大學(xué)英語(yǔ)2 Unit 8

1、School of Continuing Education大學(xué)英語(yǔ)第二冊(cè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)課程大學(xué)英語(yǔ)第二冊(cè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)課程By School of Foreign Languages2011Unit 8 Honesty: Is It Going Out of Style? Pre-reading Activities1 Text Analysis2 Expressions & Patterns3 Exercises4Pre-reading ActivitiesAmerican Education SystemPrimary school American children start school at the

2、 age of five years. The first year at school is called kindergarten. It is required of all American children enrolled in the American education system. The second year at school is considered the first year of primary school and is referred to as first grade.Secondary school Upon completion of fifth

3、 grade (the last year of primary school), American children enrolled in the American education system advance to secondary school. Secondary school most commonly consists of a total of seven years, referred to as sixth through twelfth grades. The ninth through twelfth grades are most commonly referr

4、ed to as high school. Undergraduate school Students who have completed high school and would like to attend college or university must attend what is referred to as an undergraduate school. These are schools that offer either a two-year degree (called an associate degree) or a four-year degree (call

5、ed a bachelors degree) in a specific course of study. Graduate school Students who have obtained a bachelors degree can continue their education by pursuing one of two types of degrees. The first is a masters degree. This is usually a two-year degree that is highly specialized in a specific field Ce

6、rtain courses of study are only available at the graduate school level in America. The most notable of these are law, dentistry, and medicine. Students who want to pursue a degree in one of these fields must first obtain a bachelors degree. In America, there isnt a universal exam for enrolling a col

7、lege or a university, because different universities have different requirements. In the last year of high school, the students have to apply several schools and take the exams of each school respectively.State Regents examinations In the state of New York, the Department of Education requires that

8、high school students take year-end examinations in science, maths, and language subjects. It is a secure test, meaning that other than the regents themselves, no one, not even the teachers, is supposed to see the examinations prior to their administration. The exams are mostly multiple choice questi

9、ons, though students may be required to write a short essay or solve maths problems.Competency tests Competency tests are used to determine whether or not a person possess a certain skill to do something. Recently a growing number of states in the US are requiring students to pass a competency test

10、before receiving a high school diploma If one fails the test, one receives a high school certificate which amounts to little more than a statement that one attended school.Comprehension Questions: 1. What may an increase in the use of the state exam result in? 2. What percentage of American high sch

11、ool students have confessed to cheating on exams according to a recent poll? 3. What was the purpose of the campaign according to the campus newpaper editorial? 4. Why have the professors given up the traditional term paper requirement? 5. How does the author form the opinion that people need to kno

12、w one another to be at their honest best? What do you think of his reasoning? New Wordshonesty :n. freedom from deceit, cheating, etc. 誠(chéng)實(shí)style: n. fashion 時(shí)髦poll: n. survey of public opinion by putting questions to a representative selection of persons 民意測(cè)驗(yàn)admit: v. state or agree to the truth of; c

13、onfess 承認(rèn)，供認(rèn) Admission n. temptation: n. the act of tempting or being tempted 引誘；誘惑peek: vi. look (at sth.) quickly, esp. when one should not 偷看behavio(u)r : n. way of behaving 行為 behave:v. indication: n. sign or suggestion 跡象competency: n. ability; being competent 能力；勝任 diploma: n. official paper s

14、howing that a person has successfully finished a course of study or passed an examination 文憑corresponding: a. matching 相應(yīng)的criminal: a. of crimemisdemeano(u)r: n. crime that is less serious than, for example, stealing of murder 輕罪charge: n. accusation 指控possess: n. have, own 占有，擁有advance: a. made ava

15、ilable before the date of general publication or release 預(yù)先的regent: n. member of a governing board （學(xué)校董事會(huì)的）董事drop: vt. give up; discontinue 放棄；革除traditional: a. of or according to tradition 傳統(tǒng)的tradition: n. requirement: n. sth. required; sth. demanded as a condition 要求；必要條件prewritten: a. written bef

16、orehand; written in advance psychology: n. science of the mind 心理學(xué)psychological: a. launch: vt. start, set going 發(fā)起；發(fā)動(dòng)campaign: n. series of planned activities for some special purpose 運(yùn)動(dòng)file: vi. march or move in a line 排成縱隊(duì)行進(jìn)exit: n. way out of a place 出口（處）proctor: n. 臨考人ID card: n. identity card

17、 身份證dorm: n. (short for) dormitory 宿舍mug: n. the face or mouth shot: n. a single photographmug shot: n. (sl.) photograph of a persons face, used for purposes of identification 面部照片ringer: n. any person who pretends to be another 冒名頂替者applaud: vt. praise esp. by striking ones hands to gether 拍手稱贊camp

18、us: n. university; the grounds of a university, college, or school 大學(xué);校園editorial: n. leading article 社論arrest: vt. seize (sb.) in the name of the law 逮捕speeder: n. person who drives an automobile at a higher speed than is lawful 違法超速駕駛者intent: n. purpose; intention frequently: ad. at short interval

19、s, often 頻繁地overcharge: vt. charge too much 對(duì).要價(jià)太高customer: n. person who buys goods from a shop, esp. regularly 顧客myth: n. 神話unlike: prep. not like, different from cherry: n. 櫻桃biographer: n. person who writes about another persons life 傳記作家ax(e): n. 斧子character: n. mental or moral qualities that m

20、ake one person, race, etc. different from others 性格，品質(zhì) moral: a. concerning principles of right of wrong 道德的 reinforce: vt. encourage of strengthen 加強(qiáng) tax: n. 稅，稅款 clue: n. sth. that helps to find an answer to a question 線索check-out: n. desk where one pays the bill of the goods one has chosen 結(jié)帳處sup

21、ermarket: n. large shop where one serves oneself with food and goods 超級(jí)市場(chǎng)overnight: a. for or during the night 住一夜的；一整夜的inn: n. small hotel 小旅館，客棧towel: n. 毛巾vast: a. very big numerous : a. manywatch-dog: a. organized or acting as a watchful guardian, esp. against unlawful practice 起監(jiān)督作用的dishonesty:

22、 n. the quality of being dishonest reveal: vt. make known 揭露evidence: n. sign or proof 證據(jù)ebb: vi. (of the tide) flow back from the land to the sea; grow less; become weak or faint 落潮；低落，衰退flow: vi. (of the tide) come in; rise; run or spread smoothly （潮）漲；上升；流incident: n. event; happening 事件theft: n.

23、 (the act of, an instance of) stealing tend: vi. have a tendency 易于，往往會(huì)link: vt. join or connect 連接；聯(lián)系economy: n. 經(jīng)濟(jì) anyway: ad. at all; in any case 究竟；無(wú)論如何tempt: vt. attract (sb.) to do sth. wrong or foolish 引誘system: n. 體制；制度systematic: a.distrust: n. lack of trust; mistrust 不信任，懷疑contagious: a. t

24、ending to spread easily from person to person 傳染的out of style: no longer fashionable 過(guò)時(shí)的，不再流行according to: as stated or shown by; in a way that agrees with 按照，根據(jù)(be) faced with: 面對(duì)be hard on: 對(duì).過(guò)分嚴(yán)厲on the rise: increasing steadily 在增長(zhǎng);在加劇a case in point: a very good example 恰當(dāng)?shù)睦觓ll but: all except

25、除了.都(be) different from: unlike, not the same as 與.不同think of . as: regard as in the case of: 就.來(lái)說(shuō),至于come to: arrive at a particular state or position 變成(某種狀態(tài))lie in: exist in 在于on the other hand: from the opposed point of view 另一方面,反過(guò)來(lái)說(shuō)at ones best: in as good a state as possible 處于最佳狀態(tài)go up: rise;

26、 increase 上升;增加go down: fall; decrease 下降;減少Text Analysis According to a recent poll, 61 percent of American high school students have admitted to cheating on exams at least once. It can be argued such a response my not mean much. After all, most students have been faced with the temptation to peek

27、at a neighbors test paper. And students can be hard on themselves in judging such behavior. However, there are other indications that high school cheating may be on the rise. More and more states are requiring students to pass competency tests in order to receive their high school diplomas. And many

28、 educators fear that an increase in the use of state exams will lead to a corresponding rise in cheating. A case in point is students in New York State who faced criminal misdemeanor charges for possessing and selling advance copies of state Regents examinations. Cheating is considered to be a major

29、 problem in colleges and universities. Several professors say theyve dropped the traditional term paper requirement because many students buy prewritten term papers, and they cant track down all the cheaters anymore. Colleges and universities across the nation have decided to do more than talk about

30、 the rise in student cheating. For instance, the Department of Psychology at the University of Maryland launched a campaign to stop one form of cheating. As 409 students filed out of their exam, they found all but one exit blocked. Proctors asked each student to produce an ID card with an attached p

31、hoto. Students who said theyd left theirs in the dorm or at home had a mug shot taken. The purpose of the campaign was to catch ringers, students who take tests for other students. The majority of students at the University of Maryland applauded the campaign. The campus newspaper editorial said, Lik

32、e police arresting speeders, the intent is not to catch everyone but rather to catch enough to spread the word. We frequently hear about the good old days, when Americans were better, happier, and more honest. But were they more honest? Maybe yes, a long time ago when life was very different from wh

33、at it is today. School children used to know the story of how Abraham Lincoln walked five miles to return a penny hed overcharged a customer. Its the kind of story we think of as myth. But in the case of Lincoln, the story is true unlike the story of George Washington and the cherry tree. Washington

34、s first biographer invented the tale of little George saying to his father, I cannot tell a lie. I did it with my ax. What is important in both stories, however, is that honesty was seen as an important part of the American character. And these are just two stories out of many. Students in the last

35、century usually didnt read fun stories. They read stories that taught moral values. Such stories pointed out quite clearly that children who lied, cheated, or stole came to bad ends. Parents may have further reinforced those values. Its difficult to know. We do know that children didnt hear their pa

36、rents talk of cheating the government on income taxes - there werent any. A clue as to why Americans may have been more honest in the past lies in the Abe Lincoln story. Lincoln knew his customer. They both lived in a small town. Would a check-out person at a large supermarket return money a custome

37、r? Its less likely. On the other hand, would overnight guests at an inn run by a husband and wife, steal towels? Its less likely. Perhaps this tells us that people need to know one another to be at their honest best. The vast majority of Americans still believe that honesty as an important part of t

38、he American Character. For that reason, there are numerous watch-dog committees at all levels of society. Although signs of dishonesty in school, business, and government seem much more numerous in recent years than in the past, could it be that we are getting better at revealing such dishonesty? Th

39、ere is some evidence that dishonesty may ebb and flow. When times are hard, incidents of theft and cheating usually go up. And when times get better such incidents tend to go down. Cheating in school also tends to ebb and flow. But it doesnt seem linked to the economy. Many educators feel that as st

40、udents gain confidence in themselves and their abilities, they are less likely to cheat. Surprisingly, some efforts to prevent cheating may actually encourage cheating - a person may feel they dont trust me anyway, and be tempted to beat the system. Distrust can be contagious. But, so can trust! Tex

41、t Translation 根據(jù)最近的一次民意測(cè)驗(yàn)，百分之六十一的美國(guó)中學(xué)生承認(rèn)曾在考試中至少作過(guò)一次弊。人們可以爭(zhēng)論說(shuō)，這樣一種回答也許沒(méi)有多大意義。畢竟大多數(shù)學(xué)生都曾受到過(guò)偷看鄰座考卷的誘惑。而學(xué)生們?cè)谠u(píng)價(jià)這類行為時(shí)有時(shí)對(duì)自己過(guò)于嚴(yán)格。不過(guò)，還有別的一些跡象也表明，中學(xué)里的作弊現(xiàn)象可能是在上升。 越來(lái)越多的州要求學(xué)生通過(guò)能力測(cè)試以取得中學(xué)畢業(yè)文憑。很多教育學(xué)家擔(dān)心，更多地利用州級(jí)考試將會(huì)導(dǎo)致作弊的相應(yīng)增加。一個(gè)明顯的例子就是紐約州一些的學(xué)生，他們因擁有并出售州教育董事會(huì)的考卷樣本而受到刑事輕罪指控。 現(xiàn)在作弊也被看作是大學(xué)的一大問(wèn)題了。一些教授說(shuō)他們已經(jīng)放棄了傳統(tǒng)的學(xué)期論文這一要求，因?yàn)楹?/p>

42、多學(xué)生買來(lái)預(yù)先寫好的各種學(xué)期論文，教授們?cè)僖膊椴怀鏊械淖鞅渍吡恕?除了談?wù)搶W(xué)生作弊的上升外，全國(guó)各地的大學(xué)已決定采取一切措施。例如，馬里蘭大學(xué)心理系就開(kāi)展了一場(chǎng)制止某種作弊形式的運(yùn)動(dòng)。當(dāng)409名學(xué)生考完試魚貫離開(kāi)教室時(shí)，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)除了一個(gè)出口外，所有的出口都堵住了。監(jiān)考人員要求每個(gè)學(xué)生出示貼有照片的身份證。那些說(shuō)把身份證留在宿舍或家中的學(xué)生都被拍了面部照。這一運(yùn)動(dòng)的目的是捉拿“冒名頂?shù)驼摺?，即幫別人代考的學(xué)生。 馬里蘭大學(xué)的大多數(shù)學(xué)生都鼓掌歡迎這一運(yùn)動(dòng)。?？缯撜f(shuō)：“就像警察逮捕違法超速駕駛者一樣，這一運(yùn)動(dòng)的目的并不是要捉拿所有的人，而是抓住足夠的作弊者以便把信息傳開(kāi)去?！?我們經(jīng)常聽(tīng)人談起“

43、美好的往日”，說(shuō)是那里的美國(guó)人比現(xiàn)在好，比現(xiàn)在幸福，也比現(xiàn)在誠(chéng)實(shí)。但他們真的更誠(chéng)實(shí)嗎？也許他們確實(shí)更誠(chéng)實(shí)，在很久以前，因?yàn)槟菚r(shí)的生活跟今天的生活大不相同。 中、小學(xué)學(xué)生過(guò)去都知道亞伯拉罕林肯步行五英里把多收的一分錢不給顧客的故事。我們已經(jīng)把這類故事看成了神話。但就林肯來(lái)說(shuō)，這故事卻是真實(shí)的而不像喬治華盛頓和櫻桃樹(shù)的故事那樣是杜撰的。華盛頓的第一位作者虛構(gòu)了小喬治對(duì)父親說(shuō)“我不能說(shuō)慌。我用斧子砍倒了櫻桃樹(shù)”的故事。在兩個(gè)故事中都很重要的一點(diǎn)是，然而，誠(chéng)實(shí)過(guò)去一向被看作是美國(guó)性格中的一個(gè)重要組成部分。 而且這僅僅是許許多多故事中的兩個(gè)故事。上個(gè)世紀(jì)的學(xué)生一般都不讀“娛樂(lè)性的”故事。他們讀的都是些傳

44、授道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的故事。這類故事非常明確地提出孩子，說(shuō)慌、騙人、偷東西的沒(méi)有好下場(chǎng)。 做父母的很可能進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)了這些道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。是不是真的如此很難知道了。但我們的確知道，過(guò)去的孩子聽(tīng)不到父母談?wù)撛谒枚惿掀垓_政論的事那時(shí)候還沒(méi)有所得稅。 林肯的故事中提供了一個(gè)線索，說(shuō)明為什么過(guò)去的美國(guó)人也許是比較誠(chéng)實(shí)。這就是林肯認(rèn)識(shí)他的顧客。他們都住在同一個(gè)小鎮(zhèn)上。一家大的超級(jí)市場(chǎng)的結(jié)帳員會(huì)把多收的錢還給顧客嗎？可能性較小。反之，在一家夫妻經(jīng)營(yíng)的小旅館小夜的客人會(huì)偷毛巾嗎？可能性也不大。 也許這就告訴我們，人們需要相互了解才能達(dá)到最誠(chéng)實(shí)的境界。 絕大多數(shù)美國(guó)人仍然認(rèn)為誠(chéng)實(shí)是美國(guó)人性格的一個(gè)重要組成部分。因此，在社會(huì)各

45、級(jí)都有許多監(jiān)督委員會(huì)。雖然學(xué)校，商界和政府中的作弊和欺詐行為近年似乎比過(guò)去多了許多，但這會(huì)不會(huì)是由于我們?cè)絹?lái)越善于揭露這類不誠(chéng)實(shí)行為的緣故呢？ 有某些證據(jù)表明，欺詐行為可消可長(zhǎng)，有起有伏。當(dāng)時(shí)世艱難時(shí)，偷竊和欺騙事件通常便會(huì)增多。當(dāng)形勢(shì)好轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)，這類事件往往就會(huì)減少。Reading Aloud and Memorizing School children used to know the story of how Abrahanm Lincoln walked five miles to return a penny hed overcharged a customer. Its the kin

46、d of story we think of as myth. But in the case of Lincoln, the story is trueunlike the story of George Washington and cherry tree. Washingtons first biographer invented the tale of little George saying to his father. “I cannot tell a lie. I did it with my ax.” What is important in both stories, how

47、ever, is that honesty was seen as an important part of the American character.Expressions & PatternsLanguage Learninggo (be) out of stylebe faced withbe hard onindicaitionon the risecorrespondinga case in pointpossess lauch in the case of moral reinforce lie in numerous tend to anyway tempt go (be)

48、out of style:become no longer or cease to be fashionableEg: Dresses may be in style one year and out of style the next. I dont think frugality has gone out of style. be faced with:be confronted with;meet face to faceEg: Now we are all faced with a very difficult situation. Faced with such a rival, h

49、e has little chance of winning. be hard on:be stern or strict with;be an unjust or unlucky burden on Eg: Dont be too hard on the child. Its hard on John, having to work when the rest of us are vacationing. indicaiton:(1)sign or suggestionEg: There is not much indication that the draught will be over

50、 soon. (2)pointing to or outEg: We use different tones for the indicaition of different meanings. on the rise: increasingEg: The number of students in our school is on the rise. The sales volume of the new products has been on the rise since the manager advertising them on TV. corresponding:(1)match

51、ingEg: The peace talk was held between corresponding officials in the two governments. (2)the sameEg: You win the lottery if you had chosen a number corresponding to the one published in the newpaper. a case in point:a fit exampleEg: An average student can be a top student with additional work. Cath

52、y is a case in point.Nearly all major cities in the US are crime-ridden. A case in point is Chicago. possess: have; ownEg:He was charged with possessing drugs.He lost all he possessed in the fire. launch(v.)(1)start;set goingEg: Truck drivers in France launched a strike for earlier retirement.(2)set

53、 a ship afloatEg: The first lady was invited to launch the new ship.(3)set a rocket,missile,etc. in motionEg: It is expensive to launch an astronaut into outer space. launch(n.)setting in motionEg: The world was shocked at the failed launch of spaceship “challenger”. in the case of:so far as someone

54、 or something is concernedEg: Poverty depresseed most people; but in the case of my father it only urged him to work harder. We cant make an exception in the case of Mary. moral:(a.)concerning principles of right and wrongEg: A Godparent is supposed to be responsible for the Godchilds moral welfare.

55、(n.)that which a story,event,or experience teachesEg: The moral of this story is that one should judge for oneself. reinforce: strengthenEg: More troops were sent to reinforce the fortress. Most modern building are made of reinforced concrete. lie in:exist in;be found in Eg: The cure for ignorance l

56、ies in education. The greatest charm of the brides costume lies in its simplicity. numerous: manyEg: Numerous village and township enterprises have sprung up since 1978. Numerous stars were born after the Big Bang. tend to:be apt to;have a tendency toEg:Farmers tend to use more machinery now.Childre

57、n tend to like action movies. anyway: (1) in any caseEg: Its no use crying over spilt milk, anyway. (2) by any possible meansEg: There must be something wrong with my computer. I couldnt get hooked up to the Internet anyway. tempt: (1) persuade sb to do sth wrong or foolishEg: He was tempted into se

58、lling top military secrets to foreign intelligence agents. (2)attractEg: The spring sun tempted us to go for a walk.ExercisesWords to Drill admit anyway arrest behavior campaign charge clue contagious corresponding economy evidence incident indication launch link moral numerous overnight possess rei

59、nforce requirement reveal style tempt tend unlike vastComprehension of the Text3. Choose the best answer for each of the following:1.An increase in the use of state exams may result ina.more states requiring students to pass competency tests.b.more students receiving high school diplomas.c.a drop in

60、 criminal misdemeanor charges.d.a rise in high school cheating.Answer(s)：d2. The purpose in making students produce an ID card with a photo when they take an exam isa.to make students more aware of the great amount of cheating going on.b.to catch bright students who sell the information they remembe