機械設(shè)計及其自動化專業(yè)英語翻譯23到28單元

1、Unit 23 what is “Mechatronics”?“Mechatronics” is a term coined by the Japanese to describe the integration of mechanical and electronic engineering .The concept may seem to be anything but new, since we can look around us and see a myriad of products that utilize both Mechanical and electronic disci

2、plines .Mechatronics , however , specially refers to a multidisciplined, integrated approach to product and manufacturing system design. It represents the next generation of machines, robots, and smart mechanisms necessary for carrying out work in a variety of environments-primarily, factory automat

3、ion, office automation, and home automation as shown in Fig.23.1.譯文：“機電一體化“是一個有日本人描述機械和電子集成的合成術(shù)語。這個概念看上去不再新穎，自從我們能觀察四周和看到無數(shù)那些利用機械和電子學(xué)科的產(chǎn)品。機電一體化，然而，特別是涉及到許多學(xué)科，結(jié)合方法去生產(chǎn)和制造系統(tǒng)設(shè)計。他代表下一代機械，機器人和靈巧機構(gòu)必須執(zhí)行工作在各種環(huán)境，首要的，工廠自動化，辦公自動化，家庭自動化如圖23.1所示。By both implication and application, mechatronics represents a new l

4、evel of integration for advanced manufacturing technology and processes. The intent is to force a multidisciplinary approach to these systems as well as to第1/9頁reemphasize the role of process understanding and control. This mechatronic approach is currently speeding up the already-rapid Japanese pro

5、cess for transforming ideas into products. 譯文：通過兩個含義和應(yīng)用，機電一體化代表了一個集成先進制造技術(shù)和過程的新水平。目的是將一個多學(xué)科的方法用到這些系統(tǒng)以及反復(fù)強調(diào)過程的作用的理解和控制。這個機械電子的方法目前加快了日本人已經(jīng)將觀念轉(zhuǎn)化到產(chǎn)品的快速進程。Currently, mechatronics describes the Japanese practice of using fully integrated teams of product designers, manufacturing, purchasing, and marketin

6、g personnel acting in concert with each other to design both the product and the manufacturing system.譯文：目前，機電一體化闡述了日本人使用充分結(jié)合的隊伍的實踐，這一隊伍包括產(chǎn)品設(shè)計者、制造人員、采購人員，他們相互一致行動，既設(shè)計產(chǎn)品又設(shè)計制造系統(tǒng)。The Japanese recognized that the future in production innovation would belong to those who learned how to optimize the marri

7、age between electronic and mechanical systems. They realized, in particular, that the need for this optimization would be most intense in application of advanced manufacturing第2/9頁and production systems where artificial intelligence, expert systems, smart robots, and advanced manufacturing technolog

8、y systems would create the next generation of tools to be used in the factory of the future.日本人意識到生產(chǎn)創(chuàng)新的未來會屬于那些掌握了怎樣使電子和機械系統(tǒng)結(jié)合得最優(yōu)的人。他們認識到在用人工智能，專家系統(tǒng)，靈巧機器和先進制造技術(shù)來制造出將來工廠要使用到的新一代工具的制造和生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)，尤其需要這種機電一體化的結(jié)合。From the very beginnings of recorded time, mechanical systems have found their way into every aspec

9、t of our society. Our simplest mechanisms, such as gears, pulleys, springs, and wheels, have provided the basis for our tools. Our electronics technology, on the other hand, is completely twentieth-century, all of it created within the past 75 years.自有時間記錄以來，機械系統(tǒng)出現(xiàn)在了我們社會的每一個方向。我們最簡單的機構(gòu)，例如：齒輪、滑輪、彈簧、和

10、輪子，組成了人類工具的基礎(chǔ)。在另一方面，我們的電子技術(shù)在過去的75年里創(chuàng)造了整個二十世紀。Until now, the electronics were included to enhance mechanical systems performance, but the emphasis remained on the mechanical product. There had never been any master plan第3/9頁on how the integration would be done. In the past, it had been done on a case

11、-by-case basis. More recently, however, because of the overwhelming advances in the world of electronics and its capability to physically simplify mechanical configurations, the technical community began to reassess the marriage between these two disciplines.直到現(xiàn)在，電子產(chǎn)品被用于提高機械系統(tǒng)的性能，而且強調(diào)保留在機械產(chǎn)品中。在怎樣做一體

12、化方面從來沒有總體規(guī)劃，在過去，它是在一件一件的基礎(chǔ)上制作出來的。然而，近年來，由于電子世界重要的先進性和它對機械外形的物理簡化能力，技術(shù)界開始重新評估這兩個學(xué)科之間的結(jié)合。The most obvious trend in the direction of mechatronic innovation can be observed in the automobile industry. There was a time when a car was primarily a mechanical marvel with a few electronic appendages.在機電一體化改革

13、方向最明顯的趨勢可以在汽車行業(yè)觀察到。曾經(jīng)有一段時間，汽車主要是一個有幾個電子附件組成的機械奇跡。 First came the starter motor, and then the generator, each maiking the original product a bit better than it was before. Then came solid-state electronics, and suddenly the mechanical marvel became an electro-mechanical marvel. Todays macine is第4/9頁c

14、ontrolled by microprocessors, built by robots, and fault-analyzed by a computer connected to its “external ieterface connector”. Automo- tive mechanical engineers are no longer the masters of their creations.首先是起動機電機，然后是發(fā)生器，每個制造的原產(chǎn)品都比以前更好。然后是固體電子學(xué)，突然變成了一個電氣機械的奇跡。今天的機器是由微處理器控制，建立了機器人，和故障分析的計算機連接到它的“外

15、部接口連接器”。汽車的機械工程師不再是他們的創(chuàng)作大師。The process that describes the evolution of the automobile is somewhat typical of other products in our society. Electronics has repeatedly improved the performance of mechanical systems, but that innovation has been more by serendipity than by design. And that is the esse

16、nce of mechatronics-the preplanned application of, mechanical and electronics technology to create an optimum product.這個過程,描述了在我們的社會中汽車的進化過程中有些典型的其他產(chǎn)品。電子一再提高機械系統(tǒng)的性能,但是,創(chuàng)新比設(shè)計更有可能。這是機電一體化應(yīng)用的本質(zhì)，機械和電子技術(shù)來創(chuàng)造一個最佳的產(chǎn)品。A recent U.S. Department of commerce report entitled “JTECHP anel report on Mechatronics in

17、 Japan” compared U.S. and Japanese research and development trends in specific areas of mechatronics technology. Except for a few areas, the technology necessary to accomplish the development of the next generation of systems embodying the principles of mechatronics is fully within the technological

18、 reach of the Japanese.最近美國商務(wù)部的報告題為“JTECH小組報告日本的機電一體化“相比美國和日本在特定領(lǐng)域的機電一體化技術(shù)的研究和發(fā)展趨勢。除了少數(shù)地區(qū),開發(fā)下一代系統(tǒng)需要創(chuàng)新技術(shù)體現(xiàn)機電一體化的原則上是必須在其技術(shù)達到的日本的程度Comparisons were made in three categories: basic research, advanced development,，and product implementation. Except for machine vision and software, Japanese basic researc

19、h was comparable to the United States, with the Japanese closing in fast on machine vision system technology. Japanese artificial intelligence research is falling behind, primarily because the Japanese do not consider it an essential ingredient of their future systems, they appear capable of closing

20、 even that gap, if required . In the advanced development and product implementation areas, Japan is equal to or better than the United States, and is continuing to pull ahead at this time . 特別是在三個方面:基礎(chǔ)研究、先進的開發(fā),和產(chǎn)品實現(xiàn)。除了機器視第6/9頁覺和軟件,日本的基本研究與美國的相提并論,日本的機器視覺系統(tǒng)技術(shù)開發(fā)的較快. .日本的人工智能研究落后,主要是因為日本不考慮這是他們的未來的一個重

21、要組成部分,他們表現(xiàn)出的系統(tǒng)關(guān)閉甚至差距,如果需要。在先進的開發(fā)和產(chǎn)品實現(xiàn)地區(qū)、日本接近或優(yōu)于美國,將領(lǐng)先在一段時間The Department of Commerce report concluded that Japan is maintaining its position and is in some cases gaining ground over the United States in the application of mechatronics. Their progress in mechatronics is important because it addresses

22、 the very means for the next generation of data-driven advanced design and manufacturing technology. In fact, the Department of Commerce report concludes that this has created a regenerative effect on Japans manufacturing industries. To close the gap, we will need to go much further than creating ne

23、w tools. If we accept the fact that mechanical systems optimally coupled with electronics components will be the wave of the future, then we must also understand that the ripple effect will be felt all the way back to the university, where we now keep the two disciplines of mechanics and electronics

24、 separated and allow them to meet only in occasional overview sessions. New curricula must be created for a new hybrid engineer-a mechatronics engineer. Only then can be assured第7/9頁that future generations of product designers and manufacturing engineers will fully seek excellence in these new techn

25、iques.商務(wù)部報告結(jié)束后日本保持它的地位，和在某些情況下美國在機電一體化技術(shù)的應(yīng)用程序中獲得地位。他們在機電一體化方面的進展是重要的，因為它涉及的數(shù)據(jù)驅(qū)動的下一代是手段先進的設(shè)計和制造技術(shù)。事實上，商務(wù)部報告的結(jié)論造成了對日本制造業(yè)再生的影響。 為了減小差距，我們需要進一步研究而不僅僅是制造新的機器，如果我們接受機械系統(tǒng)優(yōu)化和電子元件將是未來的趨勢，那么我們就不得不明白，它在大學(xué)中的的連鎖反應(yīng)，大學(xué)里，現(xiàn)在我們將機械學(xué)科和電子學(xué)科分離，而僅僅在偶然的會議上才會碰面，所以作為一個新的復(fù)合工程師，必須建立一門課程機電一體化工程師，只有這樣，我們才能夠確保將來的產(chǎn)品設(shè)計師和制造工程師能夠利用好這

26、些新技術(shù)。We need to rethink our present-day approach of separating our engineering staffs both from each other and from the production engineers. Living together and communicating individual knowledge will create a new synergistic effect on products. Maximum interaction will be the key to optimum design

27、s and new product development.我們需要重新思考我們今天的做法，我們的工程技術(shù)人員都從對方從第8/9頁生產(chǎn)工程師分離。個人知識的共同生活和溝通，將創(chuàng)建一個新的產(chǎn)品協(xié)同效應(yīng)。最大程度的互動將是最佳的設(shè)計和新產(chǎn)品開發(fā)的關(guān)鍵 The definition of mechatronics is much more significant upside down. It will change the way we design and produce the next generation of high technology products. The nation th

28、at fully implements the rudiments of mechatronics and vigorously pursues it will lead the word to a new generation of technology innovation with all its profound implications.機電儀一體化的定義是更加重大顛倒的。它將改變我們設(shè)計并且引起高科技產(chǎn)品的下一代的方式。國家，充分實現(xiàn)了機電一體化技術(shù)的基本原理和大力追求它將帶領(lǐng)這個詞對一代新的技術(shù)創(chuàng)新具有其深遠的影響。第二十五單元Industrial robots became a

29、 reality in the early 1960s when Joseph Engelberger and George Devol teamed up to form a robotics company they called “Unimation”.(工業(yè)機器人在1960 年初成為了現(xiàn)實，是由約瑟夫· 和喬治·德沃爾聯(lián)合起來形成一個他們叫" Unimation "的機器人技術(shù)公司。)A robot is not simply another automated machine.(機器人不只是另一個自動化機械。)Automation began

30、during the industrial revolution with machine that performed jobs that formerly had been done by human workers. (自動化開始于機器工業(yè)革命期間，它能夠執(zhí)行以前人類工人的作業(yè)。) Such a machine, however, can do only the specific job for which it was designed, whereas a robot can perform a variety of jobs. (這樣一臺機器，然而，只能做給它的設(shè)計的具體的工作，而

31、一個機器人可以執(zhí)行各種作業(yè)。)A robot must have an arm. (機器人必須有一個手臂。) The arm must be able to duplicate the movements of a human worker in loading and unloading other automated machine, spraying paint, welding, and performing hundreds of other jobs that cannot be easily done with conventional automated machine. (手

32、臂必須能夠復(fù)制一個人的工人在裝卸等自動化機器，噴漆，焊接，以及執(zhí)行成百上千的其他不能很容易地完成傳統(tǒng)的自動化機器的作業(yè)。)Definition of A RobotThe Robot Industries Association (RIA) has published a definition for robots in an attempt to clarify which machines are simply automated machines and which machines are truly robots.（ 機器人工業(yè)協(xié)會 (RIA) 發(fā)表了一個定義為機器人，試圖澄清哪些機

33、器是只是自動化的機器和哪些機器是真正的機器人。） The RIA definition is as follows:（RIA 的定義，如下所示：）A robot is a reprogrammable multifunctional manipulator designed to move material, parts, tools, or specialized devices through variable programmed motions for the performance of a variety tasks.（機器人就是一種可重復(fù)編程的多功能操縱器，旨在通過各種任務(wù)的性能

34、變量編程議案移動材料，零件，工具或?qū)Ｓ迷O(shè)備。）This definition, which is more extensive than the one in the RIA glossary at the end of this book, is an excellent definition of a robot. （這一定義，這是比一個在這本書的末尾的 RIA 詞匯表中更廣泛，是一種優(yōu)秀的機器人定義。）We will look at this definition, one phrase at a time, so as to understand which machines are

35、in fact robots and which machines are little more than specialized automation.（我們將著眼于這一定義，在一段時間內(nèi)這都是一個短語，只要去了解哪些機器其實是機器人及哪些機器僅僅是特殊的自動化機械。）First, a robot is a “reprogrammable multifunctional manipulator.”（ 首先，機器人是“可再程序化的多功能操作器”。）In this phrase RIA第2/6頁tells us that a robot can be taught (reprogrammed)

36、 to do more than one job by changing the information stored in its memory. （RIA 中這句話告訴我們一個機器人可以通過更改其內(nèi)存中存儲的信息來教授（再次編程）它去做多個作業(yè)。） A robot can be reprogrammed to load and unload machines, weld, and do many other jobs (multifunctional). （機器人可以被重新編程去加載和卸載機器，焊縫，和做很多其他工作(多功能。) A robot is a “manipulator”.（機器

37、人是一種"機械手"，能夠用手臂 （或手）去拿起或移動?xùn)|西。）A manipulator is an arm (or hand) that can pick up or moving things. At this point we know that a robot is an arm that can be taught to do different jobs.（在這一點上我們知道一個機器人相當(dāng)于一只手臂，可以教給它做不同的工作。）The definition goes on to say that a robot is “designed to move materi

38、al, parts, tools, or specialized devices”.（該定義上說，機器人“旨在移動材料，零件，或者特殊的設(shè)備”。）Material includes wood, steel, plastic, cardboard. anything that is used in the manufacture of a product.（材料包括木材，鋼材，塑料，紙板.用于制造一個產(chǎn)品的任何東西。）A robot can also handle parts that have been manufactured. （機器人還可以處理已經(jīng)生產(chǎn)的零件。） For example,

39、 a robot can load a piece of steel into an automatic lathe and unload a finished part out of the lathe.（例如，一個機器人可以加載一塊剛到自動車床和從車床上卸載一個第3/6頁已經(jīng)完成的零件。）In addition to handling material and parts, a robot can be fitted with tools such as grinders, buffers, screwdrivers, and welding torches to perform usef

40、ul work.（除了處理材料和零件，一個機器人可配備工具，如磨床、 緩沖劑，螺絲刀，和焊接氣炬來執(zhí)行有用的工作。）Robots can also be fitted with specialized instruments or devices to do special jobs in a manufacturing plant.（機器人也可以配備特殊的儀器或設(shè)備在制造工廠做特殊的工作。）Robots can be fitted with television cameras for inspection of parts or products.（機器人可以裝有電視攝像機，用于檢查零件或

41、產(chǎn)品。）They can be fitted with lasers to accurately measure the size of parts being manufactured.(它們可以配用激光準確地測量所制造的部件的大小。)The RIA definition closes with the phrase, “through variable programmed motions for the performance of a variety of tasks.”( RIA定義接近一個短語，“. 通過可變的編程的運動給各種各樣的任務(wù)”。) This phrase emphasi

42、zes the fact that a robot can do many different jobs in a manufacturing plant. (這句話強調(diào)的事實是一個機器人在制造工廠可以做很多不同的工作。)The variety of jobs that a robot can do is limited only by the creativity of the application engineer.(機器人可以做的各種工作只能由應(yīng)用工程師的創(chuàng)造力來限制的。)Jobs for RobotsJobs performed by robots can be divided in

43、to two major categories: hazardous jobs and repetitive jobs.（由機器人來完成的工作可以分為兩個主要類別： 危險作業(yè)和重復(fù)性作業(yè)。）Hazardous jobsMany applications of robots are in jobs that are hazardous to humans. （機器人的許多應(yīng)用程序是在對人類有危險的工作。）Such jobs may be considered hazardous because of toxic fumes, the weight of the material being ha

44、ndled, the temperature of the material being handled, the danger of working near rotating or press machinery, or environments containing high levels of radiation.（這些工作可被認為是有危險的，由于有毒煙霧，被處理的材料的重量，被處理的材料的溫度，這些工作附近的旋轉(zhuǎn)或重壓的機械，或含有高劑量輻射的環(huán)境中。）Repetitive JobsIn addition to taking over hazardous jobs, robots a

45、re well suited to doing extremely repetitive jobs that must be done in manufacturing plants. （除了接管危險的工作，機器人很適合于在制造廠做重復(fù)的但必須做工作。）Many jobs in manufacturing plants require a person to act more like a machine than like a human. （許多工作在制造廠要求，更像是一第5/6頁臺機器，不是像人一樣的人。）The job may be to pick a piece up from he

46、re and place it there. （這份工作可能從這里接一片，并將其放置在那里。）The job requires little or no judgment and little or skill. （工作的要求很少或沒有判斷和小到不要技能。）The same job is done hundreds of times each day. （同樣的工作是做數(shù)百次的每一天。）This is not said as a criticism of the person who does the job, but is intended simply to point out that

47、many of these jobs exist in industry and must be done to complete the manufacture of products.（這不是一個批評對做工作的人，但純粹為了指出這些作業(yè)的許多行業(yè)中存在和必須完成才能完成產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)。）A robot can be placed at such a work station and can be perform the job admirably without complaining or experiencing the fatigue and boredom normally assoc

48、iated with such a job.(機器人可以放在這種工作站，并且可以極好的執(zhí)行作業(yè)而沒有抱怨或者通常的疲勞和厭煩這樣一份工作的體驗。)第二十七單元Flexible Manufacturing SystemsFlexible Manufacturing System DefinedThe evolution of manufacturing can be represented graphically as a continuum as shown in Fig. 27.1. As this figure shows, manufacturing processes and syst

49、ems are in a state of transition from manual operation to the eventual realization of fully integrated manufacturing. The step preceding computer-integrated manufacturing is called flexible manufacturing.Flexibility is an important characteristic in the modern manufacturing setting. It means that a

50、manufacturing system is versatile and adaptable, while also capable of handling relatively high production runs. A flexible manufacturing system is versatile in that it can produce a variety of parts. It is adaptable in that it can be quickly modified to produce a completely different line of parts.

51、 This flexibility can be the difference between success and failure in a competitive international marketplace.It is a matter of balance. Stand-alone computer numerical control (CNC) machines have a high degree of flexibility, but are capable of relatively low-volume production runs. At the opposite

52、 end of the spectrum, transfer lines are capable of high-volume runs, but they are not very flexible. Flexible manufacturing is an attempt to use technology in such a way as to achieve the optimum balance between flexibility and production runs. These technologies include automated materials handlin

53、g, group technology, and computer and distributed numerical control.A flexible manufacturing system (FMS) is an individual machine or group of machines served by an automated materials handling system that is computer controlled and has a tool handling capability. Because of its tool handling capabi

54、lity and computer control, such a system can be continually reconfigured to manufacture a wide variety of parts. This is why it is called a flexible manufacturing system.The key elements necessary for a manufacturing system to qualify as an FMS are as follows: computer control;automated materials ha

55、ndling capability;tool handling capability.Flexible manufacturing represents a major step toward the goal of fully integrated manufacturing in that it involves integration of automated production processes. In flexible manufacturing, the automated manufacturing machine (i. e. , lathe, mill, drill) a

56、nd the automated materials handling system share instantaneous communication via a computer network. This is integration on a small scale. Overview of Flexible ManufacturingFlexible manufacturing takes a major step toward the goal of fully integrated manufacturing by integrating several automated ma

57、nufacturing concepts:Computer numerical control (CNC) of individual machine tools;Distributed numerical control (DNC) of manufacturing systems;Automated materials handling systems;Group technology (families of parts).When these automated processes, machines, and concepts are brought together in one

58、integrated system, an FMS is the result. Humans and computers play major roles in an FMS. The amount of human labor is much less than with a manually operated manufacturing system, of course. However, humans still play a vital role in the operation of an FMS. Human tasks include the followings:Equip

59、ment troubleshooting, maintenance, and repair;第1/6頁Tool changing and setup;Loading and unloading the system;Data input;Changing of parts programs;Development of programs.Flexible manufacturing system equipment, like all manufacturing equipment, must be monitored for "bugs", malfunctions, and breakdowns. When a problem is discovered, a human troubleshooter must identify its source and prescribe corrective measures. Humans also u