動(dòng)詞和動(dòng)詞詞組

1、動(dòng)詞分類（一） 1 1）主動(dòng)詞和助動(dòng)詞）主動(dòng)詞和助動(dòng)詞 主動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞詞組的語義核心，表示動(dòng)詞詞組的基本意義，因此，主動(dòng)詞又叫“實(shí)義動(dòng)詞”（Notional Verb）. He buys lemonade every time he goes shopping. She neednt have been waiting in the rain. You should have read the book. 助動(dòng)詞的語法功能是協(xié)助主動(dòng)詞表示不同的語法意義或情態(tài)意義，比如表示某一動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行或已經(jīng)完成，應(yīng)該做某事或不應(yīng)該做某事。 英語的助動(dòng)詞分為三類：基本主動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞和半助動(dòng)詞。 a)基本助

2、動(dòng)詞 基本助動(dòng)詞只有3個(gè)：be, do, have。作為助動(dòng)詞，be, do, have本身沒有詞匯意義，只在動(dòng)詞詞組中起語法作用。比如助動(dòng)詞be通常用來協(xié)助主動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成進(jìn)行體或被動(dòng)態(tài)： I am listening to a Beethoven symphony. The students were praised by the principal. 助動(dòng)詞do 通常用來協(xié)助助動(dòng)詞表達(dá)否定意義或構(gòu)成疑問句： My wife doesnt know Russian. What did she give to John for his birthday? 助動(dòng)詞do 還可用來加重語氣： You d

3、o look well. Do come and join us. 助動(dòng)詞have通常用來協(xié)助主動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成完成體或完成進(jìn)行體： Jane has seen that movie. I have been working here for 20years. b)情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞 情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞共有13個(gè)，其中包括一些過去時(shí)形式。它們是can / could, may / might, will / would, shall / should, must, ought to, dare, need, used to.情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞表達(dá)情態(tài)意義，其過去時(shí)形式并不一定就表示過去時(shí)間。情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞不能重疊使用；隨后的主動(dòng)

4、詞無一例外地是不帶to的不定式即動(dòng)詞原形。 It may snow before nightfall. Would you let me use your pen a minute?c) 半助動(dòng)詞半助動(dòng)詞指某些兼有主動(dòng)詞和助動(dòng)詞特征的語法結(jié)構(gòu)，比如have to, seem to之類的結(jié)構(gòu)既可與主動(dòng)詞搭配構(gòu)成復(fù)雜動(dòng)詞詞組并表示情態(tài)意義，從而像是情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞。I have to buy a new car.又能與其他助動(dòng)詞搭配，像是主動(dòng)詞。、 You will have to sell your house. He didnt seem to love her. 2)動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞和靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞和靜

5、態(tài)動(dòng)詞 英語動(dòng)詞，按其詞匯意義，又可分為動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞和靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞。動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞是表示運(yùn)動(dòng)狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞，而靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞則是表示一種相對(duì)靜止?fàn)顟B(tài)的動(dòng)詞。 a) 動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞 動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞，按詞匯意義，又可分為3個(gè)小類： 一是表示持續(xù)動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞，如drink, eat, fly, play, rain, run, sit, stand, sleep, talk, watch, write, work等。這類動(dòng)詞既可用于非進(jìn)行體，也可用于進(jìn)行體。 She works at a chemical factory. She has been working there for a long time. 二是表示改變或移動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞，

6、 如arrive, become, change, come, get, go, grow, leave, reach, turn等。這類動(dòng)詞也是既可用于非進(jìn)行體，也可用于進(jìn)行體。 Winter is here. The leaves of the trees are turning yellow. The weather is changing for the better. Shanghai has changed a lot in the past 10 years.三是表示短暫動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞，如hit, jump,kick, knock, open/ close (a door), put

7、 (something on the table), shut, take out等。這類動(dòng)詞可用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示說話時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的短暫動(dòng)作，若用進(jìn)行體則表示短暫動(dòng)作的不斷重復(fù)。The old man stops at a house and knocks at the door.Who is knocking at the door?這類動(dòng)詞若用一般過去時(shí)，則表示發(fā)生在過去的一次性短暫動(dòng)作，若用過去進(jìn)行體，也表示短暫動(dòng)作的不斷重復(fù)。He opened the door and ran out of the house.He was opening and closing the door to

8、make sure that it worked properly. b) 靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞 靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞表示存在于現(xiàn)時(shí)或過去的一種狀態(tài)。這種動(dòng)詞的最主要的語法特征就是通常用于非進(jìn)行體，若用進(jìn)行體，通常會(huì)引起語義的改變。這類動(dòng)詞，按詞匯意義，又可分為4小類。 第一類是用作主動(dòng)詞的be和have（作“有“解”） Jim is a teacher, but 20years ago he was a soldier. we have friends all over the world. 第二類是含有靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞be和have意義的動(dòng)詞，如apply to(適用于），belong to, differ from,

9、cost, weigh, measure, fit(適合）， hold(可容納），lack, resemble等。 This rule applies to everyone. This house belongs to my brother. 第三類是表示感覺的動(dòng)詞， 如feel, hear, see, smell, taste等。 She doesnt hear very well. The material feels soft. The roses smell fragrant. 第四類是表示心理或情感狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞， 如assume, believe, consider, detest,

10、 fear, hate, hope, imagine, know, like, love, mind, notice, prefer, regret, remember, suppose, think, understand, want, wish等 I believe we have met before. Jim knows Chinese. We understand your difficulty. 靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞若用于進(jìn)行體往往會(huì)改變含義，即變成了動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞。 如He is being foolish.(=is acting foolishly). Were having a wonderf

11、ul time(=are enjoying ourselves). 又例如某些屬于第二類的靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞，一旦用了進(jìn)行體也變成了動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞。 This camera costs 140 dollars. This mistake is costing us dearly(= is bringing great injury to us). 又例如，當(dāng)表示感覺的動(dòng)詞用于表示主動(dòng)含義時(shí)， 便是動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞。 I （can）taste pepper in it. Im tasting (品嘗）this soup. I am hearing (=attending) lectures at the univers

12、ity. He is seeing (=visiting) the sights. 但是， 表示肉體感覺的動(dòng)詞，如ache, feel, hurt等，用進(jìn)行體和不用進(jìn)行體均可，含義不變。 My foot aches / is aching. I dont feel / am not feeling very tired. 限定動(dòng)詞和非限定動(dòng)詞限定動(dòng)詞和非限定動(dòng)詞 英語的主動(dòng)詞出現(xiàn)在詞典或詞匯表中時(shí)通常是以原形出現(xiàn)，但當(dāng)它出現(xiàn)在句中時(shí)，便有5種語法形式，2種限定形式，即現(xiàn)在時(shí)和過去時(shí)。和3種非限定形式，即不定式、-ing分詞和-ed分詞。因此，限定動(dòng)詞和非限定動(dòng)詞之間最重要的區(qū)別在于前者有“時(shí)“

13、的標(biāo)記，而后者沒有“時(shí)”的標(biāo)記。動(dòng)詞的時(shí)、體、態(tài)、式概說動(dòng)詞的時(shí)、體、態(tài)、式概說 1）動(dòng)詞的時(shí)、體形式 時(shí)（tense）是個(gè)語法范疇，它是表示時(shí)間區(qū)別的動(dòng)詞形式。這就是說，“時(shí)”和“時(shí)間”即使有聯(lián)系的，也是有區(qū)別的。“時(shí)間”（time）是個(gè)普遍的概念，不管什么膚色和種族的人都有“過去”、“現(xiàn)在”、“將來”的時(shí)間概念，然而表達(dá)這種時(shí)間概念的語言手段卻隨著語言的不同而各異。如法語動(dòng)詞有過去時(shí)、“現(xiàn)在時(shí)”、“將來時(shí)”以分別表示過去、現(xiàn)在、將來的時(shí)間概念，而英語自“古英語”以來卻只有“現(xiàn)在時(shí)”和“過去時(shí)”，而沒有“將來時(shí)”。在現(xiàn)代英語中，能用以表示“將來”的語法手段是多種多樣的，但其中沒有哪一種堪稱專

14、職的“將來時(shí)”。漢語就更不同了。如“我過去是、現(xiàn)在是、將來永遠(yuǎn)是您的貼心人。” 體（Aspect）也是一個(gè)語法范疇，它表示動(dòng)作或過程在一定時(shí)間內(nèi)處于何種狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞形式。英語動(dòng)詞有兩個(gè)體：進(jìn)行體（Progressive Aspect）和完成體（Perfective Aspect）。進(jìn)行體是由助動(dòng)詞be的一定形式加主動(dòng)詞的-ing分詞構(gòu)成。如： I speak Chinese, but I am speaking English now. She taught physics, but she was teaching maths that term. 完成體是由助動(dòng)詞have 的一定形式加主動(dòng)詞

15、的-ed分詞構(gòu)成。 I have taught English for 20 years. He has been working here for 10 years. 由以上諸例可以看出，現(xiàn)在時(shí)和過去時(shí)即可以單獨(dú)使用，也可以和進(jìn)行體和完成體結(jié)合使用，也可以同時(shí)與完成體和進(jìn)行體結(jié)合使用。這樣，英語的限定動(dòng)詞詞組便有8種時(shí)、體形式。它們是（以主動(dòng)詞play為例）： 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)（Simple Present）: She plays the piano very well. 一般過去時(shí)（Simple Past）: She played the piano very well when she was

16、 young. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行體（Present progressive）: She is playing the piano now. 過去進(jìn)行體（past progressive）: She was playing the piano this time yesterday. 現(xiàn)在完成體（Present perfective）: She has played the piano for half an hour. 過去完成體（Past perfective）: By lunchtime, she had played the piano for an hour. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行完成體(Present

17、perfective progressive) She has been playing the piano for a long time. 過去完成進(jìn)行體（Past perfective progressive） By 10 oclock she had been playing the piano for two hours. 2）主動(dòng)態(tài)和被動(dòng)態(tài) 語態(tài)（Voice）,簡(jiǎn)稱“態(tài)”，是個(gè)語法范疇，它表示主語和謂語動(dòng)詞之間的主動(dòng)或被動(dòng)關(guān)系的動(dòng)詞形式。英語動(dòng)詞有兩種語態(tài)：主動(dòng)態(tài)（Active Voice）和被動(dòng)態(tài)（Passive Voice）。英語動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)態(tài)是沒有語法標(biāo)記的，而被動(dòng)態(tài)則是有標(biāo)記

18、的，通常是由助動(dòng)詞be的一定形式加及物動(dòng)詞的-ed分詞構(gòu)成，即be-型被動(dòng)態(tài)。 Millions of people play baseball in the United States. Baseball is played by millions of people in the United States. 被動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞詞組也可由不同的時(shí)、體形式，如： The boy is regarded as brilliant. This book was published in 1998. The visitors are being met at the airport. He told me that the mechine was being repaired. The car has been tuned up. Last month, the new road had been opened to traffic. 被動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞還可有非限定形式，仍以主動(dòng)詞pl