goi

37、ng to see the car factory next week. (肯定句) They are not going to see the car factory next week. (否定句) Are they going to see the car factory next week? Yes, they are. (No, they aren't.) (一般疑問(wèn)句及其回答) 四、使用be going to 應(yīng)注意的兩點(diǎn) 1There be 句型的be going to 結(jié)構(gòu)為：There is / are going to be. (注意句型中g(shù)oing to 后面的b

38、e不能改為have。) 常用來(lái)表示將有某事發(fā)生。例如： There is going to be a football match next Saturday in our school.下周六我們學(xué)校將有一場(chǎng)足球比賽。 2come, go, leave, arrive等表示位置移動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞常用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，它們很少與be going to 結(jié)構(gòu)連用。例如： Miss Sun is coming tonight.今晚孫小姐要來(lái)。 They are going to the park next Friday. 下星期五他們打算去公園。4. “be going to +動(dòng)詞原形”結(jié)構(gòu)

39、與表示將來(lái)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)是否連用，在意思上有所差別。如果其后有明確的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，則表示該動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生的可能性較大；反之，則表示一種推測(cè)，表示未來(lái)可能發(fā)生的事情。例如：There is going to be a film in our school this evening. 今晚我們學(xué)校將有一場(chǎng)電影。（一定會(huì)發(fā)生）Hurry up! We are going to be late. 快點(diǎn)！我們要遲到了。（僅表示一種推測(cè)）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法 主+have(has)+過(guò)去分詞 +其它成分1.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用來(lái)表示現(xiàn)在之前已發(fā)生活或完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),但其結(jié)果卻和現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系,也就是說(shuō),動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在過(guò)去但它

40、的影響現(xiàn)在還存在. I have lost my wallet.(含義是:現(xiàn)在我沒(méi)有錢(qián)花了.) Jane has laid the table.(含義是:已可以吃飯了.) Michael has been ill.(含義是:現(xiàn)在仍然很虛弱) He has returned from abroad. (含義是:現(xiàn)在已在此地) 2. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可以用來(lái)表示發(fā)生在過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻的,持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的情況,常與for ,since連用. Mary has been ill for three days. I have lived here since 1998. 3. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)往往同表示不確定的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)

41、連用,如already, yet, just, before, recently, lately等: He has already obtained a scholarship. I haven't seen much of him recently (lately). We have seen that film before. Have they found the missing child yet 4. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常常與表示頻度的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用,如often, some times, ever, never, twice, on several occasion等: Have y

42、ou ever been to Beijing I have never heard Bunny say anything against her. I have used this pen only three times. It is still good. George has met that gentleman on several occasions. 5. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)還往往可以同包括現(xiàn)在時(shí)間在內(nèi)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用,如now, up to these few days/weeks/months/years, this morning/week/month/year, now, just

43、, today, up to present, so far等: Peter has written six papers so far. Man has now learned to release energy from the nucleus of the atom. There has bee too much rain in San Francisco this year. The friendly relations and cooperation between our two countries have been enhanced in the past few years.

44、 Up to the present everything has been successful. 6. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在之前業(yè)已完成的動(dòng)作,雖然其效果或影響仍然存在但已不再繼續(xù),但是有一些現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句子,在后面加上for+一段時(shí)間,則現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的動(dòng)作就表示延續(xù)性. Thomas has studied Russian. (現(xiàn)在不再學(xué)俄語(yǔ)) Thomas has studied Russian for three years. (=Thomas began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.(同第

45、2點(diǎn)用法第一個(gè)例句) 7. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)還可以用來(lái)表示過(guò)去的一個(gè)時(shí)間到現(xiàn)在這段時(shí)間內(nèi)重復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作. We have had four texts this semester. = 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的“完成用法”和“未完成用法” 1.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的"完成用法" 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的"完成用法"指的是動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻并已結(jié)束，但該動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生了影響，與現(xiàn)在情況具有因果關(guān)系。例如：He has turned off the light.他已把燈關(guān)了。(動(dòng)作結(jié)束于過(guò)去，但說(shuō)明的是現(xiàn)在的情況-燈現(xiàn)在不亮了。) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)"完成用法"的特點(diǎn)是動(dòng)作不延續(xù)，

46、因此，該時(shí)態(tài)只能與表示不定的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ) (如：already，yet，before，recently等)、頻度時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)(如：never，ever，once等)、包括現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻在內(nèi)的時(shí)間狀 語(yǔ)(如：this morning month year.，today等)連用。 例如： Have you found your pen yet？你已找到你的鋼筆了嗎？ 2.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的"未完成用法" 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的"未完成用法"指的是動(dòng)作開(kāi)始于過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻，一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，或可能還要繼續(xù)下去。 例如：He has lived here since 1978.自從1978年

47、以來(lái)，他一直住在這兒。(動(dòng)作起始于1978年，一直住到現(xiàn)在，可能還要繼續(xù)住下去。) I have been in the army for more than 5 years.我在部隊(duì)已經(jīng)呆了五年多了。(動(dòng)作開(kāi)始于5年前，一直延續(xù)至今，有可能還要繼續(xù)下去。) 此種用法的句中常需一個(gè)表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)(由since或for引導(dǎo))，或表示與現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻相連的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)(如：up to now，so far)等。例如：I have heard nothing from him up to now.到目前為止我沒(méi)有他的任何消息。 注意：(1)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的未完成用法只適用于延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，不可用于終止性動(dòng)詞，即瞬

48、間完成或延續(xù)時(shí)間很短的動(dòng)詞。如：come，go，arrive，leave，join，become，die等。(2)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常見(jiàn)兩種句型： 主語(yǔ)have / has beenfor短語(yǔ) It is一段時(shí)間 since從句 例如：He has been in the League for three years.或It is three years since he joined the League. 他入團(tuán)已三年了過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài)總體上說(shuō)它屬于“過(guò)去”這一時(shí)間段內(nèi)發(fā)生的事情，它表達(dá)的是在某個(gè)過(guò)去動(dòng)作或時(shí)間點(diǎn)之前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，簡(jiǎn)單地說(shuō)就是“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”發(fā)生的事情。過(guò)去完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成很簡(jiǎn)單，即 had

49、+ 動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞。例如：had done, had gone, had built 等等。一、過(guò)去完成時(shí)的主要用法1、表示在過(guò)去動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。比如說(shuō)，A事件發(fā)生在一個(gè)月前，而B(niǎo)事件發(fā)生兩個(gè)月前，那么B事件比A事件還要早發(fā)生，它就要使用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。例如：Most of the guest had left when he arrived at the party. （即：客人在他到之前已經(jīng)離開(kāi)了。）They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel.（即：吃飯?jiān)谙?，他們到達(dá)在后。） 注意：在上面兩

50、個(gè)例句，雖然表達(dá)時(shí)間的連詞不同（when當(dāng)時(shí)；before在前），但兩件事發(fā)生的先后順序很明顯。請(qǐng)同學(xué)們不要被when, before之類(lèi)的詞搞混淆了，關(guān)鍵要抓住兩件事情的先后關(guān)系。2、表達(dá)在過(guò)去某個(gè)確定的時(shí)間之前發(fā)生的事或狀態(tài)。例如：How many English films had you seen by the end of last term ?在這個(gè)例句中，沒(méi)有兩個(gè)事件作比較。但是，它有一個(gè)明確的時(shí)間作參考，即last year明確了告訴我們是“過(guò)去”時(shí)間，而 by the end of last year說(shuō)的是在last year之前完成的動(dòng)作，因此它也是“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”，可以用過(guò)

51、去完成時(shí)。 請(qǐng)同學(xué)們仔細(xì)閱讀下面的例句，注意時(shí)間的先后關(guān)系和動(dòng)作的先后順序：I had finished writing my composition by 10:00 this morning.（今天上午10：00點(diǎn)以前，我已經(jīng)寫(xiě)完了我的作文。）She had searched the internet for two hours when she found an ad for the Canon digital camera.（當(dāng)她找到了佳能數(shù)碼照相機(jī)的廣告時(shí)，她已經(jīng)在因特網(wǎng)上查詢(xún)了兩個(gè)小時(shí)。）I went over what I had written again and again

52、so that I wouldn't make any mistakes.（我一遍又一遍地檢查了我所寫(xiě)的內(nèi)容，以至我沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)任何錯(cuò)誤。）The film had already begun when I got to the cinema . （ 當(dāng)我到電影院時(shí)，電影已經(jīng)開(kāi)始了。）過(guò)去完成時(shí)還可以表示從過(guò)去某一時(shí)間開(kāi)始，持續(xù)到過(guò)去另一時(shí)間的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。例如： He had worked in the factory for five years before he moved here . （ 在他搬到這兒以前，他已經(jīng)在那家工廠工作了五年。） I saw Li Ping yesterd

53、ay . We had not seen each other since I left Beijing . （ 我昨天看見(jiàn)李平了。自從我離開(kāi)北京，我們就沒(méi)見(jiàn)過(guò)面。）By the time I got there, it had already finished.When she got to the check-out, she realized she had left her purse at home.He said he had never seen Xiao Wang before.Ann had lived in a cottage for sixty years ever si

54、nce she was born.He arrived at 230. He had been told to wait in the VIP lounge3、在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句。 She said (that) she had never been to Paris. 4、when引導(dǎo)的從句(注：從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為過(guò)去式) by短語(yǔ) by the time引導(dǎo)的從句(注：從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為過(guò)去式) before引導(dǎo)的從句(注：從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為過(guò)去式) 簡(jiǎn)單句、復(fù)合句及并列句1. 簡(jiǎn)單句：（1）定義：只有一個(gè)主語(yǔ)（或并列主語(yǔ)）和一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)（

55、或并列謂語(yǔ)）的句子叫簡(jiǎn)單句，如：We learn English . 我們學(xué)英語(yǔ)。（一個(gè)主語(yǔ)和一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)）Both Xiao Zhang and Xiao Wang are from Beijing . 小張和小王都是北京人。（一個(gè)并列主語(yǔ)和一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)）He once lived and worked here . 他曾經(jīng)在這里居住和工作過(guò)。（一個(gè)主語(yǔ)和一個(gè)并列謂語(yǔ)）My father and mother go to work at seven in the morning and come back home at eight in the evening . 我父母早上七點(diǎn)上班，晚上八點(diǎn)回家

56、。（一個(gè)并列主語(yǔ)和一個(gè)并列謂語(yǔ)）（2）分類(lèi)：上次我們對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單句按照句子基本結(jié)構(gòu)分出的5種類(lèi)型做了闡述；另外，根據(jù)句子的功能或使用目的，簡(jiǎn)單句可分四類(lèi)：陳述句、疑問(wèn)句、祈使句、感嘆句。2. 并列句：（1）定義：用并列連接詞連接起來(lái)的兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上簡(jiǎn)單句叫做并列句。（2）并列句的構(gòu)成：簡(jiǎn)單句+連接詞+簡(jiǎn)單句（3）連接并列句常用的連接詞：and , but , or , so , not only but also , however , neithernor , eitheror , still等。eg.I help her and she helps me . 我?guī)退?，她幫我。He is very

57、 old but he is in good health . 他年紀(jì)很大了，但他身體很好。We must hurry or well be late . 我們得趕快走，不然就晚了。This girl did her work carefully , so she never made any mistakes .這個(gè)姑娘工作認(rèn)真,從不出差錯(cuò)。Jim not only wrote to me last week but also came to see me yesterday . 吉姆上星期不但寫(xiě)信給我，而且昨天還來(lái)看過(guò)我。Neither could theory do without practice, nor could practice do without theory . 理論沒(méi)有實(shí)踐不行，實(shí)踐沒(méi)有理論也不行。Either h