應(yīng)用化學(xué)專業(yè)英語-Lesson 2

1、 應(yīng)用化學(xué)專業(yè)英語應(yīng)用化學(xué)專業(yè)英語 Baoyue Cao, Ph.D., Lecturer Email: Cell Phone:洛學(xué)院化學(xué)工程與現(xiàn)代材料學(xué)院商洛學(xué)院化學(xué)工程與現(xiàn)代材料學(xué)院應(yīng)用化學(xué)專業(yè)英語多媒體課件應(yīng)用化學(xué)專業(yè)英語多媒體課件Professional English of Applied Chemistry1、彩煙是什么材料做的？、彩煙是什么材料做的？白色煙劑：柴油、潤滑油、煤油甚至豆油等油液，都可以制成白色煙劑白色煙劑：柴油、潤滑油、煤油甚至豆油等油液，都可以制成白色煙劑。u 彩色煙霧彩色煙霧=白煙白煙+各色染料各色染料固體彩煙固體彩煙：顏色相對較淡，留

2、空時(shí)間也短。：顏色相對較淡，留空時(shí)間也短。 液體拉煙劑液體拉煙劑，理論拉煙時(shí)間，理論拉煙時(shí)間7分鐘。分鐘。2、彩煙是怎么噴出來的？、彩煙是怎么噴出來的？飛機(jī)機(jī)腹下加掛了一個(gè)液體拉煙吊艙，注入了高沸點(diǎn)的液體拉煙劑，飛機(jī)機(jī)腹下加掛了一個(gè)液體拉煙吊艙，注入了高沸點(diǎn)的液體拉煙劑，通過氮?dú)饧訅旱姆绞綄焺睦瓱焽娮炖锿ㄟ^氮?dú)饧訅旱姆绞綄焺睦瓱焽娮炖铩按荡怠背鰜?，送入發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)噴出的出來，送入發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)噴出的高溫燃?xì)庵?，形成的蒸氣遇冷后凝結(jié)成霧，就成為濃濃的彩煙。高溫燃?xì)庵?，形成的蒸氣遇冷后凝結(jié)成霧，就成為濃濃的彩煙。飛機(jī)發(fā)動(dòng)飛機(jī)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)噴出的燃?xì)馀c拉煙劑完美配合，最終形成噴煙。機(jī)噴出的燃?xì)馀c拉煙劑完美配合，最

3、終形成噴煙。3、彩煙會(huì)不會(huì)造成污染？、彩煙會(huì)不會(huì)造成污染？過去，有些拉煙劑拉出來的顏色非常漂亮，紅的、黃的、綠的，但是過去，有些拉煙劑拉出來的顏色非常漂亮，紅的、黃的、綠的，但是由于里面有含毒的成分，可能污染環(huán)境，對人體有害，后來這樣的拉煙劑由于里面有含毒的成分，可能污染環(huán)境，對人體有害，后來這樣的拉煙劑都被淘汰了。都被淘汰了。The Atomic Theory of Matter1. Daltons Atomic Theory (1808) Elements are composed of extremely small particles called atoms. All atoms o

4、f a given element are identical. The atoms of one element are different from the atoms of all other elements. Compounds are composed of atoms of more than one element. Chemical reactions involve only the rearrangement of atoms; atoms are not created or destroyed in chemical reactions.element elimnts

5、 元素元素compound kmpaund, kmpaund 化合物化合物rearrangement rirendmnt 重排重排The Discovery of Atomic Structure Atom consists of positive, negative, and neutral entities (protons, electrons, and neutrons). Protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus of the atom, which is small. Most of the mass of the atom i

6、s due to the nucleus. Electrons are located outside of the nucleus. Most of the volume of the atom is due to electrons.atom tm n. 原子原子proton prutnn. 質(zhì)子質(zhì)子nucleus nju:klis 原子核原子核 The Modern View of Atomic StructureIsotopes, Atomic Numbers and Mass Numbers Atomic number (Z) = number of protons in the n

7、ucleus. Mass number (A) = total number of nucleons in the nucleus (number of protons + number of neutrons). Isotopes are atoms of the same element (Z) with different numbers of neutrons (A) in the nucleus.H11protonH21deuteriumH31tritium djutrm prtn trtmisotope astp 同位素同位素原子序數(shù)原子序數(shù)元素符號元素符號中文名稱中文名稱英文名英

8、文名12345678910HHeLiBeBCNOFNe氫氫氦氦鋰鋰鈹鈹硼硼碳碳氮氮氧氧氟氟氖氖Hydrogen haidrdn Helium hi:lim Lithium liim Beryllium brlm Boron b:rn Carbon k:bn Nitrogen naitrdnOxygen ksidnFluorine fluri:n Neon ni:n Ti11121314151617181920212223VNaMgAlSiPSClArKCaSc鈉鈉鎂鎂鋁鋁硅硅磷磷硫硫氯氯氬氬鉀鉀鈣鈣鈧鈧鈦鈦釩釩Sodium sudim Magnesium mni:zimAluminum lju

9、:minmSilicon silikn, -knPhosphorus fsfrs Sulfur slf Chlorine kl:ri:nArgon :nPotassium ptsjmCalcium klsimScandium skndm Titanium taiteinimVanadium vnedm 24252627282930313233343536CrMnFeCoNiCuZnGaGeAsSeBrKr鉻鉻錳錳鐵鐵鈷鈷鎳鎳銅銅鋅鋅鎵鎵鍺鍺砷砷硒硒溴溴氪氪Chromium krumjm Manganese mni:zIron ain Cobalt kub:lt Nickel niklCoppe

10、r kp Zinc zik Gallium glmGermanium dmenm Arsenic s()nk Selenium sili:nim Bromine brumin Krypton kriptn Element Groups (Families)Alkali metal Alkaline Earth Transition MetalsRare EarthOther Metals Metalloids非金屬非金屬Non-MetalsHalogens鹵素鹵素Noble Gases period group （周期，分組周期，分組） main group element （主族元素）主族元

11、素） transition element （過渡族元素）過渡族元素） alkali metal lklai （堿金屬）堿金屬） alkaline earth metal （堿土金屬）堿土金屬）hldnPeriodic table (元素周期表元素周期表) The Modern Periodic TableAlkaliMetalsAlkalineEarthsNoble or Inert GasesHalogensChalcogensLanthanides (rare earth)ActinidesTransition MetalsMetalloids“semiconductors”Non-Me

12、talsTry poison by silver needle 古人所指的毒，主要是指劇毒的砒霜，即三氧化二砷，古代的生古人所指的毒，主要是指劇毒的砒霜，即三氧化二砷，古代的生產(chǎn)技術(shù)落后，致使砒霜里都伴有少量的硫和硫化物。其所含的硫產(chǎn)技術(shù)落后，致使砒霜里都伴有少量的硫和硫化物。其所含的硫與銀接觸，就可起化學(xué)反應(yīng)，使銀針的表面生成一層黑色的與銀接觸，就可起化學(xué)反應(yīng)，使銀針的表面生成一層黑色的“硫硫化銀化銀”。雞蛋黃里邊含有大量的硫也會(huì)使銀針變黑。雞蛋黃里邊含有大量的硫也會(huì)使銀針變黑。2Ag + S Ag2Ssilver slvsulphur slfsilver sulfideMolecules

13、and Ions Molecule is an aggregate of two (diatomic) or more atoms in a definite arrangement held together by chemical bonds. Molecular formula gives the actual numbers and types of atoms in a molecule. Ions and Ionic Compounds Cation: when an atom or molecule loses electrons, it becomes positively c

14、harged ion cation ktan 陽離子陽離子 anion nn 陰離子陰離子 Anion: When an atom or molecule gains electrons, it becomes negatively charged ions. Ionic compounds consist of cations and anions.The ionic compound NaCl: cubic close packed, ccpChemical Nomenclature1. Ionic Compounds: cation first then aniona. Cation:

15、name of element + (charge). 1) Group 1 and 2 - always +1 and +2; Name = name of the element Na+ = sodium ion K+ = potassium ion 2) Group 13, 14 and 15 different possible charges; Indicate the charge with Roman Numerals and enclosed in parentheses. Al3+ = Aluminum In+ = Indium(I) Sn2+ = Tin(II) Sn4+

16、= Tin(IV) 3) Transition Metals - charge variability, must give charges. Fe3+ = Iron(III) Fe2+ = Iron(II) Fe = Iron(0)b. Anions: Drop elemental ending (e.g. ine for group 17) and add ide.Cl- = Chloride Br- = Bromide O2- = oxide S2- = sulfidec. Complex ions - ions composed of more than one element: Ac

17、t as a unit and are named as a unit.n()mekltSome Complex IonsNameFormulaNameFormulaCarbonateCO32-Hydrogen CarbonateHCO3-NitrateNO3-NitriteNO2-PhosphatePO43-Hydrogen PhosphateHPO42-Dihydrogen PhosphateH2PO4-AmmoniumNH4+SulfateSO42-Hydrogen SulfateHSO4-SulfiteSO32-Hydrogen SulfiteHSO3-ThiosulfateS2O32

18、-AcetateCH3COO-PerchlorateClO4-ChlorateClO3-ChloriteClO2-HypochloriteClO-CyanideCN-DichromateCr2O72-ChromateCrO42-HydroxideOH-2. Simple Binary Covalent Compoundsa. Name the less electronegative element first, then the more electro-negative element named as an anion (add ide).b. Use prefixes to indic

19、ate the number of atoms.monoditritetrapentahexaheptaoctanonadeca12345678910mn daitrai tetr penthksheptktnundkN2O = dinitrogen monoxide NO = nitrogen monoxideNO2 = nitrogen dioxide N2O3 = dinitrogen trioxideN2O2 = N2O5 =3. ExamplesNaCl = sodium chloride Al2S3 = aluminum sulfideCoBr3 = cobalt(III) bro

20、mide Mg(ClO4)2 = magnesium perchloratedinitrogen dioxide dinitrogen pentoxide4. Some acidsNameFormulaNameFormulaSulfuric acidH2SO4Sulfurous acidH2SO3Nitric acidHNO3Nitrous acidHNO2Hypochlorous acidHClOChlorous acidHClO2Chloric acidHClO3Perchloric acidHClO4Phosphoric acidH3PO4Phosphorous acidH3PO3Car

21、bonic acidH2CO3Carboxylic acidR-COOHHydrogen ChlorideHCl (g)Hydrochloric acidHCl (aq.)Hydrobromic acidHBr (aq.)Hydrosulfuric acidH2S (aq.)ic型后綴（型后綴（-ic及其擴(kuò)展形式）及其擴(kuò)展形式）表示表示“的的”Chemical Equations Two conservation laws in all chemical reactions: energy can neither be created or destroyed; mass is conserv

22、ed in a chemical reaction. Chemical equations are descriptions of chemical reactions. Two parts to an equation: reactants and products.Mass Changes in Chemical Reactions Stoichiometric coefficient: number in front of the chemical formulas give numbers of molecules or atoms reacting and being produce

23、d. Write balanced chemical equation Convert quantities of known substances into moles Use coefficients in balanced equation to calculate the number of moles of the sought quantity Convert moles of sought quantity into desired unitsElements and Substances in Gaseous StateCOCarbon monoxideOdorless, po

24、isonous pzns 有毒的有毒的CO2Carbon dioxideOdorless, nonpoisonousNH3AmmoniaPungent odor, poisonousCH4MethaneOdorless, flammable flmb()l易燃的易燃的C2H2AcetyleneMild odor, flammableHClHydrogen chlorideChoking odor, harmful and poisonousSO2Sulfur dioxideSuffocating odor, poisonousNO2Nitrogen dioxideRed-brown, irri

25、tating odor, very poisonousH2SHydrogen sulfideRotten egg odor, very poisonousodls 無色的無色的Characteristics of Gases Gases are highly compressible kmprsbl 可壓縮性的可壓縮性的and occupy the full volume of their containers. Gases exert pressure, P = F/A (force/area). Gases always form homogeneous ,homdins 均相的，均勻的均

26、相的，均勻的mixtures with other gases The composition of dry atmosphere# at sea level (% by Volume) & = increasing yearly * = variable depending upon pollution# = Water content is variable in actual contexts, ranging from over 5% to 1%Nitrogen 78.084Hydrogen 0.0010Oxygen 20.948Helium 0.0052Argon 0.934

27、Methane 0.0002*Carbon dioxide 0.033&Krypton 0.0001Neon 0.00182Xenon 0.000008Carbon monoxide, ozone, ammonia, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide 0.00001*Pressure Atmospheric pressure is measured with a barometer. If a tube is inserted into a container of mercury open to atmosphere, the mercury will rise 760 mm up the tube (at sea level).Barometerbrmt氣壓計(jì)氣壓計(jì)1 pascal (Pa) = 1 N/m21 atm = 760 mmHg = 760 torr1 atm = 101,325 Pa (105) Units of Pressure: Standard atmospheric p