《非謂語動詞》

1、 動詞不定式無人稱和數(shù)的變化動詞不定式無人稱和數(shù)的變化,但有但有時態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化。時態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化。不定式不定式時態(tài)時態(tài) 語態(tài)語態(tài)主動語態(tài)主動語態(tài) 被動語態(tài)被動語態(tài)一般式一般式 to write to write to be to be written written 進行式進行式 to be to be writing writing 完成式完成式 to have to have written written to have to have been been written written 完成進行式完成進行式to have been to have been writing writi

2、ng (二)、不定式的句法功能主語 賓語 表語 定語 A. 跟不定式作賓語的常見動詞: （）hope, want , expect, wish, desire, like, love, dislike ,hate, plan, intend, mean, prepare, decide, determine, afford, fail, manage, try、dare, help , promise、refuse、 learn、offer、 agree、forget ,bother . B. 常跟疑問詞+不定式作賓語的動詞: tell, advise, show, teach, find o

3、ut, decide, discuss, learn, explain tell sb what to do A.表示按計劃和安排將要發(fā)生的事情。 表示主語的內(nèi)容，但側(cè)重于目的性。 Her wish was to become an artist. C. 表示情態(tài)意義(應(yīng)該, 必須)。 The form is to be filled in and returned within a week. A. let, have, make, get等表使役的動詞等表使役的動詞 They made us go with them. 注意注意: Let/ have/make sb. do ; get s

4、b. to do They got us to go with them. B. ask, tell, request, order等表要求等表要求,命命令的動詞令的動詞 The chairman requested the members to be silent. C. allow, permit, forbid等表許可或禁止等表許可或禁止的動詞的動詞 The guard forbade me to enter. D. wish, want, expect, intend等表希望的等表希望的動詞動詞(hope無此用法無此用法)Many parents expect their childr

5、en to study abroad. E. F. 其他動詞其他動詞 advise, help, persuade, encourage, warn, cause, force, remind Please remind me to take the raincoat.Practice1 Schools across China are expected to hire 50,000 college graduates this year as short-term teachers, almost three times the number hired last year, _ reduc

6、e unemployment pressures. A. help B. helped C. to help D. having helpedC2 The children all turned _ the famous actress as she entered the classroom. A. looked atB. to look at C. to looking atD. look atB3 We are invited to a party _ in our club next Friday. A. to be held B. held C. being held D. hold

7、ingA4 _, you need to give all you have and try your best. A. Being a winner B. To be a winner C. Be a winner D. Having been a winner5. The play _ next month aims mainly to reflect the local culture. A. produced B. being produced C.tobeproduced D.havingbeen producedBC時態(tài)時態(tài) 語態(tài)語態(tài)主動語態(tài)主動語態(tài) 被動語態(tài)被動語態(tài)一般式一般式

8、doingdoingbeing done being done 完成式完成式 having donehaving donehaving been having been done done (一一).的語法形式的語法形式無人稱和數(shù)的變化無人稱和數(shù)的變化,但有時態(tài)和語態(tài)的但有時態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化變化.(二二)、動名詞的句法功能、動名詞的句法功能 具有名詞的特征具有名詞的特征,可充當(dāng)成分可充當(dāng)成分: 主語主語賓語賓語 表語表語 定語定語 1） 動名詞在“It is no use/ no good/ fun / a waste of time/ a good pleasure 等名詞 + doing”結(jié)

9、構(gòu)中作主語，it為形式主語。例如： It is no good writing to him; he never answers letters. It is no use talking too much. 2） 動名詞在“It is useless/ nice/ good/ interesting/ worthwhile 等形容詞 + doing”結(jié)構(gòu)中作主語。例如： It is nice playing chess after supper. 3） 動名詞在“There is(was) no + doing”結(jié)構(gòu)中作主語。例如： There is no denying that she

10、is very efficient. 注注: 動名詞和不定式都可以作主語或表語動名詞和不定式都可以作主語或表語,沒有太沒有太大區(qū)別。在表示經(jīng)常習(xí)慣性動作多用動名詞大區(qū)別。在表示經(jīng)常習(xí)慣性動作多用動名詞; 在在表示具體某次動作表示具體某次動作, 特別是將來的動作時特別是將來的動作時,多用不多用不定式。定式。有些動詞短語后也要求跟動名詞作賓語。常這樣用的動詞短語有：cant stand , cant help .介詞介詞 注意注意: 介詞后如果需要非謂語動詞作賓語介詞后如果需要非謂語動詞作賓語,只能是動名詞只能是動名詞,不可用不定式不可用不定式 。 Are you good at playing

11、football? 其他介詞不易錯其他介詞不易錯,重點是介詞重點是介詞to .因為不定式因為不定式符號也是符號也是to ,所以一定要記住有關(guān)的短語。所以一定要記住有關(guān)的短語。 ,Practice返回(1).無人稱和數(shù)的變化無人稱和數(shù)的變化,但有時態(tài)和語態(tài)的但有時態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化變化.其時態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化形式與動名詞相同其時態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化形式與動名詞相同.時態(tài)時態(tài) 語態(tài)語態(tài)主動語態(tài)主動語態(tài) 被動語態(tài)被動語態(tài)一般式一般式 doingdoingbeing done being done 完成式完成式 having donehaving donehaving been having been done d

12、one 現(xiàn)在 A.作感官動詞的作感官動詞的或方式或方式 B. 作使役動詞的 1)作時間狀語作時間狀語, 可以表示三個時間概可以表示三個時間概念念 A.表示和謂語動作同時發(fā)生表示和謂語動作同時發(fā)生,相當(dāng)于相當(dāng)于 “as soon as” 引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句句 Hearing the good news, he jumped up with joy. = As soon as he heard the good news, he = On hearing the good news, he B.謂語動詞的動作發(fā)生在分詞動作的過程中,表示”在做某事期間”相當(dāng)于由when/while

13、引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句。 Walking in the street, I came across an old friend. = When/While I was walking in the street, I came across an old friend. = When/While walking in the street, I came across C.如果分詞的動作發(fā)生在謂語動作之前如果分詞的動作發(fā)生在謂語動作之前,分詞就要用完成時。如分詞就要用完成時。如:Having done his homework, the boy went out to play.Having wr

14、itten his composition, he began to do his Maths homework. 2)作原因狀語作原因狀語,相當(dāng)于相當(dāng)于由由because/as 引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句。引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句。 A.和謂語動詞的動作同時發(fā)生Being ill, he didnt go to school.=Because/As he was ill, he didnt go Not knowing what to do next, he went to his teacher for advice.= Because/As he didnt know what to do next,

15、 he went to B.如果分詞的動作發(fā)生在謂語動作之前,分詞就要用完成時。 Having seen the film many times, he didnt go to see it last night. 3)作條件狀語,相當(dāng)于由 if 引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句 (If) Using your head, you will find a way.=If you use your head, you will find 4)作讓步狀語作讓步狀語,相當(dāng)于由相當(dāng)于由 although/though 引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句 Although/Though getting up ear

16、ly, he was late for the meeting. = Although/Though he got up early, he was late for the meeting. 5)作伴隨狀語作伴隨狀語(方式狀語方式狀語),表示同謂語的動表示同謂語的動作同時發(fā)生作同時發(fā)生,相當(dāng)于由并列連詞連接的兩個相當(dāng)于由并列連詞連接的兩個并列動作。并列動作。 They sat there on the stone, talking with each other. =They sat there on the stone and talked with each other. 注意注意:只有

17、現(xiàn)在分詞的一般式才可作伴隨狀只有現(xiàn)在分詞的一般式才可作伴隨狀語語,且常放于主句后。且常放于主句后。 6)作結(jié)果狀語,同謂語動詞的動作幾乎同時發(fā)生。 The mother died, leaving five children behind. They fired at the enemy, killing two.Practice(1).的語法形式無人稱和數(shù)的變化無人稱和數(shù)的變化,也沒有時態(tài)也沒有時態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化。和語態(tài)的變化。(done)1.作表語作表語作表語,相當(dāng)于一個形容詞相當(dāng)于一個形容詞,說說明主語的狀態(tài)。如，明主語的狀態(tài)。如， He is gone. The glass is bro

18、ken. He was lost in thought. They were deeply moved. 注意注意:被動結(jié)構(gòu)與系表結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別被動結(jié)構(gòu)與系表結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別 這兩種結(jié)構(gòu)形式都是這兩種結(jié)構(gòu)形式都是be+ 這兩種結(jié)構(gòu)的主要區(qū)別是這兩種結(jié)構(gòu)的主要區(qū)別是:被動語態(tài)被動語態(tài)強調(diào)所發(fā)生的動作強調(diào)所發(fā)生的動作,而系表結(jié)構(gòu)表示而系表結(jié)構(gòu)表示的是主語的特點或狀態(tài)。的是主語的特點或狀態(tài)。 The cup was broken by my little brother. (被動結(jié)構(gòu)被動結(jié)構(gòu)) The cup is broken.(系表結(jié)構(gòu)系表結(jié)構(gòu))2.作定語作定語, 它的邏輯主語就是它所修飾的詞,有以下三個

19、特點 : A.及物動詞的 B.不及物動詞的不及物動詞的與它所修飾的名詞沒有與它所修飾的名詞沒有關(guān)系。關(guān)系。 fallen leaves=leaves that have fallen a retired worker=a worker who has retired the risen sun=the sun that has risen C.有些表示心理活動的過去分詞作定語,表面是修飾它后面的名詞,但實質(zhì)是說明當(dāng)事者的心理狀態(tài)。所以過去分詞與它所修飾的名詞沒有關(guān)系。 The surprised look showed that he hadnt expected this. = (He wa

20、s surprised and his look showed his surprise) The fathers loud voice made a frightened look appear on his daughters face. (The fathers daughter was frightened and her face showed her fright.)3. 過去分詞作賓補 過去分詞作賓補,過去分詞和賓語的關(guān)系是被動關(guān)系,說明賓語的狀態(tài),表示動作的完成。常用來 作感官動詞 和使役動詞的 When I walked home, I saw a man caught by

21、 the police. As soon as he returned home, he found his house broken into. He kept himself covered with a blanket. 1)做時間或條件狀語,通常放在句首。 Seen from the top of the hill, the town looks even more beautiful. =If the town is seen from the top of the hill, the town = When the town is seen from the top of the

22、hill, the town 2) 作Deeply moved by the story, the children began to cry.=As/Because they were deeply moved by the story, the children.3)作She walked out of the house, followed by her little daughter.=She walked out of the house, and was followed by her little daughter.He sat there, lost in thought.=

23、He sat there, and was lost in thought. _ more attention, the tree could have grown better. （條件狀語） A. Given B. To give C. Giving D. Having given.2.The first textbooks _ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century（定語） A. having written B. to be written C. being written D. w

24、rittenPractice3. _ in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.（原因） A. Losing B. Having lost C. Lost D. To lose 4. The research is so designed that once _ nothing can be done to change it.（條件） A. begins B. having begun C. beginning D. begun 一、分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)一、分析句子結(jié)構(gòu) 解題步驟解題步驟1. _many times , but he

25、 still couldnt understand it . A. Having been told B. To be told C. He was told D. Though he was told分析：分析：用連詞用連詞but 引導(dǎo)并列句子，引導(dǎo)并列句子，因此，前面也是個獨立句子，故選因此，前面也是個獨立句子，故選C。2. _many times , he still couldnt understand it .A. Having been told B. To be told C. He was told D. Though he was told分析：分析：句中用逗號隔開，且無連詞

26、引導(dǎo)，句中用逗號隔開，且無連詞引導(dǎo)，因此，前面不是句子結(jié)構(gòu)，只是句子的一因此，前面不是句子結(jié)構(gòu)，只是句子的一個成分，故選個成分，故選A，用非謂語動詞作狀語。，用非謂語動詞作狀語。二、分析邏輯主語二、分析邏輯主語非謂語動詞雖不能作謂語，但仍具有動非謂語動詞雖不能作謂語，但仍具有動詞特點，其邏輯上的動作執(zhí)行者就叫做詞特點，其邏輯上的動作執(zhí)行者就叫做邏輯主語。非謂語動詞作狀語時，其邏邏輯主語。非謂語動詞作狀語時，其邏輯主語須和句子的真正主語一致。若不輯主語須和句子的真正主語一致。若不一致，則須加上自己的邏輯主語。一致，則須加上自己的邏輯主語。1. _no buses , we have to walk home .2. _Sunday , I shall have a quiet day at home . A. There being B. It were C. There were D. It being 分析：句分析：句1. 表示表示“沒有公共汽車沒有公共汽車”，應(yīng)用應(yīng)用“there be”結(jié)構(gòu)，即邏輯主語是結(jié)構(gòu)，