大學(xué)英語(yǔ)@怎樣寫好英語(yǔ)句子

1、怎樣寫好英語(yǔ)句子我們?cè)谇懊嬖徇^(guò)學(xué)生的作文主要有以下幾個(gè)方面的問(wèn)題：第一、英語(yǔ)底子太薄。第二、詞匯量太小，且對(duì)已學(xué)詞匯記憶不清。第三、表達(dá)思想不清楚。 下面我們以考生的實(shí)際作文來(lái)進(jìn)行一下分析。1） Some one consider that fresh water will not touch it's end.(96年1月，2分)2） One man's life lack of money, he will impossible to live on. （95年1月，5分）3） As is know, that there are much fake commoditie

2、s in today's society.(97年12月，6分)這里引述的例句與考生通篇作文的寫作水平是一致的，其中5、6分的例句具有典型性，代表了近乎中等水平考生的寫作水平。從這些例句中不難看出，中等水平的考生，事實(shí)上也包括中上等水平的考生，在寫作上存在的主要問(wèn)題是表達(dá)思想不清楚。表達(dá)思想不清楚的主要原因是考生作文中嚴(yán)重漢化的英語(yǔ)，即中式英語(yǔ)，比如： "man can live happiness"， "Man is iron, and food is steel.", Women are half side sky.。此外，語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤的普遍性和

3、嚴(yán)重性十分驚人，比如，主謂不一致，名詞單復(fù)數(shù)不分，動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)語(yǔ)態(tài)濫用，常用詞拼寫錯(cuò)誤比比皆是。這些嚴(yán)重地影響了思想的表達(dá)?？荚噷?shí)踐表明，多數(shù)考生在寫作上的主要欠缺不是系統(tǒng)的寫作理論和方法，而是最基本的單句寫作能力。 文章無(wú)論長(zhǎng)短，都是由句子組成的，句子是表達(dá)思想的最基本的單位。因此，句子是否能寫得正確、達(dá)意和清楚，將直接影響整篇文章的寫作質(zhì)量。大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四、六級(jí)考試和研究生入學(xué)英語(yǔ)考試的實(shí)踐都表明，考生寫作成績(jī)長(zhǎng)期得不到明顯提高的主要原因是欠缺寫好單句的能力。為改變這種狀況，我們將從剖析考生作文中的典型病句入手，對(duì)寫作測(cè)試中的基本句子結(jié)構(gòu)和寫法進(jìn)行評(píng)議和分析，來(lái)幫助考生進(jìn)一步提高句子寫作能力。否定

4、結(jié)構(gòu)除了在助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，be和have后面加not之外，還有許多不含not的否定結(jié)構(gòu)。若能正確使用他們，文章會(huì)顯得生動(dòng)活潑，增加寫作的閃光點(diǎn)。下面我們就來(lái)看看:1 含有否定意義的詞匯和短語(yǔ)以下列舉的詞和詞組本身就具有否定的含義，因此無(wú)需用否定詞。介詞against, beyond, but, except, without,.形容詞和動(dòng)詞absent, deny, differ, different, fail, free, ignore, miss, refuse, the last, used to,reluctant, lack, want,.短語(yǔ)keep.from, protect

5、.from, prevent.from, let alone, at a loss, in vain, instead of, outof the question, rather than, too.to, by no means, anything but,.我們看以下例句：1） Women fail to get the equal rights in some countries. 在一些國(guó)家里婦女沒(méi)有得到平等的權(quán)利。2） This is by no means the best way to solve the problem of energy crisis.這不是解決能源危機(jī)的最

6、好的辦法。3） We should protect trees from being destroyed.我們應(yīng)保護(hù)樹木，不讓它們受破壞。4） In old China we could not make a nail, let alone(make) machines.在舊中國(guó)，我們連一個(gè)釘子都造不了，更不用說(shuō)制造機(jī)器了。2 含有半否定意義的詞語(yǔ)barely, hardly, few, little, rarely, scarcely, seldom, not all, not everyone, not everything,.具有半否定的意義。例句：1） We could hardly

7、see any fresh vegetables in winter on market several years ago.幾年前在冬天市場(chǎng)上很難見(jiàn)到新鮮蔬菜。2） These young people know little about how to choose good books to read.這些年輕人幾乎不知道如何挑選優(yōu)秀的書籍來(lái)讀。3 不含否定意義的否定結(jié)構(gòu) 有些詞和詞組形式上是否定結(jié)構(gòu)，但其含義是肯定的，比如：cannot but, can't help,no sooner.than, not.until, in no time, none other than,

8、nothing but,等等。例句：1） We can't but face the reality.我們只有面對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)。2） These old buildings will be replaced by modern apartment buildings in no time.這些舊建筑將很快為現(xiàn)代化的公寓所代替。4 否定結(jié)構(gòu)的倒裝語(yǔ)序我們有時(shí)為了強(qiáng)調(diào)而把否定詞和詞組放在句首，這時(shí)句子結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)倒裝。例如：1） On no account should we follow blindly.我們決不應(yīng)當(dāng)盲從。2） No where has the world ever seen such

9、 great enthusiasm for learning as in ourcountry.沒(méi)有任何其他地方有我國(guó)這樣高的學(xué)習(xí)熱情。五、 含有it的結(jié)構(gòu)考生病句：1. As is known to all of us that science and technology play an important role in the development of society.2. It is known to us, practice makes perfect.正確表達(dá)：1. It is known to all of us that science and technology pl

10、ay an important role in the development of society. (或:As is known to all of us, science.)2. It is known to us that practice makes perfect. (或:As is known to us, practice.)評(píng)議與分析：例句1是93年12月六級(jí)考試11分作文的評(píng)分樣卷句子，例句2選自97年1月四級(jí)考試作文。很顯然，兩個(gè)考生混淆了it和as的用法。如果用it作形式主語(yǔ)，后面的主語(yǔ)從句必須由that引起；如果用as，則后面不能用that，因?yàn)閍s是關(guān)系代詞，代表p

11、ractice makes perfect。It 在英語(yǔ)中是個(gè)相當(dāng)活躍的代詞，在寫作中我們常要使用它。以下幾種用法應(yīng)熟練掌握，并能靈活運(yùn)用。 1作形式主語(yǔ)It is necessary for us to master a foreign language skillfully. It makes difference whether we could purify the air or not.2.作形式賓語(yǔ)We find it rather difficult to prevent people from doing that. Modern science has made it pos

12、sible for babies to grow healthily and for people to live longer.3.引導(dǎo)強(qiáng)調(diào)句It is only by this way that we can achieve success. It was then that people began to realize the importance of controlling population.從語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)看，上述的句子都不難，或者可以說(shuō)是考生相當(dāng)熟悉的。然而在寫作考試中，多數(shù)考生缺乏運(yùn)用自己已掌握的句式的意識(shí)，而以自己頭腦中拼湊的中式英語(yǔ)取而代之。其實(shí)，只要能恰當(dāng)?shù)剡\(yùn)用上述的任

13、何一個(gè)句式，考生的作文就會(huì)出現(xiàn)閃光點(diǎn)，就會(huì)取得比較好的成績(jī)。 怎樣寫好英語(yǔ)段落（二）<- .NET 版權(quán)所有 請(qǐng)勿復(fù)制 ->段落發(fā)展的手段及結(jié)尾段的寫法在上一講我們講了主題句，推展句的寫法；這一講我們要進(jìn)一步來(lái)談一談段落發(fā)展的幾種手段以及結(jié)尾段的寫法。段落發(fā)展的幾種手段， 1 列舉法(details)作者運(yùn)用列舉法，是通過(guò)列舉一系列的論據(jù)對(duì)topic sentence中擺出的論點(diǎn)進(jìn)行廣泛、全面地陳述或解釋，列舉的順序可以按照所列各點(diǎn)內(nèi)容的相對(duì)重要性、時(shí)間、空間等進(jìn)行。，Yesterday was one of those awful days for me when everyth

14、ing I did went wrong. First, I didn't hear my alarm clock and arrived late for work. Then, I didn't read my diary properly and forgot to get to an important meeting with my boss. During the coffee break, I dropped my coffee cup and spoilt my new skirt. At lunch time, I left my purse on a bus

15、 and lost all the money that was in it. After lunch, my boss was angry because I hadn't gone to the meeting. Then I didn't notice a sign on a door that said "Wet Paint" and so I spoilt my jacket too. When I got home I couldn't get into my flat because I had left my key in my of

16、fice. So I broke a window to get in and cut my hand.根據(jù)本段主題句中的關(guān)鍵詞組everything I did went wrong，作者列舉了8點(diǎn)內(nèi)容，分別由first, then, during the coffee break, after lunch time等連接詞語(yǔ)引出，使得該文條理清楚、脈絡(luò)分明、內(nèi)容連貫。常用于列舉法的過(guò)渡連接詞有：for one thing , for another, finally, besides, moreover, one another , still another, first, second

17、, also等。，2. 舉例法(example)作者通過(guò)舉出具體事例來(lái)闡述、說(shuō)明主題句的內(nèi)容，嚴(yán)格地講，舉例法也是列舉法的一種，它們的區(qū)別在于：列舉法側(cè)重羅列事實(shí)，所列事實(shí)力求全面；而舉例法側(cè)重通過(guò)舉出典型事例來(lái)解釋作者觀點(diǎn)，且事例可多可少。我們來(lái)看下面這個(gè)用舉例法展開的段落。，There are many different forms of exercises to suit different tastes. For example, those who enjoy competitive sports may take up ball games. For another exampl

18、e, if they prefer to exercise alone, they can have a run or take a walk in the morning or in the evening. Besides, people can go swimming in the summer and go skating in the winter. In short, no matter what their interests are, people can always find more than one sports that are suitable to them.，本

19、段采用了三個(gè)事例來(lái)說(shuō)明主題句中的關(guān)鍵詞組different forms of exercises，這三個(gè)例子分別由連接詞for example, for another example 和 besides引出，最后由引導(dǎo)的結(jié)尾句總結(jié)全段內(nèi)容。舉例法中常用的連接詞有：for example (instance), one example is, besides, furthermore, moreover, in addition等。，3. 敘述法(narration)敘述法發(fā)展段落主要是按照事物本身的時(shí)間或空間的排列順序，通過(guò)對(duì)一些特有過(guò)渡連接詞的使用，有層次分步驟地表達(dá)主題句的一種寫作手段。

20、用這種方法展開段落，作者能夠清楚連貫地交待事物的本末，從而可以使讀者可以清晰、完整地理解文章的含義，例如：，In the flat opposite, a woman heard the noise outside. When she looked out through the window, she discovered that her neighbor was threatened by someone. She immediately called the police station. In answer to the call, a patrol police car arriv

21、ed at the scene of the crime quickly. Three policemen went inside the flat at once, and others guarded outside the building to prevent anyone from escaping.，這段是按照事物發(fā)展的先后順序，敘述從發(fā)現(xiàn)案情、報(bào)警、到警察趕到、包圍現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的過(guò)程。全文脈絡(luò)清晰，敘述的層次感強(qiáng)，結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊。常用于敘述法中的過(guò)渡連接詞有：first, an the beginning, to start with, after that, later, then, aft

22、erwards, in the end, finally等。，4 對(duì)比法或比較法(comparison & contrast)將同類的事物按照某種特定的規(guī)則進(jìn)行比較分析是一種常用的思維方法。通過(guò)對(duì)比，更容易闡述所述對(duì)象之間的異同和優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)，例如： The heart of an electronic computer lies in its vacuum tubes, or transistors. Its electronic circuits work a thousand times faster than the nicer cells in the human brain. A

23、 problem that might take a human being a long time to solve can be solved by a computer in one minute. 在這段文字上， 作者為了突出電子計(jì)算機(jī)運(yùn)行速度之快，首先將它與人腦進(jìn)行了比較， "- a thousand times faster than -" ;而后，又將這一概念具體到了 "a problem"上，通過(guò)對(duì)比使讀者從 "- a long time - in one minute"上有更加直觀的認(rèn)識(shí)。常用于對(duì)本法或比較法上的過(guò)渡

24、連接詞有：than, compared with等。，5 分類法(classification)在闡述某一概念的段落中，常用分類法。通過(guò)對(duì)概念中所包括的事物進(jìn)行分門別類，分別加以敘述，使讀者有更為清晰的認(rèn)識(shí)，如： Ever since humans have lived on the earth, they have made use of various forms of communication. Generally, this expression of thoughts and feelings has been in the form of oral speech. When th

25、ere is a language barrier, communication is accomplished through sign language in which motions stand for letters, words and ideas. Tourists and the people unable to hear or speak have had to resort to this form of expression. Many of these symbols of whole words are very vivid and exact and can be

26、used internationally; spelling, however, cannot. Body language transmits ideas or thoughts by certain actions, either intentionally or unintentionally. A nod signifies approval, while shaking the head indicates a negative reaction. Other forms of nonlinguistic language can be found in signal flags,

27、Morse code, and picture signs. 在該段中為了說(shuō)明topic sentence中的 "various forms of communication"，作者將其分為oral speech, sign language, body language及other forms of nonlinguistic language，并逐加闡述。采用這種方法的段落并沒(méi)有標(biāo)志突出的連接詞，所述各項(xiàng)均為平行并列關(guān)系，所以沒(méi)有明顯的主次之分。，6的因果分析法(cause and effect)在闡述某一現(xiàn)象的段落中，常采用因果分析法。例如： The role of

28、women in today's society is changing. One reason is that women have begun to assert themselves as independent people through the women's movement. Also, women are aware of the alternatives to staying at home. Another reason is that increasing numbers of women who enter new fields and interes

29、ts serve as role models for other women. Moreover, men are becoming more conscious of the abilities of women and have begun to view their independence positively. 本段中，主題句提出了一種社會(huì)現(xiàn)象，推展句則對(duì)產(chǎn)生這種現(xiàn)象的原因作出各種解釋。 常用于因果分析法的連接詞有：because, so, as a result等。，7 定義法(definition)在科普文章的寫作中，定義法是必不可少的。通過(guò)下定義，可以使讀者對(duì)該事物有一個(gè)更直

30、接的認(rèn)識(shí)。 Automation refers to the introduction of electronic control and automation operation of productive machinery. It reduces the human factors, mental and physical, in production, and is designed to make possible the manufacture of more goods with fewer workers. The development of automation in Am

31、erican industry has been called the "Second Industrial Revolution". 這一段文字使我們了解了 "automation" 和 "Second Industrial Revolution" 兩個(gè)概念，分別由 "refers to" 和 "been called" 引出。常出現(xiàn)在定義法中的詞語(yǔ)有：refer to, mean, call等。，8. 重復(fù)法(repetition)句子的一部分反復(fù)出現(xiàn)在段落中，這就是重復(fù)法。它往往造成一種步

32、步緊逼的氣氛，使文章結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，有感染力。比如： Since that time, which is far enough away from now, I have often thought that few people know what secrecy there is in the young, under terror. I was in mortal terror of the young man who wanted my heart and liver; I was in mortal terror of my interlocutor with the iron leg;

33、I was in mortal terror of myself, from whom an awful promise had been extracted; - 該段中反復(fù)應(yīng)用了I was in mortal terror of 我經(jīng)常處于恐怖之中。以上， 我們結(jié)合具體文章討論了展開段落的幾種方法。在實(shí)際寫作中，我們往往不必拘泥于一種寫作方法，而是將若干方法穿插在一起，使文章有聲有色。，結(jié)尾段我們知道文章的開頭很重要，因?yàn)楹玫拈_頭可以吸引讀者、抓住讀者的注意力。同樣，文章的結(jié)尾也很重要，好的結(jié)尾會(huì)使讀者對(duì)全文的中心思想留下深刻的印象，可以增添文章的效果和說(shuō)服力，讓人深思，回味無(wú)窮。確切地說(shuō)

34、，結(jié)尾的作用就是概括全文內(nèi)容，進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)調(diào)或肯定文章的中心思想，使讀者加深印象；有時(shí)也用于展望未來(lái)，提出今后方向或令人深思的問(wèn)題給讀者留下回味和思考的余地。但是，如何才能寫好英文短文的結(jié)尾呢? 下面就介紹幾種寫結(jié)尾段最常用的方法：，1重復(fù)中心思想: 回到文章開頭闡明的中心思想或主題句上，達(dá)到再次肯定和強(qiáng)調(diào)的效果。(例1)A sense of humor is really one of the keys to happiness. It gives zest to life to make it worth living.(例2)With all these benefits, it is no

35、 wonder that sports and games have now become more popular with people than ever.，2作出結(jié)論: 文章最后用幾句話概括全文內(nèi)容，并進(jìn)一步肯定文章的中心思想或作者的觀點(diǎn)。(例1)In conclusion, a good teacher-student relationship can be mutual beneficial. The students gain knowledge eagerly and enjoyably, and the teacher gains satisfaction from his

36、job.(例2)On the whole there are more advantages than disadvantages in the use of TV. Yet different people may have different attitude toward TV. But we must realize that television in itself is neither good nor bad. Its value to people and society depends on how we look at it.，3應(yīng)用引語(yǔ): 用格言、諺語(yǔ)或習(xí)語(yǔ)總結(jié)全文，既言

37、簡(jiǎn)意賅又有更強(qiáng)的說(shuō)服力。(例1)If you have anything to do, try to do it yourself, for that is the safest way to permanent success. Remember the famous saying. "God helps those who help themselves."(例2)If we stick to studies day after day, there is nothing that can't be achieved. As an old saying goes

38、: "Constant dropping of water wears away a stone."，4用反問(wèn)結(jié)尾: 雖然形式是問(wèn)句，但意義卻是肯定的，具有明顯的強(qiáng)調(diào)作用，引起讀者思考。(例1)Therefore, listening skills must be consciously improved. Since it is such an important means of learning and communication, why should we not develop this ability as far as possible? (例2)So，wh

39、at can we benefit from wealth if we do not have health?，5提出展望或期望: 表示對(duì)將來(lái)的展望或期待讀者投入行動(dòng)。(例1)I am sure that Chinese will become one of the most important languages in the world in the next century. As China will open further to the outside world the language is sure to be spread world widely.(例2) If ever

40、yone has developed good manners, people will form a more harmonious relation. If everyone behaves considerately towards others and social ethics people will live in a better world. With the general mood of society improved, there will be a progress of civilization. 以上介紹了幾種寫結(jié)尾段最常用的方法，但到底選擇何種方法結(jié)尾還得根據(jù)文

41、體來(lái)決定。平鋪直敘的記敘文，往往在故事或事實(shí)情節(jié)講完時(shí)文章也就自然結(jié)束了，而說(shuō)理性和邏輯性較強(qiáng)的說(shuō)明文和議論文都應(yīng)有一個(gè)正式的結(jié)尾。希望以上介紹的幾種方法能對(duì)大家寫好結(jié)尾有所幫助。，首先，一個(gè)段落必須有一個(gè)中心即主題思想，該中心由主題句特別是其中的題旨來(lái)表達(dá)。整個(gè)段落必須緊扣這個(gè)主題(stick or hold to the topic)，這就是段落的統(tǒng)一性(unity)。其次，一個(gè)段落必須有若干推展句，使主題思想得到充分展開，從而給讀者一個(gè)完整的感覺(jué)，這就是完整性(completeness or adequateness)。再者，一個(gè)段落不是雜亂無(wú)章的，而是有機(jī)的組合，句子的排列順序必須合乎邏輯，從一個(gè)句子到另一個(gè)句子的過(guò)渡必須流暢(smooth)，這就是連貫性(coherence)。下面我們就對(duì)這三個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)分別加以說(shuō)明。，1.的統(tǒng)一性一個(gè)段落內(nèi)的各個(gè)句子必須從屬于一個(gè)中心，任何游離于中心思想之外的句子都是不可取的。請(qǐng)看下例：Joe and I decided to take the long trip we'd always wanted across the country. We were like young kids buying our camper and stocking it with