材料專業(yè)英語課件_專題4_學(xué)術(shù)論文的語言

1、Main complaints of students我們老板改文章好慢啊，不知道他整天在忙啥？！我們老板才啰嗦，每次改完一稿給他，他又改些地方，就不能一次解決嘛？我們老板簡直搞不清我做的是什么，每次給了他文章，還要再跟他一遍又一遍地解釋，我暈！Main complaints of supervisors我最怕學(xué)生寫英文的文章，連中文都寫不好，還英文！那哪是給人改的！有的學(xué)生的文章我要來回給他改十稿，那才叫郁悶?zāi)?！每次我指出學(xué)生的錯誤，他都不能全部改好，不是漏了這個，就是丟了那個！我真不知道他到底想說什么？還是我自己替學(xué)生寫最省心，節(jié)約時間、節(jié)省精力。Main complaints of Ed

2、itors Abstracts, titles vague/unscientific 摘要、題目不明確摘要、題目不明確 ABSTRACT is the most-read part of a paper TITLE is main attention-getterKeywords missing, or not according to journal specifications關(guān)鍵字缺關(guān)鍵字缺失失/不符合期刊要求不符合期刊要求 KEYWORDS is essential for finding your paperReference lists limited/outdated 參考文獻選

3、擇不合理不充分參考文獻選擇不合理不充分/不具有前不具有前沿性沿性 not too many; avoid excessive self-citationLow quality figures and meaningless Captions 圖表質(zhì)量低、圖表標題對圖表質(zhì)量低、圖表標題對圖表解釋不充分圖表解釋不充分 Figure + Caption tell a complete story, be specific面對一篇問題眾多、患有綜合癥的稿件決不是改改個別語句那么簡單需要解決一系列問題高層次低層次層次1整體格式行距、字號圖表方程式大小標題參考文獻層次2細節(jié)格式、語言的規(guī)范化大小寫標點符號

4、空格層次3語句語言是否有以下錯誤？時態(tài)單復(fù)數(shù)主謂一致冠詞句子是否奇怪？生澀難懂？層次4語句科學(xué)意義概念、定義的范圍，科學(xué)上是否含糊、不恰當？因果關(guān)系層次5語句組織、思路前后連貫性思路順暢性邏輯性層次6文章結(jié)構(gòu)、層次是否結(jié)構(gòu)合理、層次分明？層次7文章的說服力數(shù)據(jù)、結(jié)論的相關(guān)性實驗設(shè)計的合理性層次8文章的創(chuàng)新性、科學(xué)意義研究工作的獨特性、重要性是否明確闡述？For a World-class Paper Content is essential 內(nèi)容是基礎(chǔ)內(nèi)容是基礎(chǔ) Presentation is critical 表達是關(guān)鍵表達是關(guān)鍵Planning a manuscriptWrite your

5、 manuscript so that it tells a clear story it must have a purpose 論文目的清楚明確You want people to learn about your work make it easy for them 論文內(nèi)容通俗易懂Make it easy for reviewers and editors 論文格式便于編輯和審稿人閱讀評審Use the spell checker and grammar checker 使用拼寫檢查和語法檢查來避免拼寫和語法錯誤Make neat breaks between pages and se

6、ctions 合理使用分頁和分節(jié) Give the document a professional lookLanguage issueGrammatical and spelling mistakes語法與拼寫錯誤 The results showed that *are 0bviously ObviouslyWrong usage of words 用詞不當 The morphology was characterized with a Scanning electron microscopy.In this sentence, technique is wrongly used as i

7、nstrument.microscopy microscopeBadly constructed sentences 句子結(jié)構(gòu)錯誤 Because the sawdust derivative showed very good self-adhering ability, so it could be mold-pressed into shaped bulk material.應(yīng)注意的問題 時態(tài)時態(tài) 數(shù)數(shù) 冠詞冠詞 從句、分詞、不定式從句、分詞、不定式 標點標點時態(tài)時態(tài) 時態(tài)是個比較復(fù)雜的問題，雖然有一般時態(tài)是個比較復(fù)雜的問題，雖然有一般的規(guī)則，但往往在實際文章中很難把握的規(guī)則，但往往在實際

8、文章中很難把握 總體的，在同一段落中要避免時態(tài)跳躍總體的，在同一段落中要避免時態(tài)跳躍 最常見的描述一般現(xiàn)象的時態(tài)是一般現(xiàn)最常見的描述一般現(xiàn)象的時態(tài)是一般現(xiàn)在時，有時也用一般過去時或一般將來在時，有時也用一般過去時或一般將來時時Abstract根據(jù)具體內(nèi)容，當提到做了那些具體工作時，根據(jù)具體內(nèi)容，當提到做了那些具體工作時，通常用一般過去時、被動態(tài)。通常用一般過去時、被動態(tài)。根據(jù)具體內(nèi)容，當提到本文做了某工作、闡述根據(jù)具體內(nèi)容，當提到本文做了某工作、闡述了某觀點時常用一般現(xiàn)在時、被動態(tài)。了某觀點時常用一般現(xiàn)在時、被動態(tài)。Introduction時態(tài)根據(jù)具體內(nèi)容而定，現(xiàn)在完成時使用較多時態(tài)根據(jù)具體內(nèi)

9、容而定，現(xiàn)在完成時使用較多Experimental Section通常用一般過去時、被動態(tài)。通常用一般過去時、被動態(tài)。Results and Discussion論述普遍現(xiàn)象通常用一般現(xiàn)在時，有時也用一般過論述普遍現(xiàn)象通常用一般現(xiàn)在時，有時也用一般過去時；去時；注意在同一段落中要避免時態(tài)跳躍注意在同一段落中要避免時態(tài)跳躍,但這不是絕對的。但這不是絕對的。Conclusions時態(tài)根據(jù)具體內(nèi)容而定。論述所做的研究時態(tài)根據(jù)具體內(nèi)容而定。論述所做的研究工作通常用一般過去時；論述普遍現(xiàn)象通工作通常用一般過去時；論述普遍現(xiàn)象通常用一般現(xiàn)在時，有時也用一般過去時。常用一般現(xiàn)在時，有時也用一般過去時。Ack

10、nowledgement表示感謝的態(tài)度時，時態(tài)用一般現(xiàn)在時；表示感謝的態(tài)度時，時態(tài)用一般現(xiàn)在時；表示研究工作等是由哪里支持、幫助時，表示研究工作等是由哪里支持、幫助時，時態(tài)用一般過去時。時態(tài)用一般過去時。 需要注意的語法需要注意的語法 In recent years 作時間狀語時通常要用完作時間狀語時通常要用完成時成時 In recent years, Plesch and coworkers have concluded that many so-called cationic polymerizations do not proceed through intermediates of a

11、n ionic nature.當提到本文、此圖、此表等說明了、當提到本文、此圖、此表等說明了、表達了什么時要用一般現(xiàn)在時，而不表達了什么時要用一般現(xiàn)在時，而不用一般過去時。用一般過去時。u This paper describes u The focus of this paper is u Figure 1 shows u Most of the common condensation polymers are listed in Table 1-1.數(shù)數(shù) 注意在一個句子中的數(shù)和謂語動詞的統(tǒng)注意在一個句子中的數(shù)和謂語動詞的統(tǒng)一即可一即可 以下是需要注意的語法以下是需要注意的語法不規(guī)則變化的單

12、復(fù)數(shù)不規(guī)則變化的單復(fù)數(shù)單數(shù)單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)中文詞意中文詞意criterioncriteria依據(jù)依據(jù)phenomenonphenomena現(xiàn)象現(xiàn)象mediummedia介質(zhì)介質(zhì)radiusradii半徑半徑indexindices指數(shù)指數(shù)appendixappendices附錄附錄stimulusstimuli刺激刺激basisbases基礎(chǔ)基礎(chǔ)synthesissyntheses合成合成matrixmatrices基體基體kraitirin Analysis-analyses Thesis-theses datum-data 一些數(shù)有特殊性的名詞一些數(shù)有特殊性的名詞 data, kinetics

13、 通常作復(fù)數(shù)名詞通常作復(fù)數(shù)名詞 research, work: 不可數(shù)名詞不可數(shù)名詞 The data in Table 1 are obtained from the reactions at different temperatures. The kinetics of polymerization within each droplet are the same as those for the corresponding bulk polymerization. Much research has been done to redirect the tropism of . Most

14、research on . has focused on the synthesis of polymers. one of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞：復(fù)數(shù)名詞： none of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞：復(fù)數(shù)名詞： none of +不可數(shù)名詞：不可數(shù)名詞： no + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞：復(fù)數(shù)名詞： no +不可數(shù)名詞：不可數(shù)名詞： a kind of + 單數(shù)名詞：單數(shù)名詞： this/that kind of +單數(shù)名詞：單數(shù)名詞： these kinds of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞：復(fù)數(shù)名詞：一些結(jié)構(gòu)的數(shù)一些結(jié)構(gòu)的數(shù) 單數(shù)單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)單數(shù)單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)單數(shù)單數(shù)單數(shù)單數(shù)單數(shù)單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)復(fù)數(shù) 復(fù)數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)名詞 + of this/that k

15、ind ： sort 與與kind 類似類似 a type of +單數(shù)名詞：單數(shù)名詞： a series of + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞：復(fù)數(shù)名詞： a class of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞：復(fù)數(shù)名詞： the number of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞：復(fù)數(shù)名詞： a number of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞：復(fù)數(shù)名詞：復(fù)數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)單數(shù)單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)單數(shù)單數(shù) 復(fù)數(shù)復(fù)數(shù) Controlled drug delivery technology represent one of the most rapid advancing area of science in which chemists are contributing to

16、human health care.Controlled drug delivery technology represents one of the most rapid advancing areas of science in which chemists are contributing to human health care.Several models have been proposed but none appears to be generally applicable.Several models have been proposed but none appear to

17、 be generally applicable.Thus far no studies has conclusively demonstrated long-term value of any of the cardiac gene therapy approaches.Thus far no studies have conclusively demonstrated long-term value of any of the cardiac gene therapy approachesCardiac k:dik 心臟(病)的 This type of termination are o

18、ften referred to as spontaneous termination.This type of termination is often referred to as spontaneous termination.spontaneous自發(fā)的spnteinjs,-nisA number of polymer backbones that are potentially degradable is detailed in the text.A number of polymer backbones that are potentially degradable are det

19、ailed in the text. A series of telomer reported in table 1 was then synthesized. Telomer 調(diào)聚物, 終端調(diào)節(jié)劑 A diverse range of mechanism has been developed. Polymers are a promising class of biomaterial that can be engineered to meet specific end-use requirements. The most important class of poly(amide) for

20、 controlled release are the poly(amino acids). The majority of poly(anhydride) is prepared by melt-condensation polymerization. A wide variety of natural and synthetic polymer have been used to fabricate tissue-engineering matrices.改錯改錯 A series of telomers reported in table 1 were then synthesized.

21、 A diverse range of mechanisms have been developed. Polymers are a promising class of biomaterials that can be engineered to meet specific end-use requirements. The most important class of poly(amides) for controlled release are the poly(amino acids). The majority of poly(anhydrides) are prepared by

22、 melt-condensation polymerization. A wide variety of natural and synthetic polymers have been used to fabricate tissue-engineering matrices.后面通常要用復(fù)數(shù)名詞（對可數(shù)名詞而言） various different Most、 all 、many、 several、 one of、 many of kinds of a number of a (wide) variety of、 a class of a series of 、a wide range o

23、f Dozens of different types of receptors are present on the average mammalian cell. In a number of special applications (e.g. contact lenses and skin-grafting materials), additional requirements such as transparency should be considered when selecting a polymer. Many of these transmembrane proteins

24、are receptors. Some polymers are highly crystalline primarily because their structure is conductive to packing,while others are crystalline primarily because of the secondary forces. For still other polymers,both factors may be favorable for crystallization. 形容可數(shù)名詞的量詞 a few、 many、 a number of 形容不可數(shù)名

25、詞的量詞 a great、small、certain amount of、a great（good） deal of 形容可數(shù)和不可數(shù)名詞均可的量詞 a lot of、 lots of Although a few polymer may be completely amorphous and a few completely crystalline, most polymers are partially or semi-crystalline in character. The use of IPNs has received a great deal of attention in re

26、cent years and different kind of IPNs have been synthesized with different compositions. The major amount of work on size distributions have been on polyesters and polyimides. A sizeable amount work have been published on the copolymerizations of various cyclic monomer.改錯改錯 Although a few polymers m

27、ay be completely amorphous and a few completely crystalline, most polymers are partially or semi-crystalline in character. The use of IPNs has received a great deal of attention in recent years and different kinds of IPNs have been synthesized with different compositions. The major amount of work on

28、 size distributions has been on polyesters and polyimides. A sizeable amount work has been published on the copolymerizations of various cyclic monomers. 以下結(jié)構(gòu)的謂語的數(shù)由前一個決定, as well as 由較靠近謂語動詞的決定not onlybut alsoeitherorneithernor 學(xué)術(shù)論文、有關(guān)學(xué)術(shù)的科普文章中的名詞的可數(shù)或?qū)W術(shù)論文、有關(guān)學(xué)術(shù)的科普文章中的名詞的可數(shù)或不可數(shù)特性的劃分區(qū)別于非學(xué)術(shù)文章（非學(xué)術(shù)文章不可數(shù)特性的

29、劃分區(qū)別于非學(xué)術(shù)文章（非學(xué)術(shù)文章中名詞的可數(shù)或不可數(shù)特性可從字典查到）。中名詞的可數(shù)或不可數(shù)特性可從字典查到）。 以下是在學(xué)術(shù)文章中通常視為可數(shù)名詞的單詞：以下是在學(xué)術(shù)文章中通常視為可數(shù)名詞的單詞：（但在一般字典中它們或它們做某種含義解時可能（但在一般字典中它們或它們做某種含義解時可能被劃歸不可數(shù)名詞。）被劃歸不可數(shù)名詞。） application development consideration composition concentration distribution structure length weight 冠詞冠詞 冠詞是最易犯錯誤的地方一定要注意否冠詞是最易犯錯誤的地方一定

30、要注意否則編輯的負擔(dān)極重因為每句話都會用到則編輯的負擔(dān)極重因為每句話都會用到冠冠 詞最普通的規(guī)則如下詞最普通的規(guī)則如下 單數(shù)名詞前一般要加冠詞單數(shù)名詞前一般要加冠詞a , the a , the 等等 但但有些情況可不加有些情況可不加 復(fù)數(shù)名詞前一般可不加冠詞也可加復(fù)數(shù)名詞前一般可不加冠詞也可加the, the, these, those.these, those. The molecular weight of a polymer is of prime importance in its synthesis and application. When a water-insoluble o

31、r only slightly water-soluble monomer is added, a very small fraction dissolves and goes into solution. A large but still small portion of the monomer enters the interior hydrocarbon part of the micelles. The largest portion of the monomer is dispersed as monomer droplets.被修飾的名詞前要加被修飾的名詞前要加thethe Th

32、ere has been a rapidly increasing effort in the last ten to fifteen years toward the synthesis of new polymers with markedly higher temperature resistance than those previously available. The catalysts usually must be prepared at the low temperatures since most of them become heterogeneous when prepared at or warmed up to the temperatures above about -40 .從句、分詞、不定式 這些是寫作時常用且必須用到的結(jié)構(gòu)常用的短語 In order to meet all of these criteria, To overcome this problem, Besides We have focused our investigations on On the contrary, Owing to The reason for this is Applications in the relatively new