普通生態(tài)學(xué)考試題習(xí)題庫

1、普通生態(tài)學(xué)一、Please explain the following terms (3 points each, 18 points totally). （1） IntroductionEcologyhabitat（2） autoecologyniche（生態(tài)位） fundamental niche（基礎(chǔ)生態(tài)位）competitive exlusion principle（競爭排斥原理）fitness（適合度）environment（環(huán)境）Liebigs law of minimum（利比希最小因子定律）Shelfords law of tolerance （謝爾福德的“耐受性定律”） ec

2、ological valence or amplitude（生態(tài)價、生態(tài)幅、耐性限度）law of limiting factor（限制因子定律）Vant Hoffs law（范霍夫定律或Q10定律） developmental threshold temperature（發(fā)育起點(diǎn)溫度）law of effective temperature（有效積溫法則）（3）population ecologyPopulation（種群）ecological invasion（生態(tài)入侵）innate capacity of increase (or intrinsic rate of increase)內(nèi)

3、稟增長率 density dependence（密度制約）density independence（非密度制約）age structure（年齡椎體或年齡金字塔）Survivorship curve（存活曲線） ecological natality（生態(tài)出生率）ecological mortality（生態(tài)死亡率）maximum natality（最大出生率）minimum mortality（最低死亡率）ecological strategy（生態(tài)對策）（4）community ecologypioneer species（先鋒物種）climax （頂級群落）biotic communit

4、y（生物群落）community succession（群落演替）growth form（生長型）life form（生活型）ectone（群落交錯區(qū)）：edge effect（邊緣效應(yīng)）：species diversity（物種多樣性）：dominant species（優(yōu)勢種）functional group(guild)（同資源種團(tuán)或功能團(tuán)）：（5）ecosystembiomass（生物量）primary production（初級生產(chǎn)）biogeochemical cycle（生物地化循環(huán)）ecosystem（生態(tài)系統(tǒng)）：biosphere（生物圈）：ecological pyrami

5、d（生態(tài)椎體或生態(tài)金字塔）food chain（食物鏈）food web（食物網(wǎng)）trophic level（營養(yǎng)級）. Put the appropriate ecological terms into the Blank in order to make the sentence meaningful. 填空題（1）introduction Human being are confronted with the five crisis such as , food, , , environment.Divided by the organization levels, the ecolog

6、y include molecular ecology, autoecology, ecology, ecology, ecology, ecology, global ecology.Divided by the habitat, ecology include terrestrial ecology, ecology, estuary ecology, ecology, etc.Divided by the organisms, ecology include ecology, ecology, and microorganism ecology.Classic ecology inclu

7、de autoecology, , , , and ecosystem ecology.（2）autoecologyThe ways of tolerance to extremely low temperature are , , .The spatial distribution patterns of a population (種群的空間分布格局) include even distribution (均勻分布), distribution, and distribution.（3）population ecologyThe types of natural selection inc

8、lude , directional selection, .The drives of evolution include and .The self-regulation schools include , , and .The processes of speciation are , , and . The three ways of speciation are , , .According to the shape of age pyramid, it can be classified into three types, that is, , , and .The inter-s

9、pecific relationship between lion and deer is . The interaction between penicillin and bacterium is . Walnut quinone secreted by walnut can inhibit the growth of its surrounding plants, so the relationship between walnut and its surrounding plants belongs to .（4）community ecologyThe three model to e

10、xplain the succession mechanism include , , .（5）ecosystem ecologyThe function of ecosystem include , , .There types of biogeochemical cycles are , , .The two main types of food chains are and . , , and are the three functional groups that consist of ecosystem.The maximal ecosystem in globe is .The f

11、igure below is a simplified sketch map (示意圖) of food web (食物網(wǎng)) in grassland ecosystem, please give the answer for the six questions below according to this sketch map.（1）The number of food chain (食物鏈) in this food web is .（2）The number of trophic level (營養(yǎng)級) of hawk is .（3）The inter-specific relatio

12、nship between hawk and fox is .（4）The life form (生物) with the highest energy among the components of this ecosystem is . The energy were ultimately transferred to hawk, the efficient food chain is                .（5）If we use DDT to co

13、ntrol the pest insect (害蟲) that do harm to grasses, then we can infer that the life form with the highest concentration (濃度) of DDT is _.（6）If the hawk, snake, and fox are largely hunted in the short term, the life form will be seriously negatively influenced is .15. 種間關(guān)系包括（舉例說明是什么關(guān)系）16. 他感、異種抑制、抗生1

14、7. 趨同進(jìn)化等18. 生態(tài)型、生活型（舉例）19. 演替 True or false. 是非題（1）introduction( ) 32. Population ecology, community ecology, ecosystem ecology, and landscape ecology all belong to research content of the classic ecology.( ) 35. Molecular ecology belongs to the research domain of classic ecology.( ) 36. Modern ecol

15、ogy include molecular ecology, global ecology, and classic ecology.（2）autoecology( ) 4. Solar radiation is a condition for an insect, but a resource for a plant.( ) 4. Water is the resource for one plant at any time. ( ) 17. For any organism, the value of increase in heartbeat frequency (心跳次數(shù)) by a

16、10 rise in temperature is two to three.( ) 22. If the ecological niche of two species are the same, it is sure that one species among the two species destined (注定) to go to extinction (滅絕).( ) 21. Organisms in the Tropical Zone（熱帶）are able to tolerate(耐受) much higher temperature than those in Temper

17、ate Zone（溫帶）and Frigid Zone（寒帶）, so organisms in Tropical Zone are eurytherms (廣溫生物) while organisms in Temperate Zone are stenotherms (狹溫生物).（3）population ecology( ) 1. Most animals belong to unitary organism (單體生物).( ) 1. The most plants belong to modular organism (構(gòu)件生物).( ) 2. One species maybe o

18、btains some benefits from the other one when they compete each other for resources.( ) 2. In the broad sense (廣義上說), parasitism is one kind of predation.( ) 3. Time-specific life table is drawn up using the data on mortality (死亡) over time obtained through observing a cohort (同生群).( ) 3. Age-specifi

19、c life table is drawn up using the data on mortality (死亡) over time obtained through observing a cohort (同生群).( ) 15. Self regulation school belongs to endogenous regulation theory.( ) 16. According to Hardy-Winbergs law, the gene and genotype frequency in each generations will retain constant in a

20、small population.( ) 19. Ecological factors (生態(tài)因子) can be divided into density-dependent (密度制約) and density-independent (非密度制約) factors, light and temperature are density-independent factors, while food is density-dependent.( ) 20. Parasites and their host are in co-evolution (協(xié)同進(jìn)化) .( ) 23. Realize

21、d (ecological) natality is not only determined by actual ecological conditions, but also restrained (限制) by physiological conditions.( ) 24. The result of static life table are more reliable (可靠的) than that of dynamic table life.( ) 25. There are more specialists in stable conditions than generalist

22、s in capricious (變化無常的) conditions.( ) 27. Antibiosis belongs to amensalism.( ) 28. The inter-specific relationship between black carp (鳙魚) and silver carp (鰱魚) is mutualism.( ) 31. The interaction between termite and flagellate (鞭毛蟲) in its intestine is commensalisms.( ) 34 That 1000 kg silver carp

23、s have fished per unit fishing effort stands for relative density.（4）community ecology( ) 18. Species diversity (物種多樣性) in Tropical Zone (熱帶地區(qū)) is lower than in Temperate Zone (溫帶地區(qū)).( ) 5. The succession direction of facilitation model is predictable.( ) 5. Polyclimax hypothesis argue that the clim

24、ax of a community is determined only by the climate.( ) 6. The ecologists of the organismic school argue that there are not obvious borderline between two communities.( ) 6. One of the succession viewpoint (演替觀) of individualistic school is that it is difficult to predict the succession direction of

25、 a community.( ) 7. We can classified trees (喬木) into broad-leaved and needle-leaved in term of growth form.( ) 8. There are two communities A and B, and each of them has 100 individuals. Community A has two species each with 50 individuals. Community B has ten species, but the each of which has 10

26、individuals, respectively (分別地). So we can conclude that the species biodiversity of community A is higher than that of community B.( ) 9. After a forest is logged by the way of clear cutting (皆伐) , there will occur secondary succession. ( ) 14. It will not incur (招致, 引起) any negative effects on a c

27、ommunity to remove all the redundant species (冗余種) from this community.( ) 29. Plants can be classified into trees, lianas (藤本植物), shrubs, epiphytes (附生植物), herbs, thallophytes (菌藻植物) in terms of life growth.（5）ecosystem ecology( ) 11. The biomass of the lower of trophic level must be higher than th

28、at of the higher trophic level.( ) 12. The energy decreases with increase of trophic level. ( ) 13. Sulfur cycle (硫循環(huán)) belongs to sedimentary cycle (沉積型循環(huán)) and doesnt belong to gaseous cycle.( ) 26. The more the production of rice is, the more is the biomass of it.( ) 10. There are 158 000 kg of big

29、head carp (鳙魚) in a lake with area of 100 km2 in a given time (某一時刻), so the biomass of the bighead carp can be calculated.( ) 33. The number of trophic level of the ecosystem is generally less than seven to eight. To make the right choice 選擇題（1）introduction8. The ecologist who firstly gave definiti

30、on for ecology is ( ). A. Hackel B. Clements C. Tansley D. Lack33. ( ) belong(s) to the research domain of classic ecology.A. population ecology B. community ecology C. ecosystem ecology D. landscape ecology（2）autoecology 1. The auricle (外耳) of arctic fox (北極狐) is markedly shorter than that of red f

31、ox (赤狐) in temperate zone, and the auricle of red fox is obviously shorter than that of large-ear fox (大耳狐). We can use ( ) to explain this phenomenon.A. Bergmanns rule B. Allens rule C. Shelford law of tolerance D. Jordan rule3. Whale, dolphin, sea lion, sea elephant, and sea dog all belong to mamm

32、al, and shark belongs to fish, but they all have the fin-like structure to adapt themselves to water environment. We can term this phenomenon ( ).A. convergence adaptation B. competition C. mutualism D. divergence adaptation20. When there are short of calcium (鈣) in the environment, strontium (鍶) ca

33、n substitutes for calcium (Ca.) in the growth and development of mollusk. We can term this effect as ( ).A. Combined effect (綜合作用) B. complementary effect (互補(bǔ)作用) C. Non-substitutable (不可替代作用) D. Definitiveness (限定性作用或階段性作用)21. The concentration of nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus in the soil can be a

34、bsorbed by a crop to produce 250 kg, 350 kg, and 500 kg of this crop, respectively (分別地), so the realized production of this crop is about ( ). A. 250 kg B. 350 kg C. 500 kg D. 1100 kg25. Among the following ecological factors, ( ) are/is probably (很可能地) the conditions (or a condition) for the plant

35、s but the resource(s) for insects.A. solar radiation B. air C. water E. temperature31. The position of light compensation point (光補(bǔ)償點(diǎn)) for sun species (陽地或陽性物種) is ( ) that for shade species (陰性或陰地物種).A. higher than B. lower than C. the same as D. higher than or lower than or the same as（3）populatio

36、n ecology6. The basic unit of species existence in nature is ( ).A. individual B. population C. species D. community7. The main characteristics of K-selector include(s)（ ）.A. small body B. large body C. high reproduction rate D. low reproduction rate9. The spatial distribution pattern of population

37、include ( ).A. uniform distribution B. random distribution C. clumped distribution D. vertical distribution10. ( ) dont belong to positive interaction among the four inter-specific relationships followed.A. competition B. amensalism C. predation D. mutualism11. The dynamics of population of the alga

38、e (藻類) that insulted in red tide belongs to ( ). A. irregular fluctuation B. regular fluctuation C. population outbreak D. ecological invasion12. A secondary metabolizied material (次生代謝產(chǎn)物) is released into environment by a plant, which can inhibited the other plants from growth, we often term this p

39、henomenon ( ). A. allelopathy (他感作用) B. apparent competetion (似然競爭) C. competetion D. territoriality (領(lǐng)域性)13. In Logistic growth equation dN/dt=rN(1-N/K), ( ) denotes the residual space (剩余空間)。A. 1/K B. N/K C. 1-N/K D. N(1-N/K)14. When Tribolium castaneum (雜擬谷盜) and Oryzaephilus surinamensis (鋸谷盜) a

40、re cultured together, they compete for food and eat each others eggs. The interaction between the two animals belong(s) to ( ). A. exploitation competition B. interference competition C. Apparent competition (似然競爭) D. amensalism15. ( ) belong(s) to modular organism.A. bracken fern（歐洲蕨） B. insect C.

41、fish D. sheep16. ( ) belong(s) to unitary organism.A. insect B. bracken fern（歐洲蕨） C. hydroids D. sponges17The gene of Huntingtons disease (亨廷頓舞蹈病) was often found among the Afrikaner (南非白人，布爾人) population in South African established by 20 immigrants of one shipload from Europe, and this gene was or

42、iginally taken by a Dutchman (荷蘭人), one of the 20 immigrants. According to the background, we can infer that Huntingtons disease is the result of ( ).A. Founder effect B. genetic drift C. genetic bottleneck D. Hardy-Winbergs law18. The population of bird will increase when food availability (可獲得性) i

43、s high, which will go down when there are short of foods. According to the relationship between bird population size and food availability, we can infer boldly (大膽地) that the regulation mechanism of bird population belongs to ( ).A. biotic school B. climatic school C. endocrinal regulation theory D.

44、 genetic regulation theory19. Population growth model NttN0 describes ( ).A. the population growth when the resource is unlimited and the generation is non-overlapped;B. the population growth when the resource is unlimited and the generation is overlapped;C. the population growth when the resource i

45、s limited and the generation is non-overlapped;D. the population growth when the resource is unlimited and the generation is overlapped.23. ( ) belong(s) to r-strategist.A. locust (蝗蟲) B. giant panda (大熊貓) C. white whale (白鯊) D. Chinese river dolphin (白暨豚)24. The inter-specific relationship between

46、ant and aphid (蚜蟲) is ( ).A. primitive cooperation (原始合作) B. mutualism (互利合作) C. amenanlism (偏利共生)28. The following life form (生物) that doesnt belong to the modular organism（構(gòu)件生物）is ( ).A. coral (珊瑚) B. hydroid (水螅) C. pine tree (松樹) D. insect26. It is called ( ) for the relationship between a bee a

47、nd its pollinated flower（授粉的花）. A. primitive cooperation B. predation C. parasitism D. commensalism29. The types of density dependence include(s) ( ).A. over compensation B. under compensation C. exact compensation D. balancing compensation30. ( ) doesnt belong to inter-specific relationship.A. comp

48、etition B. predation C. parasitism D. cannibalism (自相殘殺)32. The inter-specific relationship between penicillin and bacterium belong(s) to ( ).A. antibiosis B. amensalism C. commensalisms D. allelopathy34. When the population size is ( ), the population increase in the maximum rate.A. more than K/2 B

49、. less than K/2 C. the same as K/2 D. the same as K35. The parasitizing bees lay eggs in the body of their parasitized insects, and will gradually kill the parasitized insects, so the relationship between them is ( )A. parasitoidism (擬寄生) B. parasitism (寄生) C. amensalism (偏害作用) D. commensalisms (偏利作

50、用)（4）community ecology2. The climax in the Monoclimax theory denotes ( ). A. Climate climax B. animal climax C. soil climax D. topographical climax4. ( ) can be exclusively used to determine whether a species in a community is dominant or not. A. number of species 物種數(shù)量 B. biomass of species 物種生

51、物量 C. size of species 物種的體積 D. its role in the community 物種在群落中的作用22. ( ) belong(s) to ecological equivalent species.A. rice and cotton B. apple and coconut tree (椰子樹) C. hyacinth (水葫蘆) and reed D. cactus and plants of zygophyllum (霸王科, 霸王屬)（5）ecosystem ecology5. Lindamm efficiency deals with ( ) be

52、tween two trophic levels (營養(yǎng)級). A. relationship of energy B. information transfer C. matter cycle D. trophic relationship27. A mature ecosystem should have a feature of ( ).A. P/R>>1 B. Simple linear food web（直線型食物網(wǎng)關(guān)系）C. more K-strategists D. lower diversity36( ) is/are the decomposer of the e

53、cosystemA. earthworm (蚯蚓) B. bacteria (細(xì)菌) C. fungus (真菌) D. green alga (綠藻). Please answer the questions below in brief. 簡答題1. Please give the definition of resources and conditions, and take example(s) to describe the differences between resources and conditions. 簡述資源、條件的定義，并舉例說明資源與條件的區(qū)別 。2. Pleas

54、e list the types of survivorship curve, the characteristics and one representative species of each curve. 存活曲線有哪幾種？每種存活曲線有哪些特征？各種曲線列出1個物種。3. Please list the rules of animals evolved response to temperature, and describe its meanings in brief. 從進(jìn)化角度看，動物對溫度的響應(yīng)規(guī)律（evolved response to temperature）有哪些？4. What are the four fundamental components of the ecosystem? and what functions the composer, consumer, and producer play in the ecosystem ? 生態(tài)系統(tǒng)有哪些主要組成成分？生產(chǎn)者、消費(fèi)者和分解者在生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中各起什么功能？5. Please briefly describe t