考研英語(yǔ)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法講義全國(guó)月修訂

1、2014考研基礎(chǔ)講義之語(yǔ)法解絕真題 課程目的：詞匯+語(yǔ)法=句子+句子=文章，故有了語(yǔ)法，解決根本問(wèn)題。 引言：語(yǔ)法的意義何在（什么是語(yǔ)法）（1997年翻譯）On one view of rights, to be sure, it necessarily follows that animals have none. （2006年閱讀4）happiness more often than not ends in sadness.（2012年翻譯）Chomskys grammar should show patterns of language change that are independe

2、nt of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it, whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations.指導(dǎo)：如何解決考研語(yǔ)法：一個(gè)核心：三種殘缺：兩種順序：五種從句：五種結(jié)構(gòu)：一.語(yǔ)法核心謂語(yǔ)（一個(gè)核心）1.謂語(yǔ)的意義：（2002 年閱讀）Strengthening economic growth, at the same time as winter g

3、rips thenorthern hemisphere, could push the price higher in the short term.提示記錄區(qū)：動(dòng)詞分類2.謂語(yǔ)判斷原則： 1） 2）3）英語(yǔ)時(shí)態(tài)語(yǔ)態(tài)一覽表：時(shí)間狀態(tài)備注3.謂語(yǔ)判斷舉例：（1996年翻譯）This trend began during the second World War, when several governments came to this conclusion that the specific demands cannot generally be foreseen in detail.提示記錄

4、區(qū)：簡(jiǎn)單句的成分2. 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞（三種殘缺）1. 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞來(lái)源：非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞謂語(yǔ)類型謂語(yǔ)來(lái)源殘缺部分謂語(yǔ)含義非謂語(yǔ)翻譯可做成分to dodoingdonedonedoing提示記錄區(qū)：done和doing作定語(yǔ)2. 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞舉例：1） 做主語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)（2012年翻譯）To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behaviour arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive te

5、rms.2） 定語(yǔ)Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool.（2012年閱讀TEXT1）4）狀語(yǔ)Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has app

6、lied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years.（2012年閱讀TEXT2）3. to do 的形式用法1） 形式主語(yǔ)（2005年翻譯）It is not easy to talk about the role of the mass media in this overwhelmingly significant phase in European history. 2）形式賓語(yǔ)：（2007年新題型）All these activities can prevent the growth of important

7、 communication and thinking skills and make it difficult for kids to develop the kind of sustained concentration they will need for most jobs.3）that形式主語(yǔ)（2004年閱讀TEXT2）It has long been known that a taxi firm called AAAA cars has a big advantage over Zodiac cars when customers thumb through their phone

8、 directories. 4) 強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)：（2009Text2）It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom or at least confirm that hes the kids dad. 3. 定語(yǔ)與狀語(yǔ)（兩種順序）1. 定語(yǔ)成分與順序1） 定語(yǔ)成分一覽表定語(yǔ)成分形容詞名詞代詞分詞不定式介詞短語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)從句前置定語(yǔ)后置定語(yǔ)2） 定語(yǔ)翻譯舉例舉例一：（2011年text1）The decision of the New York P

9、hilharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009.舉例二：（1997年text5）Much of the language used to describe monetary policy, such as “steering the economy to a soft landing” or “a touch

10、 on the brakes,” makes it sound like a precise science.提示記錄區(qū)：定語(yǔ)翻譯順序2. 狀語(yǔ)分類與順序1. 狀語(yǔ)分類狀語(yǔ)分類時(shí)間地點(diǎn)原因目的條件讓步結(jié)果比較方式代表句前分隔主謂之間句尾部分2. 狀語(yǔ)成分狀語(yǔ)成分狀語(yǔ)舉例狀語(yǔ)位置3.狀語(yǔ)的翻譯中文狀語(yǔ)語(yǔ)序：英語(yǔ)狀語(yǔ)語(yǔ)序：4. 條件狀語(yǔ)的真?zhèn)危ㄌ摂M語(yǔ)氣）情況條件結(jié)果備注現(xiàn)在真實(shí)現(xiàn)在虛擬過(guò)去真實(shí)過(guò)去虛擬將來(lái)真實(shí)將來(lái)虛擬真題舉例一：（2003年text1）Wild Bill Donovan would have loved the Internet. The American spymaster wh

11、o built the Office of Strategic Services in the World War II and later laid the roots for the CIA was fascinated with information. 41.The emergence of the Net has _.A received support from fans like DonovanB remolded the intelligence servicesC restored many common pastimesD revived spying as a profe

12、ssion提示記錄區(qū)：狀語(yǔ)翻譯順序提示記錄區(qū)：介詞短語(yǔ)的作用4. 五種從句1. 從句概念與分類2. 引導(dǎo)詞A. 關(guān)系代詞B. 關(guān)系副詞3. 從句特征一覽表從句類型特征引導(dǎo)詞舉例翻譯方式主語(yǔ)從句賓（表）語(yǔ)從句定語(yǔ)從句同位語(yǔ)從句狀語(yǔ)從句4. 定語(yǔ)從句的特殊性1）限定性定語(yǔ)從句 He likes his father who gives money to him.2） 有介詞的定語(yǔ)從句舉例一（2003年text3）Its a theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in

13、the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail.舉例二（2003年翻譯)Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies.3） 使用關(guān)系副詞的定語(yǔ)從句舉例三（2010年text1）It is difficult to th

14、e point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. 舉例四 (2010年翻譯) In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of na

15、tive forest community, to be preserved as such, within reason.5. 五種結(jié)構(gòu)1. 代詞指代核心三原則：1. 2. 3.（2012年翻譯）Chomskys grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it, whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies bet

16、ween particular types of word-order relations.2. 平行比較結(jié)構(gòu)1）平行原則：1. 2. （1995年翻譯） How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. 2） 比較原則：1. 2. （199

17、5年翻譯）Railroads typically charge such “captive” shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business.3. 省略（1）重復(fù)省略1.In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized.（2012年TEXT4）2. The teachers unions

18、keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.（2012年TEXT4）3. Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didnt know for sure? That the evidence was inconclusive, the science uncertain?

19、 That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way? （2005年TEXT2）（2） 簡(jiǎn)潔省略A B C DB. European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) do likewise.（2010年TEXT4）C.The company, a major energy supplier in

20、 New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations.（2012年TEXT2）D.This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.（2012年TEXT1）4. 分隔結(jié)構(gòu)（1）S

21、trengthening economic growth, at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere, could push the price higher in the short term.（2002 年閱讀TEXT1）（2）Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. （2012 年閱讀TEXT4）（3）And thats the problem with a social cure e