鍋爐培訓(xùn)講義

1、講座講座22022-4-161提高鍋爐熱效率的途徑提高鍋爐熱效率的途徑The method of improving thermal efficiency of a boiler講座講座22022-4-162一、概述一、概述 General introduction 提高鍋爐熱效率的基本方向提高鍋爐熱效率的基本方向 The basic method of improving thermal efficiency of a boiler 提高鍋爐熱效率有兩個(gè)基本方向：提高鍋爐熱效率有兩個(gè)基本方向： The two sides of improving the thermal efficiency

2、1.1.提高燃燒效率，降低不完全燃燒熱損失提高燃燒效率，降低不完全燃燒熱損失q q3 3 和和q q4 4 。 Lowering the heat loss due to unburned q3 and q4 to improve the combustion efficiency.鏈條爐的遠(yuǎn)大于鏈條爐的遠(yuǎn)大于q q3 3，因此，重點(diǎn)要抓，因此，重點(diǎn)要抓q q4 4的降的降低。低。 The efficiency of traveling grate is surpass q3 more ,so the focus is cut q4 down.講座講座22022-4-1632.2.提高傳熱效率

3、，降低排煙熱損失和散熱損失提高傳熱效率，降低排煙熱損失和散熱損失。 Lowering the heat loss due to exhaust gas to improving the efficiency of heat transfer. 排煙熱損失常為使鍋爐熱效率降低的另一主要因素，排煙熱損失常為使鍋爐熱效率降低的另一主要因素，而一般散熱損失較小。而一般散熱損失較小。 The other main element of reducing the boiler efficiency is the heat loss due to exhaust gas, but the normal he

4、at loss due to radiation is less. 講座講座22022-4-164二、提高鍋爐燃燒效率（以層燃爐為例）二、提高鍋爐燃燒效率（以層燃爐為例） Improving boiler combustion efficiency (Layer burning furnace as an example )1.1.燃料燃燒的基本概念燃料燃燒的基本概念The basic concept of fuel combustion 1 1）燃燒）燃燒 combustion ： 燃料中的可燃物質(zhì)與空氣中的氧在一定溫度下發(fā)燃料中的可燃物質(zhì)與空氣中的氧在一定溫度下發(fā) 生劇烈的化學(xué)反應(yīng)，發(fā)出光

5、和熱的現(xiàn)象。生劇烈的化學(xué)反應(yīng)，發(fā)出光和熱的現(xiàn)象。 Combustible material in the fuel and oxygen in the air to a certain temperature, the occurrence of violent chemical reaction sent the phenomenon of light and heat. 2 2）燃燒的三個(gè)條件）燃燒的三個(gè)條件 Three conditions for combustion ： 有可燃物、空氣、達(dá)到可燃物的著火的溫度。有可燃物、空氣、達(dá)到可燃物的著火的溫度。 They are fuel 、a

6、ir and fuel to reach the temperature of the fire.講座講座22022-4-1653 3）完全燃燒的條件）完全燃燒的條件Combustion conditions：（同時(shí)具備以下條件）（同時(shí)具備以下條件）(At the same time are as the follows) 燃燒溫度，達(dá)到著火點(diǎn)并保持一定的溫度，能連續(xù)燃燒直燃燒溫度，達(dá)到著火點(diǎn)并保持一定的溫度，能連續(xù)燃燒直至燃盡；足夠的空氣量；良好的混合；充分的燃燒時(shí)間至燃盡；足夠的空氣量；良好的混合；充分的燃燒時(shí)間 在不同的燃燒階段將由其中的一個(gè)或兩個(gè)要素起主要作用。在不同的燃燒階段將由其中

7、的一個(gè)或兩個(gè)要素起主要作用。 Combustion temperature, reaching ignition point and maintaining a certain temperature, can continue to burn until the burning; enough air; well mixing and full of burning time of which will be one or two factors play a major role in different stages of combustion. 講座講座22022-4-1664 4）燃

8、燒過(guò)程）燃燒過(guò)程 The combustion process is divided in to three phases： （分為三個(gè)（分為三個(gè)階段）著火前的熱力準(zhǔn)備階段；著火燃燒階段；階段）著火前的熱力準(zhǔn)備階段；著火燃燒階段；燃盡階段。燃盡階段。 Thermal preparation phase before the fire; ignited stage; burn stage講座講座22022-4-1672. 2. 層燃爐層燃爐鏈條爐的工作特點(diǎn)鏈條爐的工作特點(diǎn)The character of layer burning furnace and traveling grate furn

9、ace： 鏈條爐為單面點(diǎn)火的爐子，著火由上而下鏈條爐為單面點(diǎn)火的爐子，著火由上而下 進(jìn)行，著火條件比較差，煤層與爐排無(wú)相對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)。進(jìn)行，著火條件比較差，煤層與爐排無(wú)相對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)。 Traveling grate is ignited to one side of the furnace, top-down fire, fire conditions are relatively poor, coal and grate with no relative motion.因?yàn)槊菏羌釉诳諣t排上，送入冷空氣，溫度低于因?yàn)槊菏羌釉诳諣t排上，送入冷空氣，溫度低于200，不，不能滿足著火前熱力準(zhǔn)備階段所需的熱量，

10、揮發(fā)分較少的無(wú)能滿足著火前熱力準(zhǔn)備階段所需的熱量，揮發(fā)分較少的無(wú)煙煤或劣質(zhì)煤、水分多的煤等都不易著火，適宜燃用煙煤。煙煤或劣質(zhì)煤、水分多的煤等都不易著火，適宜燃用煙煤。講座講座22022-4-168 -新燃料區(qū)；新燃料區(qū)； -揮發(fā)物析出、燃燒區(qū)；揮發(fā)物析出、燃燒區(qū)；a-焦炭燃燒氧化區(qū)；焦炭燃燒氧化區(qū)；b -焦炭燃燒還原區(qū)；焦炭燃燒還原區(qū)；灰渣形成區(qū)灰渣形成區(qū)講座講座22022-4-1693. 3. 鏈條爐實(shí)際運(yùn)行常存在的問(wèn)題鏈條爐實(shí)際運(yùn)行常存在的問(wèn)題 The problem in operation of traveling grate furnace regularly： 1 1）利用煤倉(cāng)供

11、煤，煤的向下垂直壓力較大，與煤）利用煤倉(cāng)供煤，煤的向下垂直壓力較大，與煤閘板擠壓形成的煤層比較密實(shí)，透氣性差。閘板擠壓形成的煤層比較密實(shí)，透氣性差。 When the coal is supplied with coal store, the coal formed with the pressure of coal brake is compact and poor ventilation. 2 2）爐排上的煤層都是些顆粒大小不等混合在一起）爐排上的煤層都是些顆粒大小不等混合在一起構(gòu)成的構(gòu)成的煤的粒徑無(wú)序摻混。煤的粒徑無(wú)序摻混。 The coal on the grate is consis

12、ted with mixed particle of variable sizes (coal is blended disorder in size )講座講座22022-4-1610 3 3）沿爐排方向兩側(cè)塊狀煤多，而細(xì)碎煤粒則在中部）沿爐排方向兩側(cè)塊狀煤多，而細(xì)碎煤粒則在中部較多，造成較多，造成 Both sides of direction along with the grate are a lot of massive coal and more fine coal particles in the middle, cause： 爐排上通風(fēng)分布不均，易形成火口或漏煤量較大爐排上通風(fēng)

13、分布不均，易形成火口或漏煤量較大Ventilation on the grate distributes unevenly, to easily form burner or leak more coal； 爐排兩側(cè)易漏入冷空氣，爐膛過(guò)量空氣系數(shù)上升爐排兩側(cè)易漏入冷空氣，爐膛過(guò)量空氣系數(shù)上升On both sides of the grate easily leak into the cold air, and the furnace excess air ratio is increased； 降低爐溫，煤不易燒透，排渣含碳量高降低爐溫，煤不易燒透，排渣含碳量高Lower furnace t

14、emperature, the coal is burned through hardly, and the slag with high carbon content ； 鍋爐效率和出力下降鍋爐效率和出力下降Boiler efficiency and output will decline.講座講座22022-4-16113. 3. 改善層燃爐燃燒的措施改善層燃爐燃燒的措施The measures of improving the layer burning furnace1 1）設(shè)前、后拱）設(shè)前、后拱 Set front and rear arch 改變氣流上升方向，使可燃?xì)怏w與空氣良好混

15、合，改變氣流上升方向，使可燃?xì)怏w與空氣良好混合， 將爐內(nèi)熱量盡量向爐前反射，加速新燃料的著火。將爐內(nèi)熱量盡量向爐前反射，加速新燃料的著火。 特別是前拱特別是前拱 Changing the direction of rising air currents , so that the combustible gases can mixed with the air well, to keep the heat in furnace reflected to the forth as much as possible, to speed up the new fuel to fire引燃拱，引燃拱，

16、 反射煙氣投射來(lái)的熱量。在前后拱間形成反射煙氣投射來(lái)的熱量。在前后拱間形成“喉口喉口”，使生，使生成的氣體在喉部加強(qiáng)混合。成的氣體在喉部加強(qiáng)混合。 Arch fire reflects the heat projected from gas. Throat is formed between front arch and rear arch, to strengthen the mixture of the formed gas in the throat.講座講座22022-4-1612拱的形狀和尺寸與燃料的性質(zhì)有關(guān)。拱的形狀和尺寸與燃料的性質(zhì)有關(guān)。The shape and size of

17、 the arch are related to the character of the fuel.燃用低揮發(fā)分的無(wú)煙煤采用低而長(zhǎng)的燃用低揮發(fā)分的無(wú)煙煤采用低而長(zhǎng)的后拱。后拱。The low and long rear arch is adopted to the fueled coal stone with low volatilization.燃用高揮發(fā)分的褐煤和煙煤燃用高揮發(fā)分的褐煤和煙煤采用高而短的后拱采用高而短的后拱 The high and short rear arch is adopted to the fueled coal and lignite with high vo

18、latilization 。燃用褐煤、煙煤的鏈條爐燃用褐煤、煙煤的鏈條爐燃用無(wú)煙煤的鏈條爐燃用無(wú)煙煤的鏈條爐講座講座22022-4-16132 2）分區(qū)送風(fēng)）分區(qū)送風(fēng) Zone control draft 鏈條爐排上燃燒過(guò)程沿爐排方向所需的空氣量是不同的鏈條爐排上燃燒過(guò)程沿爐排方向所需的空氣量是不同的“分段送風(fēng)分段送風(fēng)”，使送入的風(fēng)量與需要的風(fēng)量吻合，使送入的風(fēng)量與需要的風(fēng)量吻合。 In the process of combustion on the grate ,the required amount of air along the direction of the grate is d

19、ifferent .zone control draft make the volume of air flow delivered to coincide with the needed.著火前準(zhǔn)備階段基本不需空氣著火前準(zhǔn)備階段基本不需空氣 There is no need for air basically in the stage of preparation before fire.揮發(fā)分和焦炭燃燒區(qū)需大量空氣揮發(fā)分和焦炭燃燒區(qū)需大量空氣 In the area of coke combustion and volatile needs a lot of air. 灰渣形成階段需要少量

20、空氣灰渣形成階段需要少量空氣 In the stage of slag formation needs a small amount of air.鏈條爐空氣分布情況鏈條爐空氣分布情況講座講座22022-4-1614）設(shè)二次風(fēng)）設(shè)二次風(fēng)Set secondary air在喉部設(shè)二次風(fēng)，加強(qiáng)擾動(dòng)和混合，降低在喉部設(shè)二次風(fēng)，加強(qiáng)擾動(dòng)和混合，降低q q Setting secondary air in the throat ,to reinforce agitation and mixture , to slower q.風(fēng)量為總送風(fēng)量的風(fēng)量為總送風(fēng)量的515%515%The volume of a

21、ir supplied accounts up 515% to the total；風(fēng)速為風(fēng)速為5080m/s5080m/sWind speed for 50 80m / s；工質(zhì)可為空氣、煙氣、蒸汽。工質(zhì)可為空氣、煙氣、蒸汽。The refrigerant for air 、gas or vapor.1-前拱前拱Forth arch 2-后拱后拱Rear arch 3- 喉口喉口Throat 4-二次風(fēng)二次風(fēng)Secondary air講座講座22022-4-16154 4）向爐內(nèi)送熱風(fēng)）向爐內(nèi)送熱風(fēng)Ventilate heated air to the furnace尾部加空氣預(yù)尾部加空氣預(yù)

22、熱器熱器Add air heater at rear5 5）采用合適煤種和粒度）采用合適煤種和粒度Use appropriate coal and the size燃用設(shè)燃用設(shè)計(jì)煤種計(jì)煤種Burning the coal designed高揮發(fā)分的煤高揮發(fā)分的煤, ,水分控制在水分控制在810%810% The high volatile coal, water control in the 8 to 10%；灰分灰分, ,干燥基灰分干燥基灰分30% 30% Ash, dry ash 30%；灰的熔化溫度灰的熔化溫度t t3 312001200 The ash melting temperat

23、ure t31200 ；粒度粒度2030mm2030mm，均勻，均勻 Size 2030mm,uniform ；煤層厚度煤層厚度100150mm100150mm Thickness of coal is 100150mm.講座講座22022-4-1616三、燃燒技術(shù)簡(jiǎn)介三、燃燒技術(shù)簡(jiǎn)介The brief introduction of combustion technology 1.1.鏈條爐分層燃燒技術(shù)鏈條爐分層燃燒技術(shù)The technology of hierarchical combustion in the traveling grate furnace1 1）分層燃燒裝置的結(jié)構(gòu)）分

24、層燃燒裝置的結(jié)構(gòu) （見圖）（見圖） The structure of hierarchical combustion installation2 2）分層燃燒裝置的工作過(guò)程）分層燃燒裝置的工作過(guò)程The process of hierarchical combustion installation. 在溜煤管的出口加裝給煤器，使?fàn)t排上煤層按不同粒度范在溜煤管的出口加裝給煤器，使?fàn)t排上煤層按不同粒度范圍分成二層或三層，避免了煤層密實(shí)、粒徑無(wú)序摻混帶來(lái)圍分成二層或三層，避免了煤層密實(shí)、粒徑無(wú)序摻混帶來(lái)的缺點(diǎn)，提高效率和出力及煤種的適應(yīng)性。的缺點(diǎn)，提高效率和出力及煤種的適應(yīng)性。Add at the

25、exit of ,to divide the coal on the grate into two or three layers according to the scope of particles, to avoid the defects from coal compacting and particles mingled disorderly, to improve efficiency and effort, adaptability of the coal and so on.講座講座22022-4-1617滾筒分層給煤機(jī)（滾筒分層給煤機(jī)（ZL95233823.8）1-落煤斗落煤

26、斗 2-給煤斗給煤斗 3-分煤斗分煤斗 4-單層復(fù)合篩單層復(fù)合篩 5-耐火磚耐火磚6-后梁后梁7-鏈條爐排鏈條爐排8-彈力擋煤板彈力擋煤板9-槽鋼架槽鋼架 10-彈簧彈簧11-螺栓螺栓12-擋煤板擋煤板13-絲桿絲桿14-折低的篩條折低的篩條15-托板托板16-滾筒滾筒17-筋條筋條18-傳動(dòng)帶傳動(dòng)帶 篩子的結(jié)構(gòu)篩子的結(jié)構(gòu)1-篩板篩板 2-梳齒狀篩條梳齒狀篩條3-折低的篩條折低的篩條講座講座22022-4-16183 3）特點(diǎn)）特點(diǎn)Character 使落煤疏松，按粒度分離分檔，按顆粒大小有序使落煤疏松，按粒度分離分檔，按顆粒大小有序排列、均勻分布，提高燃燒效率，降低排列、均勻分布，提高燃燒效

27、率，降低q q4 4 。 The coal drop loosely, according to the size separated , by the size of the particles arranged orderly, distributed uniformly , improving combustion efficiency, cutting q4 down. 講座講座22022-4-16192. 2. 煤與爐渣混燒煤與爐渣混燒 Co-firing of the coal and slag 在煤中摻入顆粒較大的渣（煤渣比為在煤中摻入顆粒較大的渣（煤渣比為4 4：1 1） 減少

28、通風(fēng)阻力，增加了煤層的透氣性，使送風(fēng)均減少通風(fēng)阻力，增加了煤層的透氣性，使送風(fēng)均勻，提高燃燒的穩(wěn)定性，降低勻，提高燃燒的穩(wěn)定性，降低q q4 4 。 The coal mingled with the larger particles of slag ，reducing the resistance of ventilation, increasing the permeability of the coal, ventilating uniform, improving the stability of the combustion ,cutting q4 down. 注意：煤層要加厚，爐膛

29、溫度會(huì)略有下降。注意：煤層要加厚，爐膛溫度會(huì)略有下降。 Attention :If the coal thickening, the temperature of furnace will drop slightly. 講座講座22022-4-16203. 3. 過(guò)量空氣系數(shù)的優(yōu)化過(guò)量空氣系數(shù)的優(yōu)化 Optimization of excess air ratio值的大小對(duì)燃燒及值的大小對(duì)燃燒及q q2 2 、 q q3 3 、q q4 4均有影均有影響，一實(shí)例測(cè)試數(shù)據(jù)表明，響，一實(shí)例測(cè)試數(shù)據(jù)表明，存在一優(yōu)存在一優(yōu)化值使化值使 Q Q2 2 、 q q3 3 、 q4 and combusti

30、on are all under the influence of the scale of the value of a, One example of test data show that the existence of optimize the value of meet 如圖：如圖：22121Omin432qqq過(guò)量空氣系數(shù)由煙氣分析測(cè)得煙氣中的含氧過(guò)量空氣系數(shù)由煙氣分析測(cè)得煙氣中的含氧量量O O2 2，根據(jù)下式計(jì)算爐膛出口處的過(guò)量空氣，根據(jù)下式計(jì)算爐膛出口處的過(guò)量空氣系數(shù)系數(shù) Excess air ratio measured by the analysis of the gas

31、 in the oxygen content of O2, to calculate excess air ratio in the furnace exit according to the equation as followed 講座講座22022-4-16214. 4. 循環(huán)流化床燃燒循環(huán)流化床燃燒Circulating fluidized bed combustion潔凈燃燒技術(shù)潔凈燃燒技術(shù)Clean combustion technology1 1）流化床）流化床 Fluidized bed 流化床的工作過(guò)程流化床的工作過(guò)程 The process of the fluidized

32、 bed：將物料放在有空隙的箅板上，從箅板部通過(guò)箅或間隙向料將物料放在有空隙的箅板上，從箅板部通過(guò)箅或間隙向料層通入空氣，當(dāng)顆粒的重力大于氣流推力時(shí)顆粒靜止在箅層通入空氣，當(dāng)顆粒的重力大于氣流推力時(shí)顆粒靜止在箅板上，料層不動(dòng)，為板上，料層不動(dòng)，為固定床固定床。Materials are put on the grate plate with gaps, the layer of materials are ventilated air through() and gaps, if the gravity of particles is greaterthan the thrust of air

33、flow, the particles will bestatic on the board and the layer of materials ismotionless also, so that is defined as a fixed bed.Fixed bed講座講座22022-4-1622若風(fēng)速增加，料層膨脹，當(dāng)風(fēng)速超過(guò)某值，料層的穩(wěn)定性被破壞，而被若風(fēng)速增加，料層膨脹，當(dāng)風(fēng)速超過(guò)某值，料層的穩(wěn)定性被破壞，而被風(fēng)托起，且顆粒上下不停地翻騰，這種處于松散沸騰狀態(tài)的料層成為風(fēng)托起，且顆粒上下不停地翻騰，這種處于松散沸騰狀態(tài)的料層成為沸騰床或流化床沸騰床或流化床，開始形成流化床的風(fēng)速稱

34、為，開始形成流化床的風(fēng)速稱為沸騰臨界風(fēng)速沸騰臨界風(fēng)速。The layer of materials will expand by the increasing of wind speed, when the wind speed excess a value,the layer of materials will be distructed in stability and hold up by the wind , writhing of particles up and down, then ,the layer of materials in the state of boiling a

35、nd loose is defined as boiling bed or fluidized bed. The layer of materials led to the formation of fluized bed is defined as boiling critical wind speed.流 化 床流 化 床Fluidized bed講座講座22022-4-1623達(dá)到臨界風(fēng)速后，再增加風(fēng)速至某值，固達(dá)到臨界風(fēng)速后，再增加風(fēng)速至某值，固體顆粒不再上下翻騰而是被吹走了，就形體顆粒不再上下翻騰而是被吹走了，就形成了成了氣力輸送氣力輸送，如圖。達(dá)到氣力輸送時(shí)開，如圖。達(dá)到氣力輸送時(shí)

36、開始的風(fēng)速為始的風(fēng)速為極限風(fēng)速極限風(fēng)速。風(fēng)速在臨界風(fēng)速和。風(fēng)速在臨界風(fēng)速和極限風(fēng)速之間都可形成流化床。極限風(fēng)速之間都可形成流化床。 After achieved critical wind speed , if increasing the wind speed to a value, solid particals are no longer writhing up and down but blown off, thus pneumatic conveying is formed. The wind speed at the beginning of pneumatic conveying

37、 is defined as wind speed limit. The fluidized bed can be formed between critical speed and wind speed limit.講座講座22022-4-1624流 化 床流 化 床Fluidized bedP n e u m a t i c conveying 沸騰臨界風(fēng)速沸騰臨界風(fēng)速Boiling critical wind speed，極限風(fēng)速極限風(fēng)速Wind speed limit講座講座22022-4-16252 2）循環(huán)流化床鍋爐）循環(huán)流化床鍋爐Circulating fluidized bed

38、 boiler 循環(huán)流化床鍋爐就是在鍋爐體內(nèi)裝有旋風(fēng)分離器，從爐膛出循環(huán)流化床鍋爐就是在鍋爐體內(nèi)裝有旋風(fēng)分離器，從爐膛出來(lái)的煙氣首先經(jīng)分離器，將煙氣中的固體顆粒收集，并送來(lái)的煙氣首先經(jīng)分離器，將煙氣中的固體顆粒收集，并送返爐內(nèi)在進(jìn)行燃燒，固體顆粒這樣循環(huán)燃燒，使燃燒效率返爐內(nèi)在進(jìn)行燃燒，固體顆粒這樣循環(huán)燃燒，使燃燒效率很高，也就提高了鍋爐的熱效率。同時(shí)向爐內(nèi)加石灰石粉很高，也就提高了鍋爐的熱效率。同時(shí)向爐內(nèi)加石灰石粉進(jìn)行燃燒中脫硫。進(jìn)行燃燒中脫硫。 CFB boiler is equipped with a cyclone in the body. The solid particles ar

39、e collected to cyclone when the gas coming out of furnace pass through cyclone and returned in furnace burnning. Such circulating combustion of solid particles keep combustion efficiency highly , and then improve boiler efficiency.At the same time, limestone powder added to the furnace for combustio

40、n desulfurization.講座講座22022-4-1626循環(huán)流化床鍋爐的優(yōu)點(diǎn)循環(huán)流化床鍋爐的優(yōu)點(diǎn)The advantages of circulating fluidized bed boiler： 1 1）燃料適應(yīng)性強(qiáng)）燃料適應(yīng)性強(qiáng) The adaptable of fuel well ； 2 2）可回收煙氣中的碳粒，燃燒效率高，可達(dá)）可回收煙氣中的碳粒，燃燒效率高，可達(dá) 95% 95%，高于層燃爐、低于煤粉爐。，高于層燃爐、低于煤粉爐。 Recovery carbon grain of the gas, High-efficiency combustion, up to 95%

41、, more than , less than pulverized coal 3 3）對(duì)負(fù)荷變化適應(yīng)性好，低負(fù)荷時(shí)可轉(zhuǎn)換為鼓泡）對(duì)負(fù)荷變化適應(yīng)性好，低負(fù)荷時(shí)可轉(zhuǎn)換為鼓泡 流化床，最低在流化床，最低在25%30%25%30%額定負(fù)荷下仍可以額定負(fù)荷下仍可以 運(yùn)行，負(fù)荷調(diào)節(jié)速率快，操作靈活。運(yùn)行，負(fù)荷調(diào)節(jié)速率快，操作靈活。 Adaptive to change in load. Running in low load can be converted into bubbling fluidized bed, a minimum of 25% to 30% of the rated load ca

42、n still run , rate of load regulation fast, flexible operation.講座講座22022-4-1627 4 4）可采用較小的空氣過(guò)量系數(shù)，傳熱效果好，熱效率高，）可采用較小的空氣過(guò)量系數(shù)，傳熱效果好，熱效率高，可達(dá)可達(dá)85%85%以上。爐子的熱強(qiáng)度高，爐體緊湊。以上。爐子的熱強(qiáng)度高，爐體緊湊。 Excess air coefficiency adopted smaller, effective heat transfer, boiler efficiency highly, above 85%. Heat intensity in fur

43、nace highly, furnace compactly. 5 5）循環(huán)流化床鍋爐固硫后的灰渣有較好的強(qiáng)度，在制成混）循環(huán)流化床鍋爐固硫后的灰渣有較好的強(qiáng)度，在制成混凝土?xí)r還有補(bǔ)償收縮或?qū)崿F(xiàn)微膨脹的功能，降低水化熱核凝土?xí)r還有補(bǔ)償收縮或?qū)崿F(xiàn)微膨脹的功能，降低水化熱核提高流動(dòng)性。提高流動(dòng)性。 The slag generated after desulfurization of CFB boiler is intensity highly and functioned of compensation contraction or the realization of micro-expans

44、ion in the concrete making.講座講座22022-4-1628 6 6）脫硫脫氮的效果好，由于料層燃燒溫度低，維持在）脫硫脫氮的效果好，由于料層燃燒溫度低，維持在850900850900， 是是CaCOCaCO3 3分解和分解和SOSO2 2與與CaOCaO化合的最佳溫度，化合的最佳溫度，石灰石粉石灰石粉比表面積比表面積大，又是沸騰燃燒，能與大，又是沸騰燃燒，能與SOSO2 2充分接觸，充分接觸，由于空氣過(guò)量系數(shù)小，由于空氣過(guò)量系數(shù)小，NONOX X生成量較少。因此循環(huán)生成量較少。因此循環(huán) 流化床燃燒被稱為流化床燃燒被稱為“潔凈燃燒技術(shù)潔凈燃燒技術(shù)”。 Effectiv

45、e in desulfurization and denitrification , Due to layer of materials combusting in low-temperature, maintained at 850 900 , is the best temperature for decomposition of CaCO3 and the combination of SO2 and CaO, the limestone powder with great specific surface area and boiling burning can contact wit

46、h SO2 fully, due to the small excessive air coefficient, NOX generate less .Therefore, circulating fluidized bed combustion, known as clean combustion technology.講座講座22022-4-1629循環(huán)流化床鍋爐的缺點(diǎn)循環(huán)流化床鍋爐的缺點(diǎn)The shortcomings of the circulating fluidized bed boiler:1 1）排塵量大，需用電除塵才能達(dá)到環(huán)保要求，增加了鍋爐房的初投資。）排塵量大，需用電除塵

47、才能達(dá)到環(huán)保要求，增加了鍋爐房的初投資。The quantity of dust emission is so large that it needs ESP to meet the requirement of environmental protection , so that will increase the investment in the early .2 2）循環(huán)流化床鍋爐煙氣中的固體顆粒的濃度較高，水冷壁、分離器、面）循環(huán)流化床鍋爐煙氣中的固體顆粒的濃度較高，水冷壁、分離器、面料系統(tǒng)及鍋爐內(nèi)襯、特別是爐內(nèi)埋管磨損嚴(yán)重。料系統(tǒng)及鍋爐內(nèi)襯、特別是爐內(nèi)埋管磨損嚴(yán)重。 The con

48、centration of solid particles in the CBFboiler gas is higher, and the abrasion in the water cooled wall,seperators,fabic system and boiler-lined is serious , especially in the furnace pipe.講座講座22022-4-1630 3 3）循環(huán)流化床鍋爐的耗電量大，費(fèi)用較高，約為鏈條爐的兩倍。因需）循環(huán)流化床鍋爐的耗電量大，費(fèi)用較高，約為鏈條爐的兩倍。因需將煤破碎為將煤破碎為010mm010mm的細(xì)的細(xì) 粒，將石灰磨

49、成粒，將石灰磨成0.10.3mm0.10.3mm的細(xì)粉；采用高壓的細(xì)粉；采用高壓風(fēng)機(jī)、電除塵要耗電，購(gòu)買石灰石也需費(fèi)用。風(fēng)機(jī)、電除塵要耗電，購(gòu)買石灰石也需費(fèi)用。 The consumption and expenditure of circulating fluidized bed boiler is as twice as travling grate. So coal will be broken for the 0 10mm fine and lime will be ground into fine powder of 0.1 0.3mm.The expenditure include

50、s using high pressure fan and ESP, and also the cost of the purchase of limestone. 4 4）爐墻的嚴(yán)密性要求高，密封性差會(huì)形成漏灰、漏風(fēng)。）爐墻的嚴(yán)密性要求高，密封性差會(huì)形成漏灰、漏風(fēng)。 Tightness of the furnace wall high, Poor tightness will induce a leak tightness gray, the air leakage .講座講座22022-4-1631四、提高傳熱效率四、提高傳熱效率Improving transfer efficiency

51、（需要需要細(xì)化展開論述細(xì)化展開論述）1. 1. 受熱面的合理布置避免煙氣短路受熱面的合理布置避免煙氣短路 The rational arrangement of heating surface can avoid gas short circuit . 1 1）受熱面的合理分配與布置）受熱面的合理分配與布置 The rational allocation and arrangement of heating surface. 輻射受熱面受熱強(qiáng)度遠(yuǎn)大于對(duì)流受熱面；輻射受熱面受熱強(qiáng)度遠(yuǎn)大于對(duì)流受熱面； The heat intensity of radiant heating surface is

52、 larger than convection heating surface. 鍋爐對(duì)流管束中是近于飽和溫度的鍋水，而煙氣流過(guò)對(duì)流管束溫度越來(lái)鍋爐對(duì)流管束中是近于飽和溫度的鍋水，而煙氣流過(guò)對(duì)流管束溫度越來(lái)越低，過(guò)多地布置對(duì)流管束，其末端溫差減小，傳熱效果降低。越低，過(guò)多地布置對(duì)流管束，其末端溫差減小，傳熱效果降低。 The water in the convection tube bank are near saturation temperature, the temperature of the gas flow convection tube bank is more and more

53、 lower, if the convection tube bank arranged too much, that difference in temperature will reduce and effect of heat transfer will lower. 講座講座22022-4-1632因此常在鍋爐尾部設(shè)置省煤器及空氣預(yù)熱器等尾部因此常在鍋爐尾部設(shè)置省煤器及空氣預(yù)熱器等尾部受熱面。輻射受熱面、對(duì)流受熱面及尾部受熱面受熱面。輻射受熱面、對(duì)流受熱面及尾部受熱面三者的分配是否恰當(dāng)，是影響鍋爐傳熱效率及經(jīng)三者的分配是否恰當(dāng)，是影響鍋爐傳熱效率及經(jīng)濟(jì)性的重要因素。濟(jì)性的重要因素。 S

54、o the rear heating surface including economizer and air heater are usually set in the boiler rear. Whether the distribution of radiant heating surface, convection heating surface and rear heating surface appropriate or not is an important factor to affect the heat transfer efficiency of boiler and e

55、conomy. 講座講座22022-4-1633鍋爐對(duì)流管束受煙氣沖刷，其排列方式（順排或錯(cuò)鍋爐對(duì)流管束受煙氣沖刷，其排列方式（順排或錯(cuò)排）、流動(dòng)方式（順流或逆流）以及與煙氣沖刷排）、流動(dòng)方式（順流或逆流）以及與煙氣沖刷的方式（橫向沖刷或縱向沖刷）對(duì)放熱系數(shù)都有的方式（橫向沖刷或縱向沖刷）對(duì)放熱系數(shù)都有很大影響。管束的布置還與流動(dòng)阻力及水循環(huán)等很大影響。管束的布置還與流動(dòng)阻力及水循環(huán)等因素有關(guān)。因素有關(guān)。 The arrangement (shun row or staggered arrangement ), type of flow (fair current or reverse cur

56、rent), as well as the way of washing ( lateral or vertical erosion washed) of convection tube bank of boiler which is washed out by gas has a strong impact on heat emission coefficient. The arrangement of tubes is related to the factors of water cycle and flowed friction ,and so on.講座講座22022-4-1634講

57、座講座22022-4-16352 2）防止隔墻損壞造成煙氣短路）防止隔墻損壞造成煙氣短路 To prevent the short circuit of gas caused by the damage of the wall 在對(duì)流管束間常用磚或耐火材料砌成隔墻，是煙氣沿一定的在對(duì)流管束間常用磚或耐火材料砌成隔墻，是煙氣沿一定的路線流動(dòng)，保持與管束正常地沖刷。若這些隔墻損壞，就路線流動(dòng)，保持與管束正常地沖刷。若這些隔墻損壞，就會(huì)造成煙氣短路，使一部分受熱面得不到?jīng)_刷，而傳熱量會(huì)造成煙氣短路，使一部分受熱面得不到?jīng)_刷，而傳熱量減少，煙氣離開受熱面的溫度增高，減少，煙氣離開受熱面的溫度增高，q2

58、q2熱損失增加。熱損失增加。 Partition was usually piled by bricks or fire resistant material between convection banks, gas flow in a certain route, maintaining normal erosion . Smoke short-circuit that leads to a part of heating surface without erosion ,and then reduce heat transfer capacity , increase the tempe

59、rature of gas departing from heating surface, increase heat loss q2. 講座講座22022-4-16362. 2. 增加尾部受熱面，回收煙氣的余熱；增加尾部受熱面，回收煙氣的余熱； Increase the rear heating surface, recovery the waste heat of gas1 1）控制排煙熱損失及煙氣余熱回收）控制排煙熱損失及煙氣余熱回收 To control heat loss due to exhaust gas and recover the waste heat 優(yōu)化優(yōu)化值及排煙溫度

60、，控制排煙熱損失。值及排煙溫度，控制排煙熱損失。 To optimize the value of and the temperature of exhaust gas, control heat loss due to exhaust gas.2 2）加裝換熱設(shè)備回收煙氣余熱）加裝換熱設(shè)備回收煙氣余熱 如熱管換熱器如熱管換熱器 To install heat transfer equipment to recover the waste heat, take heat pipe heat exchanger for an example.講座講座22022-4-16373. 3. 保持受熱面