全國(guó)英語(yǔ)等級(jí)考試四級(jí)(PETS4)歷年真題（四）.docx

1、根據(jù)以下材料，回答36-36題As time goes on, how to do good critical thinking is increasingly marginalized or even left outof the modem educational process. Critical thinking involves a mental process that is highly disci-plined and therefore requires most practitioners to be trained in it. This training is best

2、 begun in theformative years, and it is best taught by energetic, motivated teachers who continually challenge,and debate, and demand increasingly rigorous thinking of their young students. However, as in allthings, it is never too late to begin.Critical thinking is the process of evaluating and ana

3、lyzing a proposition or an argument thathas been offered to the thinker; for criticism, as being true. There follows a process of reasoning,evaluation of the offered evidence, and reflection, always begun from a point of skepticism. Aproper critique of the offered argument involves more than direct

4、Observation. Besides reasoning,cognition and experience, proper critical thinking also involves intellectual values that go beyondthe specific argument or Object being critically examined.These intellectual values involve Objective truth. Objective truth is that truth which comes fromsomewhere outsi

5、de of our minds. Subjective truth is that truth which comes from within us; thatwhich we feel, or sense, or believe to be true. Objective truth stands alone, and does not dependupon us to remain true; it's completely independent of the mind of man. No matter what we think about it, how we think

6、about it, or even if we think about it, Objective truth remains Objective truth,unchanged, and impervious. Objective truth must always be taken into consideration in order to dogood critical thinking.There are different forms of Objective truth, ranging from solid to ephemeral. In the "hard sci

7、ence" fields, such as mathematics, physics and chemistry, the most recognized Objective truths involve proven mathematical formulae, or recognized scientific laws, or widely recognized and as yetunrefuted scientific theories. These "hard" Objective truths are taken by the critical thi

8、nker to be axioms or givens, and thus, useful tools to help in the critical thinking process. The process therebybuilds upon a foundation of previously proven truth. No matter how technically advanced we everbecome, we are allz individually and collectively, called to think about things. It is ourhu

9、man nature.36 單選題It is suggested that the training of critical thinking in the formative years is best conducmd by teachersA. because it requires well-organized mental activity.B. because it has been stressed in modem education.C. who marginalize the traditional idea of education.D. who can direct s

10、tudents towards rigorous thinking.正確答案：D參考解析：D該題為細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第一段第三句This training is best begun. it is best taught by eriergeric , motivated teachers who continually challenge , and debate , and demand increasingly rigorousthinking of their young stll dems.可知，成長(zhǎng)時(shí)期的批判性思維最好是由那些不斷挑戰(zhàn)、辯論、 要求他們的學(xué)生不斷加強(qiáng)思維能力的精力充沛、有

11、積極性的老師來(lái)訓(xùn) 練，故選D。37 單選題A good critical thinker alwaysA. involves more direct observations than pure reasoning.B. takes all argument for granted at the beginning.C. begins with a skeptical attitude towards an argument.D. puts moll emphasis on intellectual values.正確答案：C參考解析：C該題為細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第二段第二句“There follow

12、s a process ofreasoning.always begun from a point of skepticism.0 可知，批判性思維總 是以對(duì)某一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)的懷疑為開(kāi)端的，故選C。38 單選題Which of the following best summarizes the text?A. Patterns of critical thinking.B. Essence of critical thinking.C. Methods of critical thinking.Criteria of critical thinking.正確答案：B參考解析：B該題為主旨題。全文主要

13、論述批判性思維，第一段主要闡述批判性 思維是如何被訓(xùn)練的，第二段主要解釋什么是批判性思維，第三段主 要論述客觀真理，最后一段論述客觀真理和批判性思維的聯(lián)系。A選 項(xiàng)批判性思維的模式，C選項(xiàng)批判性思維的方法和D選項(xiàng)批判性思維的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)"在文中并沒(méi)有涉及，而B(niǎo)選項(xiàng)批判性思維的 本質(zhì)最能概括全文的意思，故選B。39 單選題What Can be inferred from the last paragraph?A. TechnoMgy has little tO do with critical thinking.B. Critical thinking is a process of tri

14、al and error.C. Scientific theories ale developed from scientific laws.,Scientific truth is a foundation for critical thinking.正確答案：D參考解析：D該題為推斷題。A選項(xiàng)技術(shù)對(duì)批判性思維不起一點(diǎn)作用"與最后 段的第三句"These 'hard' objective truths are.and thus , useful tools to help in the critical thinking process/'不符，故

15、 A 選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤。B選項(xiàng)批判性思維是反復(fù)試驗(yàn)的過(guò)程"和C選項(xiàng)科學(xué) 真理是批判性思維的基礎(chǔ)在最后一段中都沒(méi)有提到，故B和C選 項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤，故選D。40 單選題Objective truth is regarded asA. indispensable in the critical thinking process.B. unchanged human beliefs.C. unrefuted in scientific theories.outcomes of'hard science”.正確答案：A參考解析：A該題為細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第三段最后一句"Objective tru

16、th must always be taken into consideration in order to do good critical think-ing."可知，為了能夠有更好的批 判性思維，人們總是會(huì)把客觀真理考慮進(jìn)來(lái)，與A項(xiàng)符合。B選項(xiàng)客 觀真理是不變的人類(lèi)信仰與第三段第三句的"its completely independent of the mind of man"不符，故 B 選項(xiàng) 錯(cuò)誤。C選項(xiàng)客觀真理在科學(xué)理論中不可被反駁"與最后一段第二 句"In the 'hard science7 fields.and as

17、yet unrefuted scientific theories/'不符，故 C 選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤。 D選項(xiàng)客觀真理是自然科學(xué)的產(chǎn)物"與第三段第二句"Objectivetruth is that truth which come from somewhere ou tside of ourminds."不符，故D選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤。故選Ao 材料題 根據(jù)以下材料，回答41-45題In his lectures at the Lyceum, a school that remained for centuries one of the great centers of le

18、arning in Greece, Aristotle defined the basic concepts and .principles of many of the sciences.61) In thn first place, Aristotle criticized Plato's theory of Forms bn arguing that forms couldnot exist bv themselves but existed only in particular things, which are composed of both form and matter

19、. He understood substances as matter organized by a particular form. Nature, for Aristotle, is an organic system of things whose forms make it possible to arrangethem into classes comprising species and genera. Each species, he believed, has a form, purpose,and mode of development in terms of which

20、it can be defined. 62) The aim of science is to define the essential forms, purposes, and modes of development of all species and to arrange them in theirnatural order in accordance with their complexities of form. The main levels are the inanimate, thevegetative, the animal, and the rational. 63) T

21、he soul is the form of the body, and humans, whoserational soul is a higher form than the souls of other species on earth, are the highest species of perishable things. The heavenly bodies, composed of an imperishable substance, or ether, and movedeternally in perfect circular motion by God, are sti

22、ll higher in the order of nature.Aristotle's political and ethical philosophy similarly developed out of a critical examination ofPlato's principles. 64)The standards of personal and social behavior, according to Aristotle, mustbe found in the scientific study of the natural tendencies of in

23、dividuals and societies rather than inabstract realm of pure forms. Less insistent therefore than Plato on a rigorous conformity to absoluteprinciples, Aristotle regarded ethical rules as practical guides to a happy and well-rounded life. Hisemphasis on happiness, as the active fulfillment of natura

24、l capacities, expressed the attitude toward life held by cultivated Greeks of his time. In political theory, Aristotle agreed withPlato that a mon-archy ruled by a wise king would be the ideal political structure, but he also recognized that socie-ties differ in their needs and traditions and believ

25、ed that a limited democracy is usually the best com-promise. 65) In his theory of knowledge, Aristotl.e rejected the Platonic doctrine that knowledge isinnate and insisted that it can be acquired only by generalization from experience. He interpreted artas a means of pleasure and intellectual enligh

26、tenment rather than an instrument of moral education.41 填空題參考解析：起初，亞里士多德通過(guò)證明形式不能獨(dú)自存在而僅僅存在于由形?？?物質(zhì)共同構(gòu)成的特定物體中才能存在來(lái)批判柏拉圖的形式理論。42 填空題參考解析：靈魂是身體的形式，而人類(lèi)，其理性的靈魂比地球上所有其他物種的 靈魂都要高級(jí),是所有生命體中最高等的物種。43 填空題參考解析：根據(jù)亞里士多德的觀點(diǎn)，個(gè)人和社會(huì)行為的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)必然是在對(duì)個(gè)人和社 會(huì)的自然趨勢(shì)的科學(xué)研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)的，而不是在純形式的抽象領(lǐng)域中發(fā) 現(xiàn)的。44 填空題參考解析：科學(xué)的目的就是定義所有物種的基本形式，目的和發(fā)展的模式

27、，并依 據(jù)他們各自形式的復(fù)雜性按他門(mén)的自然II頁(yè)序進(jìn)行排列。45 填空題參考解析：在他的知識(shí)理論中，亞里士多德反對(duì)柏拉圖的知識(shí)是與生俱來(lái)的學(xué)說(shuō), 并堅(jiān)持知識(shí)只有從經(jīng)驗(yàn)的概括中才能被習(xí)得。46 填空題Study the following picture carefully and write an essay on it. In your esssay, you should(l)describe the picture briefly, (2)analyze this situation, and (3) give your comments. You should write 160 -2

28、00 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.同病相憐參考解析：Love is PressureFrom the cartoon we can see that a young boy is crying , with a heavybag of lots of books pressing his back , and a little tree is curved by a heavyplate , too , ironically saying "Looks after the Trees."What we Can learn from this cartoon is that excessive pressur e in mod-em society gives too much burden on children and i s torturing them as aheavy plate do to the twigs.Children are pushed by parents , school and soci