高考英語(yǔ)書(shū)面表達(dá)總動(dòng)員：書(shū)面表達(dá)6.技法點(diǎn)撥分析

1、一提綱類(lèi)寫(xiě)作技法提綱類(lèi)寫(xiě)作是近年高考英語(yǔ)書(shū)面表達(dá)的熱點(diǎn)題型,命題人通常以提綱類(lèi)作文的形式考查書(shū)信、報(bào)道、通知、日記、發(fā)言稿、對(duì)某人或某物的介紹、歡迎詞等。提綱類(lèi)作文的選材范圍很廣,內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)單易懂,且多是考生熟悉的話題。這類(lèi)題型的主要特點(diǎn)是要點(diǎn)明確,范圍具體。但考生也容易受中文提綱的制約,將書(shū)面表達(dá)變成了翻譯,造成語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯上的單調(diào),甚至寫(xiě)出結(jié)構(gòu)上不完整的句子。在寫(xiě)作時(shí)我們要注意:1.認(rèn)真審題和分析所給的提綱,認(rèn)清題目和提綱之間的關(guān)系,確定文章的主題、內(nèi)容和文體。2.每一個(gè)提綱可以作為文章的段落層次,段落的展開(kāi)圍繞提綱的中心內(nèi)容,不能偏離,也不能任意增減。3.提綱只是對(duì)文章的提示和概括,不是主

2、題句。這需要根據(jù)提綱的性質(zhì),寫(xiě)出完整的、體現(xiàn)提綱主旨的句子,使之成為主題句。然后圍繞主題句進(jìn)行擴(kuò)展。4.收集材料支持主題句。材料可以是事實(shí)、例證、親身經(jīng)歷、名人名言、諺語(yǔ)警句等?！舅夭腻\囊】1.開(kāi)頭語(yǔ)句(1)Im very delighted to have the chance to.(2)As is often said,.(3)We had a heated discussion about/on.and different students held their own different opinions.(4)With the development of.more and mor

3、e people.(5)At present,there is a widespread concern that.2.銜接語(yǔ)句(1)Wonderful as sth.is,however,it has its own disadvantages as well.(2)As/So far as Im concerned,Im in favor of the first/second view.(3)The main reason why.is that.(4)The reasons are as follows.(5)Every coin has its two sides.任何事情都有利弊(

4、兩面)。3.結(jié)尾語(yǔ)句(1)Taking all these into account/consideration,we may safely reach the conclusion that.(2)So we must take measures to.(3)I felt excited,though tired out,to make a difference to sb./sth.【典例示范】假定你是李華,計(jì)劃和同學(xué)去敬老院(nursing home)陪老人們過(guò)重陽(yáng)節(jié)(the Double Ninth Festival)。請(qǐng)給外教露西寫(xiě)封郵件,邀她一同前往,內(nèi)容包括:1.出發(fā)及返回時(shí)間;

5、2.活動(dòng):包餃子、表演節(jié)目等。注意:1.詞數(shù)100左右;2.可以適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié),以使行文連貫;3.結(jié)語(yǔ)已為你寫(xiě)好。Dear Lucy, Looking forward to your reply.Yours,Li Hua【審題謀篇】本篇書(shū)面表達(dá)屬于英文書(shū)信,根據(jù)提示信息說(shuō)明邀請(qǐng)Lucy去參加的活動(dòng)和時(shí)間等。寫(xiě)作時(shí)注意以下幾點(diǎn):1.仔細(xì)閱讀有關(guān)提示,弄清試題提供的所有信息,明確三個(gè)要點(diǎn):邀請(qǐng)、時(shí)間、具體活動(dòng)。2.提綱是文章的總體框架,要在提綱的范圍內(nèi)進(jìn)行分析、構(gòu)思和想象。要依據(jù)提示情景或詞語(yǔ),按照一定邏輯關(guān)系來(lái)寫(xiě)。本文寫(xiě)作時(shí)可以按照要點(diǎn)所給的順序?qū)憽?.根據(jù)要表達(dá)的內(nèi)容確定句子的時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài);就本文

6、而言應(yīng)該用一般將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)。4.注意使用高級(jí)詞匯和句式,以增加文章的亮點(diǎn)?！痉段恼故尽慷D畫(huà)類(lèi)寫(xiě)作技法圖畫(huà)類(lèi)材料作文是材料作文的一種特殊形式,是一種變“畫(huà)”為文的作文方式。這種題型提供給考生的是圖畫(huà),要求考生在看懂圖畫(huà)的意思后寫(xiě)作文,主要訓(xùn)練和考查考生的觀察力、思考力、創(chuàng)造力和表達(dá)能力。寫(xiě)作時(shí),同學(xué)們要做到以下五點(diǎn):1.確定體裁。此類(lèi)文章一般以記敘文或議論文為主。審題時(shí),應(yīng)仔細(xì)閱讀圖畫(huà)及文字說(shuō)明,確定文章使用的體裁。2.確定人稱(chēng)。若以日記、回憶錄等形式來(lái)寫(xiě),一般采用第一人稱(chēng);若以講故事的形式來(lái)寫(xiě),一般采用第三人稱(chēng)。3.確定時(shí)態(tài)。根據(jù)圖畫(huà)內(nèi)容及所采用的文章體裁,確定文章所要使用的時(shí)態(tài)。4.發(fā)揮聯(lián)想。

7、這類(lèi)文章一般要求進(jìn)行聯(lián)想和發(fā)揮,以使上下文能更好地連貫起來(lái),但聯(lián)想要合理、適度。5.注意詳略。對(duì)于圖畫(huà)中的內(nèi)容,要注意詳略得當(dāng)。圖畫(huà)中所出現(xiàn)的時(shí)間、數(shù)字或言論要一詞不漏地寫(xiě)清楚,而有些過(guò)程及原因則可適當(dāng)簡(jiǎn)略?！舅夭腻\囊】1.用于描述圖畫(huà)或引入話題的句式:As is described/illustrated/shown in the picture.2.用于記敘事件經(jīng)過(guò)或分析現(xiàn)象的語(yǔ)句:(1)At first.Then.Five minutes later.Finally/In the end.(2)Some.;some.;others.一些人;一些人;另外一些人(3)More and mor

8、e people have come to realize the importance of.越來(lái)越多的人已經(jīng)意識(shí)到的重要性了。3.用于發(fā)表議論或進(jìn)行總結(jié)的語(yǔ)句:(1)If such measures were not taken,the problem would be more serious.(2)We can conclude from the picture that.(3)As has been stated,we must.【典例示范】請(qǐng)閱讀下面圖畫(huà),按要求用英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)一篇詞數(shù)為120左右的短文。內(nèi)容要求:1.描述畫(huà)面;2.概述其含義;3.談?wù)剛€(gè)人感想。注意:1.短文開(kāi)頭已給出,不

9、計(jì)入總詞數(shù);2.可適當(dāng)發(fā)揮,使文章內(nèi)容充實(shí)、行文連貫;3.文中不能出現(xiàn)考生的具體信息。參考詞匯:鑿,鉆 boreIn the picture, 【審題謀篇】本題為看圖寫(xiě)作,主題是一則成語(yǔ)“鑿壁偷光”。注意條理要清晰,邏輯順序和結(jié)構(gòu)要恰當(dāng),同時(shí)要盡量保持簡(jiǎn)潔精干的內(nèi)容,不拖泥帶水。要注意題中所給的信息,不可偏題。盡量保持卷面整潔,字體美觀,注意行文的連貫性。【范文展示】三圖表類(lèi)寫(xiě)作技法圖表類(lèi)作文是高考英語(yǔ)書(shū)面表達(dá)較常見(jiàn)的考查形式之一,要求考生通過(guò)對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)、文字內(nèi)容進(jìn)行分析,對(duì)前后變化、正反觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行對(duì)比,或者對(duì)某產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行介紹,系統(tǒng)而準(zhǔn)確地表達(dá)出圖表所示內(nèi)容,并得出令人信服的結(jié)論,比如用來(lái)說(shuō)明關(guān)于生產(chǎn)

10、、銷(xiāo)售、發(fā)展進(jìn)程等項(xiàng)目的統(tǒng)計(jì)變化。從寫(xiě)作體裁看,主要有說(shuō)明文、議論文和應(yīng)用文,時(shí)態(tài)一般用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。寫(xiě)作時(shí),要做到以下幾點(diǎn):1.解讀信息。認(rèn)真閱讀圖表提供的信息以及每一欄上面的小標(biāo)題,弄清設(shè)計(jì)者想通過(guò)圖表反映的信息、問(wèn)題或現(xiàn)象。對(duì)于曲線圖,要認(rèn)真觀察坐標(biāo)系所顯示的數(shù)據(jù)信息,并注意交會(huì)點(diǎn)在坐標(biāo)橫軸和縱軸上的數(shù)字及單位;對(duì)于流程圖,要按流程順序進(jìn)行適當(dāng)?shù)倪壿嬐评?對(duì)于柱狀圖或餅狀圖要通過(guò)對(duì)寬度相等的柱形的高度的比較和各部分所占比例來(lái)判斷事物的動(dòng)態(tài)發(fā)展趨勢(shì),關(guān)注坐標(biāo)線的刻度、單位及圖表旁邊的提示說(shuō)明;對(duì)于平面圖,要仔細(xì)觀察,理解圖表的真正含義,按一定的邏輯順序,有層次地進(jìn)行表述。2.分析數(shù)據(jù)。在掌握

11、了全部信息的基礎(chǔ)上,著手分析這些信息和數(shù)據(jù),通過(guò)分析對(duì)比,找出不同點(diǎn)和相似點(diǎn)。3.展開(kāi)寫(xiě)作。在寫(xiě)作時(shí)要注意下面幾點(diǎn):(1)開(kāi)門(mén)見(jiàn)山,點(diǎn)明圖表要表達(dá)的主題。(2)中間段落對(duì)圖表的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行分析,可通過(guò)分類(lèi)或?qū)Ρ葋?lái)表現(xiàn)主題,并闡明必要的理由。切忌反復(fù)使用同一句式或反復(fù)出現(xiàn)圖表中的數(shù)據(jù),致使文章顯得毫無(wú)生氣。要注意改換敘述的方式,使用不同的詞語(yǔ)和句式。(3)結(jié)尾對(duì)全文進(jìn)行總結(jié)?！舅夭腻\囊】1.開(kāi)頭語(yǔ)句(1)Look at this picture.(2)The picture shows that.(3)From this picture,we can see.(4)As is shown in th

12、e picture.(5)As is seen in the picture.2.銜接語(yǔ)句(1)As we all know,.(2)As is known to all,.(3)It is well known that.(4)In my opinion,.(5)As far as I am concerned,.(6)This sight reminds me of something in my daily life.3.結(jié)尾語(yǔ)句(1)In conclusion.(2)In brief.(3)On the whole.(4)In short.(5)In a word.(6)General

13、ly speaking.(7)As has been stated.【典例示范】請(qǐng)閱讀下面文字及圖表,并按照要求用英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)一篇150詞左右的文章?！緦?xiě)作內(nèi)容】1.用約30個(gè)單詞概述上述信息的主要內(nèi)容;2.結(jié)合上述信息,簡(jiǎn)要分析導(dǎo)致交通問(wèn)題的主要原因;3.根據(jù)你的分析,從社會(huì)規(guī)范(rules and regulations)和個(gè)人行為兩方面談?wù)勀愕玫降膯⑹?不少于兩點(diǎn))?！緦?xiě)作要求】1.寫(xiě)作過(guò)程中不能直接引用原文語(yǔ)句;2.作文中不能出現(xiàn)真實(shí)姓名和學(xué)校名稱(chēng);3.不必寫(xiě)標(biāo)題?！驹u(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)】?jī)?nèi)容完整,語(yǔ)言規(guī)范,語(yǔ)篇連貫,詞數(shù)適當(dāng)?！緦忣}謀篇】材料分為三部分:第一部分講述了一位老奶奶阻止車(chē)輛占用自行車(chē)道引發(fā)

14、的爭(zhēng)議。第二部分講述了某些騎電動(dòng)車(chē)和自行車(chē)的人不遵守紅綠燈,導(dǎo)致交通事故發(fā)生的現(xiàn)象。第三部分是圖表和文字,反映近幾年私家車(chē)的數(shù)量激增現(xiàn)象。要求第一段用30個(gè)單詞概括材料內(nèi)容;第二段分析導(dǎo)致交通問(wèn)題的原因;第三段從社會(huì)規(guī)則和個(gè)人行為談?wù)剢⑹?不少于兩點(diǎn))?！痉段恼故尽克膽?yīng)用體類(lèi)寫(xiě)作技法應(yīng)用文是高考英語(yǔ)書(shū)面表達(dá)最常見(jiàn)的一種考查體裁。在日常生活、學(xué)習(xí)和工作中,個(gè)人與個(gè)人之間的交往,個(gè)人與集體之間的聯(lián)系,集體與集體之間的往來(lái),都需要用文字進(jìn)行交流,這類(lèi)文章被稱(chēng)為應(yīng)用文。應(yīng)用文有具體明確的格式,結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn),語(yǔ)言必須平實(shí)、準(zhǔn)確、簡(jiǎn)潔、信息真實(shí)。命題方式常有提綱、圖畫(huà)和圖表形式等。常見(jiàn)的應(yīng)用文有書(shū)信(包括電子

15、郵件)、通知、日記、便條、啟事、演講稿、廣告、海報(bào)、尋物啟事、招領(lǐng)啟事、請(qǐng)?zhí)取?.書(shū)信和電子郵件書(shū)信一般可分為兩大類(lèi):商業(yè)書(shū)信和私人書(shū)信。從內(nèi)容上看書(shū)信的種類(lèi)很多,主要包括致歉信、致謝信、筆友信、慰問(wèn)信、投訴信、邀請(qǐng)信、介紹信、自薦信、求職信、讀者請(qǐng)求的解答信等。寫(xiě)信時(shí),首先必須注意寫(xiě)信的格式,如:信頭、信內(nèi)地址、寫(xiě)信日期、稱(chēng)呼、正文、結(jié)束語(yǔ)、簽名、附件等。目前高考書(shū)信類(lèi)應(yīng)用文的考查一般是提供簡(jiǎn)單的格式,不需要考生在格式上多動(dòng)腦筋,因此考生只需要把主要精力投入到行文中即可。正文的內(nèi)容可以是記敘事件、討論問(wèn)題、說(shuō)明事理、解釋原因等,究其實(shí)質(zhì),就是記敘文、說(shuō)明文、議論文在實(shí)際生活中的應(yīng)用。隨著網(wǎng)

16、絡(luò)的普及,越來(lái)越多的人開(kāi)始使用電子郵件進(jìn)行交流。與書(shū)信比起來(lái),電子郵件沒(méi)有復(fù)雜的格式,只有稱(chēng)呼、正文、結(jié)束語(yǔ)、簽名等。其內(nèi)容與書(shū)信沒(méi)有區(qū)別。寫(xiě)書(shū)信和電子郵件時(shí)要注意:(1)注意書(shū)信的格式,已給出格式的需查看是否完整;(2)根據(jù)題目要求確定寫(xiě)作中心,列出提綱;(3)用自己熟悉的詞匯與句型擴(kuò)展成篇?！舅夭腻\囊】(1)開(kāi)頭語(yǔ)句Havent seen you for ages.Glad to hear from you.Your letter came to me this morning.Im writing to ask if you can come next month.There is no

17、thing happier to me than to receive your letter.Ive been thinking about the question you wrote in the letter.In my opinion,you should.(2)結(jié)尾語(yǔ)句Please remember me to your whole family.Give my best regards/wishes to your mother.Wish you a pleasant journey.Looking forward to the pleasure of meeting you.E

18、xpecting to hear from you as soon as possible.【典例示范】假定你是李華,你校英文報(bào)“外國(guó)文化”欄目擬刊登介紹美國(guó)節(jié)日風(fēng)俗和中學(xué)生生活的短文。請(qǐng)給美國(guó)朋友彼得寫(xiě)信約稿,要點(diǎn)如下:1.欄目介紹;2.稿件內(nèi)容;3.稿件長(zhǎng)度:約400詞;4.交稿日期:6月28日前。注意:1.詞數(shù)100左右;2.可以適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié),以使行文連貫;3.開(kāi)頭語(yǔ)已為你寫(xiě)好。Dear Peter,Id like to ask you to write an article for our schools English newspaper.【審題謀篇】本文屬于英文書(shū)信,根據(jù)提示信息要

19、求寫(xiě)一封給美國(guó)朋友彼得的約稿信,為校英文報(bào)“外國(guó)文化”欄目刊登介紹美國(guó)節(jié)日風(fēng)俗和中學(xué)生生活的文章。寫(xiě)作時(shí)注意以下幾點(diǎn):1.仔細(xì)閱讀有關(guān)提示,弄清試題提供的所有信息,明確寫(xiě)作要點(diǎn)。2.建議Peter介紹美國(guó)節(jié)日風(fēng)俗和中學(xué)生生活。3.稿件的要求及時(shí)間。寫(xiě)作時(shí)根據(jù)要表達(dá)的內(nèi)容確定句子的時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)。就本文而言應(yīng)該用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)。4.注意使用高級(jí)詞匯和句式,以增加文章的亮點(diǎn)?！痉段恼故尽?.日記日記是把自己一天中所見(jiàn)、所聞、所經(jīng)歷過(guò)的最重要或最有意義的事件寫(xiě)下來(lái)。英文日記的格式一般是在第一行的左邊寫(xiě)日期和星期,如:Oct.15,Thursday;在第一行的右邊寫(xiě)天氣狀況,如:sunny/fine/rai

20、ny/cloudy/windy/snowy。不過(guò)考試中,日記的格式通常已經(jīng)給出。日記的題材廣泛、內(nèi)容多樣。由于日記是記敘已經(jīng)發(fā)生的事件,因此,常用一般過(guò)去時(shí);人稱(chēng)一般是第一人稱(chēng)。寫(xiě)作時(shí)要注意:(1)介紹事件;(2)描述事情經(jīng)過(guò),適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié);(3)抒發(fā)感想或總結(jié)該事件的意義?！舅夭腻\囊】(1)開(kāi)頭語(yǔ)句:Today is a sunny day.I went to.with.It is.today.It is also a special day for me,because.In the morning when I.,I suddenly found.,which reminded me o

21、f.(2)結(jié)尾語(yǔ)句:A tiring as well as meaningful day has ended,but I still remained excited for quite a long time.What happened today has left a deep impression in my memory.Today is a significant day,and it will remain in my memory forever.【典例示范】假定你是李華。請(qǐng)根據(jù)寫(xiě)作要點(diǎn)用英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)一篇周記,記述你周末幫助家人做家務(wù)的一次經(jīng)歷。寫(xiě)作要點(diǎn):1.做家務(wù)的理由;2.做家務(wù)的

22、過(guò)程;3.你的感受。注意:1.短文詞數(shù)不少于100;2.開(kāi)頭部分已寫(xiě)好,不計(jì)入總詞數(shù);3.不能使用真實(shí)姓名和學(xué)校名稱(chēng)。I am an 18-year-old middle school student. 【審題謀篇】寫(xiě)作時(shí)應(yīng)注意下面幾點(diǎn):(1)注意人稱(chēng),日記應(yīng)該用第一人稱(chēng)來(lái)寫(xiě)。(2)注意時(shí)態(tài)的正確使用:試卷要求記述周末的一次經(jīng)歷,所以應(yīng)該用過(guò)去時(shí)。(3)注意恰當(dāng)使用邏輯詞語(yǔ),使各個(gè)要點(diǎn)間邏輯連貫,行文通順。寫(xiě)作要素歸納如下:首先,說(shuō)明做家務(wù)的理由。其次,交代做家務(wù)的過(guò)程。最后,談?wù)勀愕母惺?。以上各提綱自然成段,條理清晰?！痉段恼故尽?.通知通知一般分為書(shū)面通知和口頭通知兩類(lèi)。書(shū)面通知的格式比較

23、簡(jiǎn)單。首先在第一行的正中間寫(xiě)上Notice,然后在下面的正文中寫(xiě)明時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、活動(dòng)內(nèi)容、相關(guān)人員及要求。發(fā)出通知的時(shí)間既可寫(xiě)在正文的右上角,也可寫(xiě)在正文的左下角。發(fā)出通知的單位名稱(chēng)一般寫(xiě)在右下角。如果單位及發(fā)出的時(shí)間都比較清楚,也可省略?？陬^通知只是一種用來(lái)宣讀的稿件,發(fā)通知的時(shí)間、單位都可以不寫(xiě),標(biāo)題也可以不要,但要求有固定的格式。在寫(xiě)作時(shí)要注意:(1)明確是口頭通知還是書(shū)面通知,采用相應(yīng)的格式;(2)具體闡明通知的內(nèi)容;(3)通知的其他要求?！舅夭腻\囊】口頭通知常用語(yǔ)句(1)稱(chēng)呼語(yǔ)句:Ladies and gentlemenDear fellow studentsDear friendsB

24、oys and girls(2)開(kāi)頭語(yǔ)句:Attention,please!Be quiet,please!May I have your attention,please?Ive got something important to tell you.Ive got an announcement to make.(3)結(jié)尾語(yǔ)句:Thats all.Thank you.Thats all.Thanks for your attention.【典例示范】假定你是學(xué)生會(huì)主席李華。學(xué)校將舉辦一次以“校園生活創(chuàng)意無(wú)限”(Innovations on Campus)為主題的創(chuàng)意作品展評(píng)活動(dòng)。請(qǐng)你根據(jù)以

25、下圖示,以短文形式用英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)一份書(shū)面通知。注意:1.詞數(shù)100左右;2.可以適當(dāng)發(fā)揮,以使行文連貫;3.開(kāi)頭及結(jié)尾已為你寫(xiě)好,不計(jì)入總詞數(shù)。參考詞匯:校園campus創(chuàng)意作品innovation頒獎(jiǎng)prize-giving【審題謀篇】本文屬于看圖作文,實(shí)際上屬于通知布告。學(xué)校將舉辦一次以“校園生活創(chuàng)意無(wú)限”(Innovations on Campus)為主題的創(chuàng)意作品展評(píng)活動(dòng)。要特別注意通知的格式和一些慣用語(yǔ)。寫(xiě)作要點(diǎn)展示如下:【范文展示】4.演講稿演講稿是演講者在一定的場(chǎng)合,面對(duì)特定的對(duì)象,為了達(dá)到某種目的而采取的表達(dá)自己觀點(diǎn)的文字。演講稿與其他的文稿不一樣,它必須富有激情、號(hào)召力和感染力。因

26、此演講稿的文字必須通俗易懂;句子必須簡(jiǎn)短,便于表現(xiàn)。同時(shí)演講稿必須注意格式,即演講稿的七個(gè)部分:一是稱(chēng)呼;二是問(wèn)候;三是介紹;四是表述心情和謝意;五是介紹演講的標(biāo)題;六是演講的內(nèi)容;七是再次表示感謝?！舅夭腻\囊】(1)開(kāi)頭語(yǔ)句:I am glad to have the opportunity to make this presentation.I shall be speaking today about.Im going to be speaking about something that is vitally important to all of us.The topic of my

27、 speech is.(2)結(jié)尾語(yǔ)句:To sum up,my conclusion is.By way of conclusion,Id like to quote what Newton once said.Let me conclude my speech with the following comments.Thank you from the bottom of my heart for giving this chance to speak to you today.【典例示范】假定你是星光中學(xué)的高中畢業(yè)生李華,母校將為高一新生舉辦主題為“What to learn in sen

28、ior high school?”的英語(yǔ)沙龍活動(dòng),特邀請(qǐng)你結(jié)合自身經(jīng)歷談?wù)勛约旱捏w會(huì)。請(qǐng)根據(jù)以下提綱準(zhǔn)備一份英語(yǔ)發(fā)言稿。1.學(xué)會(huì)學(xué)習(xí):方法、習(xí)慣等;2.學(xué)會(huì)做人:真誠(chéng)、友善等;3.其他方面:考生自擬。注意:1.詞數(shù)120左右;2.發(fā)言稿開(kāi)頭和結(jié)尾已給出,不須抄在答題卡上,不計(jì)入總詞數(shù)。Good morning,everyone!It is my honor to be here to share with you my opinions on what to learn in senior high school.Thank you!【審題謀篇】本文屬于提綱類(lèi)短文。母校邀請(qǐng)畢業(yè)生李華做一個(gè)關(guān)于

29、“What to learn in senior high school?”的英語(yǔ)沙龍,談?wù)勛约旱捏w會(huì),主要敘述過(guò)去的事情,使用一般過(guò)去時(shí)和第一人稱(chēng)。要點(diǎn):1.學(xué)會(huì)學(xué)習(xí):方法,習(xí)慣等;2.學(xué)會(huì)做人:真誠(chéng),友善;3.學(xué)會(huì)其他:積極參加課外活動(dòng)和體育活動(dòng)等?！痉段恼故尽课彘_(kāi)放類(lèi)寫(xiě)作技法開(kāi)放類(lèi)作文屬于非控制性寫(xiě)作,題目主要是簡(jiǎn)短的文字提示或圖畫(huà),給考生留下很大的自由發(fā)揮和想象的空間。但也對(duì)考生提出了更高的要求,它不僅考查考生的邏輯思維和想象能力,更考查考生的語(yǔ)言表達(dá)和組織能力,同時(shí)還從多角度考查考生分析和解決問(wèn)題的能力。一般來(lái)說(shuō),開(kāi)放類(lèi)作文有記敘文和議論文兩種文體。記敘文體的開(kāi)放類(lèi)作文往往給考生一段

30、材料,要求考生根據(jù)所給材料的內(nèi)容,運(yùn)用邏輯推理的方法,給故事添加開(kāi)頭、發(fā)展過(guò)程及結(jié)尾;議論文體的開(kāi)放類(lèi)作文邏輯性強(qiáng),要求考生在所給材料或主題的基礎(chǔ)上提煉觀點(diǎn),給出論證,并得出結(jié)論。寫(xiě)作時(shí)要注意:1.仔細(xì)觀察,認(rèn)真審題審題對(duì)開(kāi)放類(lèi)作文的寫(xiě)作相當(dāng)重要,通過(guò)審題確定文章的主題、時(shí)態(tài)和體裁。2.直奔主題,突出重點(diǎn)一般來(lái)說(shuō),開(kāi)放類(lèi)作文要求的詞數(shù)比較少,所以考生在文章的結(jié)構(gòu)上必須注意“集中火力”,突出重點(diǎn),而不要隨意發(fā)揮。3.緊扣主題,內(nèi)容充實(shí)對(duì)有圖畫(huà)的,要緊扣圖畫(huà)信息的主題,進(jìn)行合理的闡述,并表達(dá)自己的感想。在這一部分,只需用簡(jiǎn)單的語(yǔ)言講出道理即可,沒(méi)有必要過(guò)深地挖掘圖畫(huà)信息,但要保證文章思想是健康向上

31、的。4.過(guò)渡自然,結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊一篇好的文章應(yīng)該注意段落間的自然過(guò)渡。因此在上下文之間添加一個(gè)過(guò)渡段是不可缺少的。過(guò)渡段可以是一句套話,如:As far as Im concerned,the picture is both meaningful and wonderful.5.全面審核,仔細(xì)檢查文章寫(xiě)完后,要注意對(duì)照寫(xiě)作要求仔細(xì)審核,看所寫(xiě)內(nèi)容是否符合題意,內(nèi)容是否充實(shí),句型是否正確,有無(wú)拼寫(xiě)和語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤等。【素材錦囊】1.分析原因(1)There are.reasons for.(2)The reasons for this are as follows.(3)The reason for thi

32、s is that.2.表示重要、必要、困難、方便、(不)可能(1)It is important(necessary,difficult,convenient,possible) for sb.to do sth.(2)It plays an important role/part in.(3)be of importance/significance to.(4)attach importance to.3.說(shuō)影響(1)have an impact/effect on.(2)do great harm to/be harmful to.4.列措施(1)A good many/A varie

33、ty of things can be done to.(2)Strong/Effective measures should be taken to.5.展望與呼吁(1)appeal to sb.to do sth./urge sb.to do sth./call on sb.to do sth.(2)do what/all that sb.can to do.【典例示范】請(qǐng)以老師當(dāng)眾表?yè)P(yáng)你為話題,用下面所給句子開(kāi)頭,續(xù)寫(xiě)一篇英語(yǔ)短文。As a student,I can tell you that there is nothing better than being praised by

34、my teacher before my classmates.注意:1.將所給句子寫(xiě)在答題卡上;2.續(xù)寫(xiě)詞數(shù)不少于120個(gè);3.不能使用真實(shí)姓名和學(xué)校名稱(chēng)。【審題謀篇】這是一篇續(xù)寫(xiě)型開(kāi)放類(lèi)作文。主題已明確,剩余的要求我們展開(kāi)合理的想象,使得行文邏輯順暢而完整。首先,確定文章體裁、時(shí)態(tài)和人稱(chēng):本篇作文是典型的夾敘夾議文,使用第一人稱(chēng);時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)該用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。其次,文章結(jié)構(gòu)一般要包括以下內(nèi)容:1.文章的開(kāi)頭即用試題給出的句子;2.對(duì)受到老師表?yè)P(yáng)的這件事要具體描述;3.針對(duì)這件事情說(shuō)出自己的感受?！痉段恼故尽渴渥魑暮诵哪Ｊ?十句作文法的基本結(jié)構(gòu)第一段為開(kāi)頭,包括兩句。第一句為主題句,提出問(wèn)題并通過(guò)

35、問(wèn)題點(diǎn)明全文主題;第二句為擴(kuò)展句,進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明和支持主題句。另外,也可將兩句順序倒過(guò)來(lái),由第一句說(shuō)明情況,第二句提出問(wèn)題。第二段為正文,共七句。第一句為主題句,提出本段的主題,它應(yīng)與第一段的主題相一致。第二句至第七句為擴(kuò)展句,說(shuō)明和支持本段的主題。句與句之間要注意運(yùn)用好過(guò)渡詞,以使行文流暢。第三段為結(jié)尾,簡(jiǎn)化為一句,是對(duì)全文的總結(jié),并說(shuō)明作者自己的觀點(diǎn)(也可以根據(jù)需要靈活確定第二、三段的內(nèi)容)。三段之間的銜接要靈活運(yùn)用“起、承、轉(zhuǎn)、合”的過(guò)渡手段。2.三段式所謂三段式作文法,就是將一篇作文按三段的寫(xiě)作模式布局謀篇,即開(kāi)頭、正文、結(jié)尾。三段式寫(xiě)作模式思路清晰,結(jié)構(gòu)分明,是考生提高作文檔次的最佳選擇

36、。三段式的模式寫(xiě)法通常為:第一段開(kāi)門(mén)見(jiàn)山,提出要解決的問(wèn)題或觀點(diǎn),或者把時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、人物和主要事件及時(shí)點(diǎn)出。第二段要擺出事實(shí)或提出論據(jù),或者把事情發(fā)展的經(jīng)過(guò)詳細(xì)寫(xiě)出來(lái)。最后一段,得出結(jié)論或理由。注意:要學(xué)會(huì)使用過(guò)渡詞。過(guò)渡詞猶如“橋梁”和“黏合劑”。恰當(dāng)?shù)厥褂眠^(guò)渡詞可避免結(jié)構(gòu)松散,層次不分明,表意不清等弊端,使文章條理清楚,文字連貫流暢。常用的過(guò)渡詞有:遞進(jìn)型:also,(and)besides,whats more,moreover,furthermore,in addition,even,whats worse,worse still,to make matters worse,for t

37、he worse,not only.but also等;解釋型:that is(to say),in other words,or,namely,in fact,in reality,as a matter of fact等;轉(zhuǎn)折型:however,but,yet,nevertheless,instead,on the contrary,on the other hand 等;列舉型:firstly.secondly.finally,on the one hand.on the other hand,for one thing.for another等;舉例型:for example,for

38、instance,such as,that is,like,take.for example等;因果型:because(of),since,now that,thanks to,due to;thus,therefore,as a result(consequence),so.that,so that等;讓步型:though,although,in spite of,despite 等;順序型:first.next.and then.finally,first.then.after that.finally 等;并列型:and,both.and,or,either.or,as well as等

39、時(shí)間型:afterwards,soon,later,the moment/immediately/on doing,hardly.when,no sooner.than等;總結(jié)型:in a word,to sum up,in short,on the whole,in conclusion等;見(jiàn)解型:in my opinion,personally speaking,as far as I am concerned,Im sure等;條件型:if,as long as,so long as,on condition that,unless等【萬(wàn)能模板】社會(huì)調(diào)查型Recently I have

40、done a survey on 調(diào)查的主題.According to the survey,介紹調(diào)查的情況,while介紹調(diào)查的其他情況.There are chiefly three reasons for it.Firstly,原因一.Secondly,原因二.Apart from the above reasons,原因三.In my opinion,I think 建議要做的事情及原因.Whats more/Besides/Moreover,介紹另外一個(gè)建議.利弊型模板一:Nowadays,there is a widespread concern over 討論議題.In fact

41、,there are both advantages and disadvantages in 討論議題.Generally speaking,it is widely believed that there are several positive aspects as follows.Firstly,優(yōu)點(diǎn)一.Secondly,優(yōu)點(diǎn)二.Just as a popular saying goes,“Every coin has two sides.”討論議題is no exception,and in another word,it still had negative aspects.To

42、begin with,缺點(diǎn)一.In addition,缺點(diǎn)二.To sum up,we should try to make full use of the advantages of 討論議題 and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time.In that case,we will definitely make a better use of 討論議題.模板二:Nowadays,many people prefer 某種事物,because it plays a significant role in our dai

43、ly life.Generally,its advantages can be seen as follows.First,優(yōu)點(diǎn)一.Besides,優(yōu)點(diǎn)二.But every coin has two sides.The negative aspects are also apparent.One of the important disadvantages is that 缺點(diǎn)一.To make matters worse,缺點(diǎn)二.Through the above analysis,I believe that the positive aspects overwhelm the nega

44、tive ones.Therefore,I would like to 我的看法.From the comparison between these positive and negative effects of 某種事物,we should take it reasonably and do it according to the circumstances we are in.Only in this way,對(duì)前景的預(yù)測(cè).對(duì)比觀點(diǎn)型1.要求論述兩個(gè)對(duì)立的觀點(diǎn)并給出自己的看法。The topic of 主題 is becoming more and more popular recent

45、ly.There is a difference of opinion about it.Some people say A is their favorite.They hold their view for the reason of 支持A的理由一.What is more,理由二.Finally,理由三.While others think that B is a better choice for the following three reasons.Firstly,支持B的理由一.Secondly/Besides,理由二.Thirdly/Finally,理由三.I think 我

46、的觀點(diǎn).The reason is that 理由.2.給出一個(gè)觀點(diǎn),要求考生反對(duì)這一觀點(diǎn)。模板一:Some people believe that 觀點(diǎn).For example,they think 舉例說(shuō)明.And it will bring them 為他們帶來(lái)的好處.However,I never think this reason can be the point.For one thing,理由一;for another,理由二.From all what I have said,I agree to the thought that 我對(duì)文章所討論的主題的看法.模板二:Dear

47、收信人,Im sorry to hear that 不好的事,某件有害健康的事is common in our daily life.In fact,it is 論點(diǎn).Some people say that 他人的觀點(diǎn),because 理由.If 與前面相反的情況,they will/wont 虛擬的結(jié)果.However,I think 本人的觀點(diǎn).We can see that事實(shí)around us.Since they 他人的事情,they have got 結(jié)果.If they 與前面相反的情況,they may 虛擬的結(jié)果.Therefore,we should 結(jié)論.I hope

48、we 希望或祝愿.圖畫(huà)型模板一:As can be seen from the picture(s),there is a widespread concern over the issue that作文主題句.But it is well known that the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to person.A majority of people think that 觀點(diǎn)一.In their views there are two factors contributing to this attitud

49、e as follows.In the first place,原因一.Furthermore/In the second place,原因二.So it goes without saying that 觀點(diǎn)一.People,however,differ in their opinions on this matter.Some people hold the idea that 觀點(diǎn)二.In their point of view,on the one hand,原因一.On the other hand,原因二.As far as Im concerned,I firmly suppor

50、t the view that 觀點(diǎn)一或觀點(diǎn)二.It is not only because ,but also because .The more ,the more. 模板二:It seems to me that the cartoon/drawing is sending a message about 圖畫(huà)內(nèi)容,which reveals 稍作評(píng)價(jià).In my view,表明個(gè)人觀點(diǎn).Apparently,將個(gè)人觀點(diǎn)和圖片內(nèi)容相結(jié)合,得出觀點(diǎn).For one thing,從社會(huì)角度論證.For another thing,從個(gè)人角度說(shuō)明.For example,自己、朋友或他人的,自

51、己知道或聽(tīng)過(guò)的例子.Last but not least,從反面角度談?wù)?As a result,the drawer of the illustration is urging us to 建議或措施.Only in this way can we 展望結(jié)果.In conclusion,再次表明觀點(diǎn)或態(tài)度.We should 進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明個(gè)人的觀點(diǎn).圖表型模板一:As is shown/indicated/illustrated by the figure/percentage in the table(graph/picture/pie/chart),作文題目的議題 has been on

52、rise(goes up/increases/drops/decreases),significantly/dramatically/steadily rising/decreasing from% in 年to% in年.From the sharp/marked rise/decline in the chart,it goes without saying that 現(xiàn)象總結(jié). There are at least two good reasons accounting for.On the one hand,.On the other hand, is due to the fact

53、that.In addition,is responsible for .(Maybe there are some other reasons to show .But it is generally believed that the above mentioned reasons are commonly convincing.)As far as I am concerned,I hold the point of view that . 模板二:The chart gives us an overall picture of the 圖表主題.The first thing we n

54、otice is that 圖表最大的特點(diǎn).This means that as 進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明.We can see from the statistics given that 圖表細(xì)節(jié)一.After v.-ing+細(xì)節(jié)一中的第一個(gè)變化,the v.-ed+幅度+時(shí)間+緊跟著的變化.The figures also tell us that 圖表細(xì)節(jié)二.In the column,we can see that accounts for 進(jìn)一步描述.Judging from these figures,we can draw the conclusion that 結(jié)論.The reason

55、for this,as far as I am concerned is that 給出原因.It is high time that we 發(fā)出倡議.A假定你是李華,正在英國(guó)接受英語(yǔ)培訓(xùn),住在一戶英國(guó)人家里。今天你的房東Mrs Wilson不在家,你準(zhǔn)備外出,請(qǐng)給Mrs Wilson寫(xiě)一個(gè)留言條,內(nèi)容包括:1.外出購(gòu)物;2.替房東還書(shū);3.Cathy來(lái)信留言:(1)咖啡屋(Bolton Coffee)見(jiàn)面取消;(2)此事已告知Susan;(3)盡快回電。注意:1.詞數(shù)100左右;2.可以適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié),以使行文連貫。參考范文:Dear Mrs Wilson,Im going out shopp

56、ing,and wont be able to be back until about 5:00 pm.I have taken with me the two books you asked me to return to the City Library.Whats more,at about one oclock this afternoon,Cathy called you up,saying that she couldnt meet you at Bolton Coffee tomorrow morning as she has something important to att

57、end to.She felt very sorry about that,but said that you could set some other time for the meeting.Also,she would like you to call her back as soon as you are home.Besides,She has already told Susan about this change.Yours,Li HuaB假如你是紅星中學(xué)高三(1)班的學(xué)生李明,下面四幅圖描述了近期你看到騎公共自行車(chē)“綠色出行”的宣傳后所采取的行動(dòng)。請(qǐng)根據(jù)圖片的先后順序,為?？?/p>

58、英語(yǔ)園地”寫(xiě)一篇短文。參考范文:Being driven by my father to school one day,I noticed many public bicycles parked along the road in my neighborhood.On the wall was a sign reading “Green Travel”.Feeling it my duty to do something,I told my father I would give up his car and rent a bike instead.Back home that day,I s

59、earched the Internet for information about how and where to rent a bike.I found out that there was a rental service nearby,where I could apply for a rental card.The next day I headed toward it after school.To be honest,I was a bit surprised to find many people lining up there for the cards.I joined

60、them and finally got one.The next day I first rode a bike to the subway station and then took the subway to school.Now I feel proud that I am doing something for the protection ofenvironment.C近來(lái)某網(wǎng)站對(duì)人們外出旅游的頻率和目的進(jìn)行了一次問(wèn)卷調(diào)查,結(jié)果見(jiàn)下圖。請(qǐng)根據(jù)圖表提供的信息用英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)一篇短文,介紹此次調(diào)查結(jié)果,并談?wù)勀阕约和獬雎糜蔚哪康摹?.詞數(shù)100左右。2.文章的開(kāi)頭已經(jīng)給出,但不計(jì)入總詞數(shù)。Re