高一英語(yǔ)新課標(biāo)必修2unit1知識(shí)點(diǎn)

1、單元知識(shí)梳理和能力組合知識(shí)盤(pán)點(diǎn) 重點(diǎn)詞匯1.survive幸存，經(jīng)歷而活著 2.amaze 使驚訝 3.select精選 4.design設(shè)計(jì) 5.fancy奇異的 6.style風(fēng)格 7.remove除去 8.doubt懷疑 9.reception接待 10.light點(diǎn)燃 11.wonder驚奇 12.evidence證據(jù) 13.trial嘗試；審判 14.explode爆炸 15.sink下沉 16.debate辯論 短語(yǔ)1. belong to屬于 2. in search of搜尋 3. in return作為回報(bào) 4. at war交戰(zhàn) 5.take apart拆開(kāi) 6. thin

2、k highly of高度評(píng)價(jià) 7. be used to do被用來(lái)做 8. rather than而不是 9. more than不僅僅 10. less than少于 11. care about在乎 12. add to增加 13. agree with同意 14. see for oneself親自看 15.at that time在那時(shí) 16.serve as充當(dāng) 17. by the light of 借著的光 18. be designed for 為而設(shè)計(jì) 19.no doubt 無(wú)疑 20. the entrance to 通往的入口句型1. There is no dou

3、bt that: 毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，2. It takes somebody some time to do something. 做某事花某人多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間3. This was a time when在這個(gè)時(shí)期4. It can be proved that可以證明，5. cant have done something不可能做過(guò)某事能力拓展1. Is it enough to have survived for a long time? 已經(jīng)存在很久就夠了嗎？survive vi/vt比.活得長(zhǎng)； 經(jīng)歷.后依然活著; 經(jīng)受得住(1)Her parents died in the accident, b

4、ut she survived. 她的父母死于車(chē)禍，而她卻幸免于難。 (2)These plants cannot survive in very cold conditions. 這些植物不能在寒冷的條件下存活。(3)The family are struggling to survive on very little money. 這家人靠著很少的錢(qián)艱難度日。(4)He is the only one of the soldiers who survived the war. 他是唯一一個(gè)從那場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中幸存下來(lái)的戰(zhàn)士。(5)The house survived the storm. 經(jīng)過(guò)暴風(fēng)

5、雨襲擊, 這所房屋并未倒塌。survivor n. 幸存者There was only one survivor from / of the plane crash. 這次空難只有一名幸存者。survival n. 幸存 His only chance of survival was a heart transplant. 唯有心臟移植手術(shù)才能使他活下來(lái)。2. IN SEARCH OF THE AMBER ROOM 尋找琥珀屋search v, n.verb: sth for sth/sb 搜查某物以尋找某人或某物(1)Police are still searching the woods

6、for the missing girl. 警察在搜索森林尋找失蹤女孩。 (2)Firefighters searched the building for survivors. 消防戰(zhàn)士搜查大樓尋找幸存者。 sb for sth 搜查某人以尋找某物The police searched her for drugs. 警察搜查她，看她身上是否有毒品。 for sth/sb 尋找某物或某人(1)She searched in vain for her passport. 她尋找護(hù)照，但是沒(méi)找到。(2)Ive searched high and low for my lost pen. 我到處尋找

7、丟失的鋼筆。noun： for sb/sth 搜尋某人或某物(1)a search for a missing plane 搜尋失蹤的飛機(jī)(2)She went into the kitchen in search of (= looking for) a drink. 她進(jìn)入廚房找飲料喝。(3)Some birds fly south in search of winter sun. 一些鳥(niǎo)飛往南方尋覓冬季陽(yáng)光。(4)The search for a cure goes on. 對(duì)治療方法的尋找在進(jìn)行著。(5)The police carried out /made a thorough s

8、earch of the rooms, but they failed to find any drugs. 警方徹底地搜查了那些房間，但沒(méi)有找到任何毒品。3. The design of the room was in the fancy style popular in those days. 琥珀屋的設(shè)計(jì)是當(dāng)時(shí)流行的奇特風(fēng)格。design v, nverb: sth 設(shè)計(jì) (1)to design a car / a dress / an office 設(shè)計(jì)汽車(chē)，連衣裙，辦公室 (2)a badly designed kitchen一間設(shè)計(jì)很差的廚房(3)He designed and

9、built his own house. 他設(shè)計(jì)建造了自己的家。be design ed for sth / be designed as sth / be designed to do 為某目的或用途而設(shè)計(jì)制造(1)The gloves are designed for extremely cold climates. 這些手套是為嚴(yán)寒地區(qū)設(shè)計(jì)制造的。(2)This course is designed as an introduction to the subject. 這門(mén)課程是作為該科目的入門(mén)課而開(kāi)設(shè)的。(3)The programme is designed to help peop

10、le who have been out of work. 這個(gè)項(xiàng)目是為幫助失業(yè)的人而開(kāi)設(shè)的。noun: (1)She had designs on his money. 她覬覦他的錢(qián)財(cái)。(2)We dont know if it was done by accident or by design. 我們不知道那件事是偶然的還是故意的。4. She told her artists to add more details to it. 她讓她的藝術(shù)家們給琥珀屋增加一些細(xì)節(jié)。add v. sth (to sth) 添加，增加Shall I add your name to the list? 我

11、把你的名字加到名單上，好嗎？ A to B / A and B together 加(1) Add 9 to the total. 在總數(shù)上加9。(2) If you add 5 and 5 together, you get 10. 5加5 得10。 sth (to sth) 補(bǔ)充說(shuō)，又說(shuō)(1) I have nothing to add to my earlier statement. 我對(duì)先前說(shuō)的話(huà)沒(méi)什么要補(bǔ)充的。(2) “And dont be late,”she added. 她補(bǔ)充說(shuō)，“別遲到了！”(3) He added that he would return a week l

12、ater. 他補(bǔ)充說(shuō)他過(guò)一周就回來(lái)了。add to sth 增加The bad weather added to our difficulties. 壞天氣增加了我們的困難。add sth up 加起來(lái)Add up all the money I owe you. 把我欠你的錢(qián)加起來(lái)。add up to sth 加起來(lái)等于，等于說(shuō)(1) The numbers add up to exactly 100. 這些數(shù)加起來(lái)正好是100。(2) His long answer just adds up to a refusal. 他說(shuō)那么多實(shí)際等于是拒絕。5. The Russians were a

13、ble to remove some furniture and small art objects from the Amber Room. 俄羅斯人民從琥珀屋移走了一些家具和小藝術(shù)品。remove v. sth/sb from sth 將某物或某人從某處移開(kāi)(1)He removed his hand from her shoulder. 他把放在她肩上的手移開(kāi)了。(2)You should remove your hat in the church. 在教堂里你應(yīng)該脫帽。(3)He removed the mud from his shoes. 他去掉鞋上的泥。(4)That offic

14、er was removed from his position. 那位軍官被免職了。 sth 消除，使消失(1)to remove problems / difficulties / objections 解決問(wèn)題，克服困難，消除反對(duì)意見(jiàn)(2)The news removed any doubts about the companys future. 這個(gè)消息消除了人們對(duì)公司的未來(lái)的疑慮。(3)It was impossible to remove the stains from the tablecloth. 這些污漬不可能從桌布上除掉。removal n. 移動(dòng),調(diào)動(dòng),遷移,排除;免職(

15、1)removal of an official 一位官員的免職(2)The factory announced its removal to another town. 這家工廠(chǎng)宣布遷往另一座城市。6. There is no doubt that the boxes were put on a train for Konigsberg. 毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，那些箱子被裝上開(kāi)往哥尼斯堡的火車(chē)。doubt v/nverb： v +sth There seems no reason to doubt her words. 好象沒(méi)有理由懷疑她的話(huà)。 v +(that) I never doubted (th

16、at) he would come. 我確信他會(huì)來(lái)。 v +wh- I doubt whether / if he will come. 我不敢肯定他來(lái)不來(lái)。v +sb I had no reason to doubt him. 我沒(méi)有理由懷疑他。noun U, C about / as to sth / that / wh- 懷疑(1)There is some doubt about her honesty. 人們對(duì)她的誠(chéng)實(shí)有些懷疑。(2)I have some doubt as to his intention. 我有些懷疑他的意圖。(3)There is no doubt that h

17、e is a kind person. 毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，他是個(gè)善良的人。(4)She had her doubts whether he was telling the truth. 她懷疑他沒(méi)說(shuō)真話(huà)。beyond (any) doubt 毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)It is beyond doubt that smoking is harmful to our health. 毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，吸煙有害健康。in doubt 懷疑；不肯定She is in doubt whether she is right. 她懷疑自己是否正確。no doubt 無(wú)疑 No doubt he means to help, but in

18、fact he just gets in the way. 無(wú)疑他想幫忙，而實(shí)際上他是幫倒忙。without doubt 毫無(wú)疑問(wèn) This meeting has been, without doubt, the most successful we have had so far. 這次會(huì)議無(wú)疑是開(kāi)得最成功的一個(gè)。練習(xí)：(1). Do you doubt _she will succeed?(2). I doubt _ he will keep his word.(3). I have no doubt _ he will win the game.Keys: (1). that (2).

19、 whether/if (3). that7. To them, it was worth much more than Chen Lei paid. 對(duì)他們來(lái)說(shuō)，它的價(jià)值遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)高于陳雷花的錢(qián)。 (1) worth adj, n.adj: sth / doing sth 值，值得The house is worth about £1000000. 這座房子價(jià)值1000000英鎊。How much is this painting worth? 這幅畫(huà)值多少錢(qián)？The museum is certainly worth a visit. 這個(gè)博物館值得參觀(guān)。Was it worth th

20、e effort? 它值得費(fèi)這個(gè)勁嗎？The job involves a lot of hard work but its worth it. 這個(gè)工作很費(fèi)勁，但值得去做。The trip was expensive but it was worth every penny. 這次旅行花了不少錢(qián)，但花得很值。This idea is well worth considering. 這個(gè)想法很值得考慮。Hes worth £10 million. 他擁有1千萬(wàn)的財(cái)產(chǎn)。noun U 價(jià)值The winner will receive 100 pounds' worth of b

21、ooks. 獲勝者將得到價(jià)值100英鎊的圖書(shū)。(2) more than的用法 “more than名詞” 表示“多于”、“不僅僅是” 如： Modern science is more than a large amount of information. 現(xiàn)代科學(xué)不僅僅是大量的信息。Jason is more than a lecturer; he is a writer, too. 他不僅僅是講師，他還是個(gè)作家?！癿ore than數(shù)詞”含“以上”或“不止”之意，如： I have known David for more than 20 years. “More than形容詞”等于“

22、很”或“非常”的意思，如： In doing scientific experiments, one must be more than careful with the instruments. 做科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)時(shí)，必須非常小心儀器。I assure you I am more than glad to help you. 我保證我非常高興幫你。在“more.than.”中，肯定“more”后面的而否定“than”后面的，約等于“是而不是”或“與其說(shuō)是后者，不如說(shuō)是前者”如： Catherine is more lazy than stupid. 與其說(shuō)凱瑟琳笨，不如說(shuō)她懶。Hearing the

23、 loud noise, the boy was more surprised than frightened. 聽(tīng)到那聲巨響，男孩很驚訝而不是害怕。“more than”或“more.than.”含“can”的分句時(shí)表示“否定意思”，如： That's more than I can do. 這我做不了。Don't bite off more than you can chew. 貪多嚼不爛。Her joke went too far. It was more than I could put up with. 她的玩笑開(kāi)得太過(guò)了，我受不了。此外，“more than”也在一

24、些慣用語(yǔ)中出現(xiàn)，如： More often than not（經(jīng)常），people tend to pay attention to what they can take rather than what they can give. All of us are more than a little concerned about（非常關(guān)心）the current economic problems. 總之，“more than”看似簡(jiǎn)單，其實(shí)很有內(nèi)涵。8. After that, what happened to the Amber Room remains a mystery. 從那以后，

25、琥珀屋到底發(fā)生了什么事一直是個(gè)謎。remain 保持；停留；剩下(1)依然：v+adj / n / v-ed/ v-ing /thatto remain silent / standing / seated / motionless 保持沉默/站著/坐著/不動(dòng)Train fares are likely to remain unchanged. 火車(chē)費(fèi)可能保持不變。In spite of their quarrel, they remain the best of friends. 盡管吵架了，但他們依然是最好的朋友。Im sorry youre tired, but the fact rem

26、ains that the job has to be done. 很遺憾你累了，不過(guò)事還得做。(2)剩下：v+ (to do) Very little of the house remained after the fire. 大火之后房子所剩無(wú)幾。 There were only ten minutes remaining. 只剩下10分鐘。Much remains to be done. 很多事有待于做。It remains to be seen whether you are right. 你是否對(duì)以后才能知曉。(3)停留： v + adv. / prep They remained

27、in Mexico until June. 他們?cè)谀鞲绱舻搅肆隆?She left, but I remained behind. 她離開(kāi)了，但我留了下來(lái)?？祭?. (2009四川) Please remain _ until the plane has come to a complete stop. A. to seat B. to be seated C. seating D. seated解析：答案是D。seat sb 意為“讓某人坐下”，所以某人坐著即為 “(Sb) be seated”。而remain同be一樣也是系動(dòng)詞，所以后面也接seated。也可以把seated看作一個(gè)表

28、狀態(tài)的形容詞“坐著的”。 remain 表示“依然，繼續(xù)”，為系動(dòng)詞，后加名詞，形容詞或分詞做表語(yǔ)?？祭?. With the _ five dollars, she bought a pair of shoes for her daughter. A. moreB. remainingC. leftD. rest解析：答案是B。remain表“剩下”為不及物動(dòng)詞，表主動(dòng)不用被動(dòng)，所以它的形容詞形式為-ing. C選項(xiàng)的left 做后置定語(yǔ)。D項(xiàng)的rest為名詞，可帶of短語(yǔ)，不修飾名詞。9. It can be proved that China has more population th

29、an any other countries in the world. 可以證明，中國(guó)人口比世界上任何其他國(guó)家都多。prove (proved, proved) or (proved, proven)(1)vt. 證明 sth (to sb) They hope this new evidence will prove her innocence. 他們希望這個(gè)新證據(jù)會(huì)證明她無(wú)罪。Just give me a chance and Ill prove it to you. 給我一個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)，我會(huì)證明給你看。 (that) This proves (that) I was right. 這證明我是

30、對(duì)的。 wh- This proves what I have been saying for some time. 這證明了我一段時(shí)間以來(lái)所說(shuō)的話(huà)。 +賓語(yǔ)+ adj She was determined to prove him wrong. 她決心要證明他錯(cuò)了。(2)系動(dòng)詞：證明是，顯示是v+adj/n Perhaps this book will prove (to be) useful. 或許這本書(shū)會(huì)證明有用的。 On the long journey, he proved a good companion.在長(zhǎng)途旅行中他顯示出是個(gè)好旅伴。v +to be The prom

31、otion proved to be a turning point in his career. 這次提拔證明是他事業(yè)的轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn)。Their fears proved to be groundless. 他們的擔(dān)心證明是無(wú)根據(jù)的。 oneself (to be) n/adj He proved himself to be a good companion. 他顯示自己是個(gè)好旅伴。難點(diǎn)突破 一長(zhǎng)難句分析 1. Fredrick William I, the King of Prussia, could never have imagined that his greatest gift to t

32、he Russian people would have such an amazing history. 普魯士國(guó)王威廉一世絕不可能想到他送給俄羅斯人民的厚禮會(huì)有這樣一段令人驚訝的歷史。 could never have imagined 過(guò)去不可能想到 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+ have done 表示對(duì)過(guò)去所發(fā)生的事情的推測(cè)，現(xiàn)歸納如下： must + have done只用于肯定句，意思是“過(guò)去一定做過(guò)”。cant +have done “過(guò)去不可能做過(guò)，肯定沒(méi)做過(guò)”，是must + have done的否定形式。should (ought to) + have done 表示“本來(lái)應(yīng)該做而實(shí)際上沒(méi)

33、做”,含有責(zé)備的語(yǔ)氣。 should not (ought not to) + have done則表示“本來(lái)不該做而實(shí)際上做了”，含有責(zé)備的語(yǔ)氣。 could + have done 表示“本來(lái)有能力做而實(shí)際上沒(méi)有做”。 neednt + have done 表示“本來(lái)不必做的事，實(shí)際上做過(guò)了?！?would like to have done 表示“本來(lái)希望做而卻未做的事”。 may (might) + have done表示對(duì)過(guò)去的推測(cè)，多用于陳述句，意思是“可能”。might 比may 語(yǔ)氣更加委婉。 例如：例1. (2007福建) -Where is my dictionary? I

34、 remember I put it here yesterday.- You _ it in the wrong place. A. must putB. should have put C. might put D. might have put解析：答案是D。might have done表示過(guò)去可能做過(guò)的事。例2. (2007上海)-Guess what! I have got an A for my term paper. -Great! You _ read widely and put a lot of work into it. A. mustB. should C. must

35、 have D. should have解析：答案是C。此句意為“你肯定讀了很多書(shū)”，對(duì)過(guò)去發(fā)生的事情進(jìn)行推測(cè)用must have done。例3. (2008重慶)-I cant find my purse anywhere. -You have lost it while shopping. A. may B. can C. should D. would解析：答案是A。此句意為“你可能購(gòu)物時(shí)丟了它了”，過(guò)去可能發(fā)生的事情用may have done。例4. (上海 2000) My sister met him at the&#

36、160;Grand Theater yesterday afternoon, so he _  your lecture  A couldnt have attended  B neednt have attended  C mustnt have attended  D shouldnt have attended 解析：答案是A。此句意為 “我妹妹昨天下

37、午在大劇院碰見(jiàn)他了，所以他不可能聽(tīng)了你的講座?！?表示過(guò)去不可能做了用“cant / couldnt have done”。 2which took the countrys best artists about ten years to make. 它花了這個(gè)國(guó)家最好的藝術(shù)家十年的時(shí)間建造的。 take 表示“ 需要，花費(fèi)”，常用句型為“It takes sb some time to do sth.”例如： It took him all afternoon to finish the task. 他用了整個(gè)下午才完成這件工作。 Courage is what it takes to su

38、cceed. 成功需要勇氣。3. About four meters long, the room served as a small reception hall for important visitors. 琥珀屋長(zhǎng)約四米，被當(dāng)作了接待廳接見(jiàn)重要客人。 表示某物的長(zhǎng)，寬，高的結(jié)構(gòu)為：數(shù)詞+量詞+ long/ wide/ high 或：數(shù)詞+量詞+ in length/ width/ height例：- _ is the height of the mountain? -Its 8848 meters _. A. How tall; highB. What; tallC. What; in

39、 heightD. What high; high 解析：答案是C。高度是多少用what提問(wèn)，第二空可填high或in height。4. This was a time when the two countries were at war. 這是兩國(guó)交戰(zhàn)的時(shí)期。 a time 表示一段時(shí)間，為先行詞，when 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，when在定語(yǔ)從句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)?？碱}：There was _ time _ I hated to go to school. A. a, that B. a, whenC. the, thatD. the, when解析：答案是B。此題結(jié)構(gòu)和所分析的句子完全相同。 at

40、war (with) (和)處于交戰(zhàn)狀態(tài)，war前不要冠詞。其他“介詞+冠詞”表狀態(tài)的短語(yǔ)有： at: at work在工作/ at table 在吃飯/ at play 在玩耍 on: on show 在展出 / on duty值班/ on sale 出售；賤賣(mài)/ on holiday 在度假/ on fire在燃燒 / on watch值班，放哨/ on trial受審/ on business 因公，因事/ on guard 警惕，防范in: in trouble在麻煩中 / in danger 處于危險(xiǎn)中/ in battle 在交戰(zhàn)/ in doubt懷疑，不確定/ in order

41、 秩序井然，整齊/ in secret 秘密地，私下地/ in debt 欠債/ in shape 處于良好狀態(tài)/ in anger憤怒地/ in poverty 在貧困中under: under repair在修理中 / under discussion正被討論 / under construction正在建造中 / under treatment 正被治療under control 被控制住5. The Russians were able to remove some furniture and small art objects from the Amber Room. 俄羅斯人民從琥

42、珀屋移走了一些家具和小藝術(shù)品。 was/ were able to 表示過(guò)去經(jīng)過(guò)努力，成功地做了某事，表達(dá)一種結(jié)果。類(lèi)似于succeeded in doing 或managed to do的含義。如：He worked very hard, and was able to pass the examination. 他學(xué)習(xí)很努力，因而通過(guò)了考試?？碱}: The fire spread through the 

43、;hotel very quickly but everyone _ get out.  A. had to  B. would  C. could  D. was able to 解析：答案是D。此題意為“大火迅速在賓館蔓延開(kāi)，但人們都成功地逃出去了”，表示過(guò)去成功地做了某事只能使用was  were able to do，故本題選D。二.詞語(yǔ)辨析：1. worth, wor

44、thy, worthwhile(1)worth: 只作表語(yǔ)，有某種價(jià)值The picture is worth $ 500. 這幅畫(huà)值500 美元。 be worth doing 值得做某事 （其后接動(dòng)名詞時(shí)，總是用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。）The clock is hardly worth repairing. 這臺(tái)鐘簡(jiǎn)直不值得修理。What is worth doing is worth doing well. 值得干的事就得干好。Nothing he said was worth listening to. 他說(shuō)的話(huà)沒(méi)有一句值得聽(tīng)。 worth 習(xí)慣上不用 very 修飾，要表示類(lèi)似意思可

45、用 well。如： The work is well worth doing.(2)worthy可用作表語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ) worthy of sth值得 Their efforts are worthy of your support. 他們的努力應(yīng)得到你的支持。  Her behavior is worthy of praise. 她的行為是值得贊揚(yáng)的。 be worthy to do 值得（表主動(dòng)） He is worthy to receive such honor. 他應(yīng)該得到這種榮譽(yù)。 be worthy of being done/ be worthy to be do

46、ne 值得被（表被動(dòng)） This suggestion is worthy to be considered. 這個(gè)建議值得考慮。This suggestion is worthy of being considered. 這個(gè)建議值得考慮。 作定語(yǔ)，值得尊重和考慮的，如：a worthy course 崇高的事業(yè)，(3)worthwhile: adj值得的，值得花時(shí)間、錢(qián)或精力的，作表語(yǔ), 后接動(dòng)名詞或不定式均可。 如：It is worthwhile buying/ to buy the dictionary. 這本詞典值得買(mǎi)。作定語(yǔ)，如：Nursing is a very worthwh

47、ile career. 護(hù)理工作是很值得干的職業(yè)。補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明：在很多情況下，同一個(gè)意思可用幾種不同的形式表達(dá)。如：那個(gè)地方值得一去。正：The place is worth a visit.正：The place is worthy of a visit.正：The place is worth visiting.正：It is worth visiting the place.正：The place is worthy of being visited.正：The place is worthy to be visited.正：It is worthwhile visiting the pla

48、ce.正：It is worthwhile to visit the place.2. spend, cost, take, pay(1)spend的主語(yǔ)必須是人，常用于以下結(jié)構(gòu)： spend timemoney on sth. 在上花費(fèi)時(shí)間（金錢(qián)）。例：I spent two hours on this maths problem. 這道數(shù)學(xué)題花了我兩個(gè)小時(shí)。 spend timemoney (in) doing sth. 花費(fèi)時(shí)間（金錢(qián)）做某事。例：They spent two years (in) building this bridge. 造這座橋花了他們兩年時(shí)間。(2)cost的主語(yǔ)

49、是物或某種活動(dòng)， 還可以表示“值”， 常見(jiàn)用法如下：sth. costs + (sb.) 金錢(qián). 某物花了（某人）多少錢(qián)。例：A new computer costs a lot of money. 買(mǎi)一臺(tái)新電腦要花一大筆錢(qián)。 sth. costs + (sb.) 代價(jià). 做某事使某人付出了什么代價(jià)。例：Drunk driving cost him his life. 酒后開(kāi)車(chē)使他付出了生命的代價(jià)。 (3)take后面常跟雙賓語(yǔ)， 常見(jiàn)用法有以下幾種：It takes sb. 時(shí)間to do sth. 做某事花了某人多少時(shí)間。例：It took them three years to buil

50、d this road. 他們用了三年時(shí)間修完了這條路。It takes (sb )sth + to do sth. 做某事需要(某人)某物。例：Courage is what it takes to succeed.成功需要勇氣。A smile is sometimes what it takes to cheer a friend up. 有時(shí)候一個(gè)微笑就會(huì)使朋友高興起來(lái)。(4)pay的基本用法是： (Sb) pay (sb.) money for sth. 付錢(qián)（給某人）買(mǎi)。例：I have to pay them 20 pounds for this room each month.

51、我每個(gè)月要付20英磅的房租。 pay for sth. 付的錢(qián)。例：I have to pay for the book lost. 我不得不賠丟失的書(shū)款。 pay sb (+ to do) 付錢(qián)給某人(去做某事)。 例: We pay the baby-sitter by the hour. 我們按小時(shí)給保姆錢(qián)。I will pay you $3 to clean my car.我給你3美元你替我洗車(chē)。語(yǔ)法點(diǎn)撥限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句一限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的概念1.限制性定語(yǔ)從句： 限制性定語(yǔ)從句對(duì)先行詞起限制、修飾的作用，關(guān)系代詞有that, which, whom,

52、who, whose以及關(guān)系副詞when, where, why等，沒(méi)有逗號(hào)把從句與先行詞分開(kāi)。限制性定語(yǔ)從句是先行詞不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明確。例如： Do you know the professor who is speaking at the meeting? Where is the book which I bought this morning? 2.非限制性定語(yǔ)從句： 非限制性定語(yǔ)從句是先行詞的附加說(shuō)明，去掉了也不會(huì)影響主句的意思，它與主句之間通常用逗號(hào)分開(kāi)。用法其實(shí)與限制性定語(yǔ)從句極為相似，只是不能用that引導(dǎo)。例如： This letter is from

53、his parents, who are working in Tibet. English is an important subject, which every student should study well. 二. 限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別 1. 從形式上看，限制性定語(yǔ)從句與其先行詞緊緊相連，兩者沒(méi)有停頓；非限制性定語(yǔ)從句與先行詞之間有逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)。2. 從意義上講，限制性定語(yǔ)從句用來(lái)修飾先行詞，兩者密不可分；而非限制性定語(yǔ)從句僅僅對(duì)先行詞作補(bǔ)充性敘述或說(shuō)明，兩者關(guān)系不那么緊密。3. 從翻譯方法來(lái)看，一般來(lái)說(shuō)，限制性定語(yǔ)從句多半譯成漢語(yǔ)的前置定語(yǔ)，修飾其后的先行詞，非限制性定語(yǔ)從句則往往譯成后置的并列從句。例如：This is the house which we bought last year. 這是我們?nèi)ツ曩I(mǎi)的那幢房子。（限制性） This letter is from his parents, who are working in Tibet. 這封信是他父母寫(xiě)來(lái)的，他們?cè)谖鞑毓ぷ?。（非限制性?#160; 4. 從關(guān)系詞的使用來(lái)看:(1) that不能用來(lái)引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。(2) 在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中的關(guān)系詞不能省略。(3) 非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞which既可以指代前面的先行詞，也可以指代前面整