英國(guó)國(guó)家概況 歷史部分

1、Chapter 2 History 1.The Origins of a Nation: from the prehistory to Norman Conquest 1. 1 Early Settlers (5000BC55BC) 1.1.1 Iberians The first known settlers 3000 BC Wiltshire and Dorset Henges Stonehenge in Wiltshire 2000 BC 1.1.2 The Celts 700 BC From France, Belgium and southern Germany Practiced

2、farmers and ironworkers Ancestors of Highland Scots, Irish, Welsh Their languages are the basis of Welsh and Gaelic 1. 2 Roman Britain (55BC410AD) British recorded history begins with the Roman invasion. Julius Caesar, invaded Britain in 55 BC and he returned the following year. But he did not reall

3、y rule the island. The successful invasion, headed by the Emperor Claudius, came in AD 43. They ruled Britain for four centuries. The Romans built a network of towns and a network of roads. From London, roads radiated all over the country. They also brought the new religion, Christianity. They pulle

4、d out in AD 410. The Roman impact on the Britons was surprisingly limited. They left behind only roads, a few place names, and clusters of Christian converts. 1.3 The Anglo-Saxons (446-871) From mid-5th century Three Teutonic tribes: Jutes, Saxons, Angles from Denmark and Germany They were invited t

5、o drive out Celts, but after that they settled down and established their own kingdoms. The name England comes from the words Angle land. Anglo-Saxon kings did not have absolute power. They created the Witan (council or meeting of the wiseman) to advise the king, the basis of the Privy Council which

6、 still exists today. Unwritten Common Law Oral literary tradition: Beowulf Anglo-Saxons laid the foundations of the English state. 1.4 The Vikings and Danish Invasions Norwegian Vikings and the Danes Also called Norsemen The word Viking“ means Pirate raid“ From the end of the 8th centurythe Viking i

7、nvading Age from the Scandinavian countries, Norway and Denmark in particular Danes and the Danelaw The Vikings established small kingdoms in England. The territory ruled by the Danes was called Danelaw. Both Anglo-saxons and the Danes were Nordic groups, which shared a kinship and common customs. K

8、ing Afred the Great persuaded the Danes to become Christians. Alfred the Great was king of Wessex from 871 to 899. Alfred is noted for his defence of the kingdom against the Danish Vikings, becoming the only English king to be awarded the epithet the Great. Alfred was the first King to style himself

9、 King of the English. Alfred was a learned man, and encouraged education and improved his kingdoms law system as well as its military structure.Statue of Alfred the Great, Winchester 1.5 The Norman Conquest (1066) When King Edward was on his death-bed, four men laid claim to the English throne. And

10、one of them was the duke of Normandy. On October, 14, 1066, the English army led by King Harold and the army of William, Duke of Normandy, clashed in a hard-fought battle near Hastings. Anglo-Saxon England perished. William was crowned King of England in Westminster Abbey. The Norman Conquest of 106

11、6 is perhaps the best-known event in English history. William the Conqueror replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. The feudal system was completely established in England. Norman-French culture language, manners and architecture were introduced. The Church was brought into clo

12、ser connection with Rome.ReviewInvadersInfluence Iberians- Nothing Celts,Gaels, Britons - Irish,Scottish,Welsh culture and language Romans- Alphabet, Roman civilization, Christianity Anglo-Saxons - English race and language Danes- New dialects Normans (France)- French language 2. The Making of a Nat

13、ion: from the Norman Conquest to the Renaissance (Norman and Plantagenet Houses)2.2 1215 The Magna Carta The Great Council of barons forced King John to sign the Magna Carta limiting his powerThe King could not levy extra taxes without people s consentKing could not change lawsIf King refused to obe

14、y laws, the vassals could resort to civil warFreedom of trade and self-government to townspeopleBeginning of civil rights No imprisonment unless convicted by a juryLife and property protectedFirst step towards constitutional government 2.3 The Hundred Years War with France (1337-1453) Reasons: terri

15、torial and economic English kings possession of land in France; the cloth manufacturing towns in Flanders were importers of English wool, but owed political allegiance to the French king; France gave support to the Scots; a growing sense of national consciousness Edward III claimed the French crown

16、in 1337. By 1453, France had won back their land (with gunpowder) except for city of Calais. 1348 Black Death almost of the population died 1381 Peasant Uprising -serf system came to an end Saint Joan of Arc (1412 1431) also known as the Maid of Orleans, is a national heroine of France and a Catholi

17、c saint. A peasant girl born in eastern France, she led the French army to several important victories during the Hundred Years War. She was captured by the English, tried by an ecclesiastical court, and burned at the stake when she was nineteen years old. 2.4 Richard II (1377-1399): the cause of th

18、e War of the Roses (1455-1485) (Lancastrian and Yorkist Houses) Lancastrians: red rose as the symbol Yorkists: white rose as the symbol Fighting for the throne in England Many nobles killed Henry VII strengthened his claim to the throne by marrying Elizabeth, a daughter of Yorkist Edward IV. The uni

19、on of the two houses ended the war.Wars of the RosesThe White Rose of the House of York The Red Rose of the House of Lancaster 3. The Tudors (1485-1603): sea power and Protestantism The Tudor dynasty saw the transition of England from a feudal country to modern state. Capitalism replaced feudalism T

20、extile industry Enclosure Movement cheap labor 3.1 Around 1500: modern history The Renaissance (literally rebirth) The Reformation Voyages of discovery (Why?)3.2 Henry VIII (1509-1547) The Tudor era in England started from the reign of king Henry VIII. Shortly after becoming king, Henry VIII took Ca

21、therine of Aragon as his bride on 11 June 1509. He inherited 1.5 million pounds from his father and succeeded in the first peaceful transition of power after the Wars of the Roses. The founding of the English Navy Henry VIII created the Royal Navy, the basis of future British sea power. -The vessel

22、adapted to ocean travel and to naval battle maneuvers -Equipped with heavy cannon The Reformation: the Church of England He divorced his wife, Catherine, on the grounds that their marriage was invalid. He married Anne Boleyn. Pope excommunicated Henry, who replied with the Act of Supremacy (1554), w

23、hich recognized the king as the supreme head of Church of England. The decree separated England from the Roman Catholic Church. 3.3 Elizabeth I (1558-1603) the flowering of English culture 1558 Mary died Elizabeth( Annes daughter) becomes Queen 1558-1603 Virgin queen Seen by many as the Illegitimate

24、 Queen King Philip of Spain said Mary Queen of Scots ( Mary s cousin) was real Queen Philip sent Spanish Armada to attack Spanish Armada destroyed in North Sea (1588) and England became master of the seas The Elizabethan Age Good administrative system Economic prosperity Sea power Spirit of adventur

25、e: Drake and pirates Literature: William Shakespeare King James Bible 4. England in Revolution: representative and constitutional monarchy Divine-right European monarchs 15th and 16th centuries, centralized monarchy with growth of representative institutions at both local and national levels 4.1 The

26、 Civil War (Stuart House) 4.1.1 James I: rising dissention Elizabeth I died childless, the throne passed to her distant Stuart relative, James VI. Major problems Lack of money Bitter religious dissension 4.1.2 Charles I (1625-1649) Successful rebellion Involved in the wars against Spain, France and

27、Scotland Parliament passed resolutions against illegal taxes and his religious policy Charles I dissolved Parliament and imprisoned the leaders. 4.1.3 The Civil War (1642-1649) War broke out in 1642 Cavaliers Roundheads Radicals: Puritans Moderates: presbyters and Anglicans On January 30, Charles I

28、was beheaded. The Puritans were a significant grouping of English Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries. Puritanism in this sense was founded by some Marian exiles from the clergy shortly after the accession of Elizabeth I of England in 1559, as an activist movement within the Church of England

29、. Historically, the word was used to characterize the Protestant group as extremists, who advocated strict religious discipline along with simplification of the ceremonies and creeds of the Church of England. 4.1.4 Oliver Cromwell England now a republic called Commonwealth A dictatorship of a radical minority Lord Protector 4.1.5 Effects of the English Revolution Condemnation of Puritanism Parliament now control taxes Absolute monarchy was decisively challenged. No English king ever again could hope to rule without a parliament. B