整理人體工程學、環(huán)境心理學在室內設計中的應用Theapplicationofergonomicsandenvironmentalps

1、人體工程學、環(huán)境心理學在室內設計中的應用(Theapplicationofergonomicsandenvironmentalpsychologyininteriordesign)TheapplicationofergonomicsandenvironmentalpsychologyininteriordesignHumanengineeringandenvironmentalpsychologyareemergingcomprehensivedisciplinesdevelopedinrecentdecades.Peopleusedtostudytheproblem,oftentopeopl

2、eandthings,peopleandtheenvironmentwereseparated,treatedinisolation,thatis,thingsthatmatter,theenvironmentistheenvironment,orsimplymakepeopleadapttothedemandsofthepeopleandtheenvironment.Themoderninteriorenvironmentdesignpaysmoreandmoreattentiontothecoordinationbetweenhumanbeingsandthingsandenvironme

3、nt,whichisbasedonhumansubjectsandhasscientificbasis.Therefore,theindoorenvironmentdesigninadditionstillattachesgreatimportancetodesignthevisualenvironment,theresearchanddesignofthephysicalenvironment,physiologicalandpsychologicalenvironmentsalsoattachgreatimportanceto,andbegantousedesignpractice.Sec

4、tion1themeaninganddevelopmentofergonomicsHumanengineering(HumanEngineering),alsoknownashumanengineering,ergonomicsorergonomics(Ergonomics).ErgonomicsErgonomisoriginalGreek"Ergo",thatis,"work"and"nomos",thatis,"law","effect",thatistoexplorepeople'

5、swork,work,effectiveness,efficiencyofthelaw.?HumanengineeringoriginatedinEuropeandtheUnitedStates,originallyintheindustrialsociety,startedmassproductionanduseofmechanicalfacilities,coordinationandexploretherelationshipbetweenpeopleandmachines,asanindependentdisciplinehas40yearsofhistory.Militaryscie

6、nceandtechnologyintheSecondWorldWar,beganusingtheprincipleandmethodofergonomicsinthecabindesignoftanksandaircraft,howtoeffectivelyoperateandfightinthecabin,andasfaraspossibletomakepeoplealongtimetoreducefatigueinasmallspace,thatistodealwiththerelationshipbetweenman:-machine-environment.Untilafterthe

7、SecondWorldWar,thehumanbodyengineeringpracticeandresearchresults,quicklyandeffectivelyappliedtospacetechnology,industrialproduction,architectureandinteriordesign,in1960establishedtheInternationalErgonomicsassociation.?Andthesocialdevelopment,backwardindustrialsociety,informationsocietytransition,emp

8、hasison"people-oriented",servethepeople,ergonomicsemphasizesstartingfromhumanitself,thenewthinkingofcomprehensiveanalysisinwhichhumansubjectsunderthepremiseofpeople'sclothing,foodandshelter,andalllifeandproductionactivitiesinthe.?JapanChibaUniversityprofessorsaid:theoriginalworkistoasc

9、ertainthehumanergonomicsabilityandlimit,sothatpeopleareengagedintheworktoadapttothetrendofhumananatomy,physiologyandpsychologycharacteristic."Infact,humanbeings-things-environment-arecloselyrelatedtoasystem.Inthefuture,humanbeingswillbeexpectedtouseergonomicstocontroltheirlivingenvironmentactiv

10、elyandefficiently".?Humanengineeringtointeriordesign,itsmeaningis:tohumansubjects,usinganthropometric,physiologicalandpsychologicalmeasurementtoolsandmethodstostudytherelationshipbetweenthereasonablecoordinationstructureofthehumanbodyfunction,psychology,mechanicsandotheraspectsoftheindoorenviro

11、nment,therequirementsforthepeople'sphysicalandmentalactivities,useefficiencythebest,thegoalshouldbesafe,healthy,efficientandcomfortable.Therelationshipbetweenergonomicsandrelateddisciplines,aswellashuman,indoorenvironmentsandfacilitiesinhumanengineering.Secondbasicdataandmeasurementmethodsforhum

12、anengineeringHumanbasicdata?Thebasicdataofhumanbodyincludethefollowingthreeaspects:thedataofthehumanbody,thescaleofthehumanbodyandtheactiondomainofthehumanbody.?1.HumanbodystructureThemostcloselyrelatedtoergonomicsisthebones,joints,andmusclesofthemotorsystem,whicharecontrolledbythenervoussystem,allo

13、wingeachpartofthebodytoperformaseriesofmovements(three).Skeletonconsistsofskull,trunkbone,boneiscomposedofthreeparts,thespinecancompleteavarietyofsports,isthebackboneofthebody,theconnectionbetweenboneandjointactivityinskeletalmuscle,musclecontractionorrelaxationofnervoussystemcommand,sothatallpartso

14、fthebodyforcoordinatedaction.?2.HumanscaleHumanscaleisoneofthemostbasicdatainhumanengineeringstudies.?3,thehumanactiondomainThesizeoftherangeofactivitiesandactivitiesintheinterior,thatis,theactiondomain,isoneoftheimportantfactorsindeterminingthescaleofindoorspace.Therangeofhumanmotionmeasuredbyvario

15、usmeasuringmethodsisalsothebasicdataforhumanengineeringresearch.Ifthehumanscaleisstaticandrelativelyfixed,thescaleofthehumanactiondomainisdynamic,andthedynamicscaleisrelatedtothesituationofmotion.?Thehumanscalespecificdatasizeoftheinteriordesign,shouldbeconsideredindifferentspaceandretainingstate,pe

16、opleactionsandactivities,andformostpeopletheappropriatesize,andthatamongthemtosafety.?Forexample:theholedoorheight,stairrailingheight,heightoftraffic,shouldtakeamalebodyheightlimit,andappropriatetothehumandynamicmargindesign;onstepheight,ontheshelforhangingstructureshouldbedesignedaccordingtotheheig

17、ht,theaverageheightofthefemalebody.?Two.HumanphysiologicalmeasurementsAccordingtothesituationofphysiologicalchangesinhumanbody,theobjectiveandscientificmeasurementiscarriedoutbymeansofmeasuringmethodtoanalyzetheenergyandloadmagnitudeofhumanactivities.Whatarethemainmethodsofhumanphysiologicalmeasurem

18、ent?:?.1.ElectromyographyAcurrentgraphisusedtorecordtheintensityofmusclecontractionduringhumanactivity,therebyquantitativelydeterminingthestrengthandloadofthehumanbody.2?Energymetabolismratemethod?Duetohumanactivitiescausedbytheconsumptionofenergyandthecorrespondingvalueofoxygenconsumptionandoxygenc

19、onsumption,usuallycomparedtodeterminetheactivestrengthcalculationformulaoftherateofenergymetabolism,energymetabolismanddifferentactivityrate(RMR).Theformulaisasfollows:Exerciseoxygenconsumption-quietoxygenconsumptionEnergymetabolismrate(RMR)=Basalmetabolicrateexpenditure?-3.ThemethodofreflexcurrentA

20、nelectricalmeasurementoftheamountofsweatexcretedbythehumanbody,soastoquantifythestrengthofexternalmentalfactors,andthusdeterminethemagnitudeoftheloadduringhumanactivity.?Three.HumanbodypsychologytestPsychologicalmeasurementandscalingareusedinpsychologicalmeasurement.?-1,psychophysicalmeasurementThem

21、inimumamountofstimulationofthehumannerveandtheminimumdifferenceinsensorystimulationwithphysicalmethods.?2,scalingInordertodivideameasureinpsychology,forexample,dividingalineinaline,andmarkingitinsequence?Byexpertsorordinarypeople,accordinglytoevaluatetheprosandconsofbeautyandugliness,oldandnew.?thir

22、dsectionergonomicsappliedininteriordesignBecausehumanengineeringisanewsubject,thedepthandbreadthofhumanengineeringapplicationinindoorenvironmentdesignshouldbefurtherdeveloped:1.TheprimarybasisfordeterminingthespacerequiredforhumanandinterpersonalactivitiesAccordingtothemeasureddatainhumanengineering

23、,thespatialscaleisdeterminedfromhumanscale,actiondomain,mentalspaceandinterpersonalspace.Two.Determinetheshape,scaleandscopeofuseoffurnitureandfacilities?Furniturefacilitiesusedbypeople,sotheymusttaketheform,scaleofhumanscaleasthemainbasis;atthesametime,peopleinordertousethesefurnitureandfacilities,

24、thesmallestroommustbeleftaroundactivitiesanduse,theserequirementsaretobesolvedbyhumanengineeringscience.Thesmallertheindoorspace,thelongertheresidencetime,thehighertherequirementofthecontenttest,suchasthedesignoftheinnerspaceofthevehicle,cabin,cabinandothervehicles.?three.Providethebestparametersfor

25、adaptingtothephysicalenvironmentofthehumanbody?Isthemainindoorphysicalenvironmentofindoorthermalenvironment,acousticenvironment,lightenvironment,gravityenvironment,radiationenvironment,interiordesignparametershavescientificrequirementsmentionedabove,inthedesignislikelytohaveacorrectdecision.Four.The

26、measurementofvisualelementsprovidesascientificbasisforthedesignofindoorvisualenvironment?Humanvisualacuity,lightperception,colorvisualelements,thehumanbodyengineeringbymeasuringthedata,provideascientificbasisfortheindoorlightingdesign,interiordesign,colorvisionbestareaetc.Fourthsectionofenvironmenta

27、lpsychologyandinteriordesignBeforeweelaborateonenvironmentalpsychology,let'stakeabrieflookattheconceptsof"environment"and"psychology".Environmentis"thesituationaroundus",relativetopeople,theenvironmentcanbesaidtobearoundpeople,andhavesomeimpactonpeople'sbehavior

28、outsidethings.Environmentitselfhasacertainorder,patternandstructure,whichcanberegardedasthesynthesisofaseriesofrelatedelementsandhumanrelations.Peoplecanmakechangesintheoutsideworld,andthethingsthatchangewill,inturn,affectthepeopleinthebehavior.Forexampletocreateasimple,bright,elegantandorderlyoffic

29、eenvironmentforpeopletodesign,theenvironmentcanalsomakepeopleworkintheatmospherehasgoodpsychologicalfeeling,caninducepeopletoamorecivilized,moreworkeffectively.Psychologyisthestudyofcognition,emotion,willandotherpsychologicalprocessesandabilities,personalityandotherpsychologicalcharacteristics.?Onth

30、erelationshipbetweenenvironmentalpsychologyandinteriordesign,"thewordsinthetranslationis"aBookofenvironmentalpsychologycanexplainsomeoftheproblems:"manyarchitectsareconfident,thatbuildingwilldeterminehumanbehavior,buttheyoftenignoretheartificialenvironmentwillbringwhatkindofharmtopeop

31、le,Littleconsiderationisgiventowhatkindofenvironmentissuitableforhumanexistenceandactivities".Pastpsychology"focusessolelyontheinterpretationofhumanbehavior,ignoringtherelationshipbetweentheenvironmentandhumanbeings.".Environmentalpsychologyisdiscussedontheenvironment"bythemethod

32、sofpsychology,whichisbetweenthehumanandtheenvironmentis"people-oriented",toconsidertheissuefromthepsychologicalcharacteristicsofpeople,soastomakeourrelationship,forpeopleandtheenvironmentofhowtocreateindoorartificialenvironment,shouldhaveamoreprofoundunderstandingofthenew.?Meaning?Environm

33、entalpsychologyisaresearchontherelationshipbetweenenvironmentandhumanbehaviorsubject,itmainlyfromtheperspectiveofpsychologyandbehavior,toexploretheoptimizationofthepeopleandtheenvironment,namelywhatkindofenvironmentisthemostconsistentwiththewishesofthepeople.?Environmentalpsychologyisanewdiscipline,

34、environmentalpsychologyandmanydisciplines,suchasmedicine,psychology,environmentalprotectionrelations,sociology,anthropology,ecologyandhumanengineering,cityplanning,architecture,interiorenvironmentalscienceandotherdisciplinesclosely.Environmentalpsychologyattachesgreatimportancetothepsychologicaltend

35、encyofpeoplelivingintheartificialenvironment.Itcombinesthechoiceofenvironmentwiththecreationofenvironment,focusingonthefollowingquestions:?1.Environmentalandbehavioralrelationships;2?Howtorecognizetheenvironment?;?.3.Utilizationofenvironmentandspace;4?Howdoyouperceiveandevaluatetheenvironment?;?5.Be

36、haviorandfeelingsinagivenenvironment.Forinteriordesign,thebasicpointoftheabovequestionsishowtoorganizethespace,designtheinterface,colorand川umination,anddealwiththeindoorenvironmentsoastomeetthepeople'swishes.?two.Thepsychologyandbehaviorofpeopleinindoorenvironment?Peopleintheindoorenvironment,ps

37、ychologyandbehaviorinspiteofthedifferencesbetweenindividuals,butstillhasthecommonnessfromtheoverallanalysis,stillhasthecharacteristicswiththesameorsimilarreactionstotheway,thisisourdesignfoundation.What?Below,welistthepsychologicalandbehavioralaspectsofpeopleinafewindoorenvironments:?1.Domainandinte

38、rpersonaldistanceWhat'smore,territorialityisanadaptationofanimalstofood,reproduction,andsurvivalintheenvironment.Thereisanessentialdifferencebetweenmanandanimalinlanguageexpression,rationalthinking,decisionandsocialaspects,butpeopleintheindoorenvironmentoflifeandproductionactivities,alsoalwaysst

39、rivetoitsactivitiesbyoutsideinterferenceorobstruction.Differentactivitieshavetheirnecessaryphysiologicalandpsychologicalrangeandfield,andpeopledonotwanttobeeasilybrokenbyforeignpeopleandthings.?Personalspaceintheindoorenvironmentoftenrequiredandinterpersonalcommunication,contactdistanceroundconsider

40、ation.Infact,interpersonalcontactvariesaccordingtodifferentcontactobjects,andindifferentsituationsanddistances.Hullisbasedontheresearchexperienceoftheanimal'senvironmentandbehavior,putforwardtheconceptofinterpersonaldistance,determinetheinterpersonaldistanceaccordingtotheclosedegreeofinterperson

41、albehavior,whichisdividedinto:closedistance;bodydistance;socialdistance;publicdistance.Eachdistanceissubdividedintoproximityanddistantphasesaccordingtothenatureofthebehavior.Forexample,inclosedistance,intimacy,senseofsmellandradiantwarmthtowardstheotherpersonfeelsclosetoeachother;Contactwitheachothe

42、r,shakehandsforthedistantphase.Ofcourse,interpersonaldistancevariesaccordingtodifferentethnicgroups,religiousbeliefs,gender,careerandculturallevel.2?PrivacyandtrendsIf,infact,thescopeofthefieldliesmainlyinthescopeofspace,privacyismoreinvolvedinthecorrespondingspace,includingsight,soundandotherisolat

43、ionrequirements.Privacyismoreprominentinresidentialindoorspace.?Inthedailylifeofpeoplewillbeveryclearlyobserved,thedormitorybeforeenteringthedormitory,ifallowedtochoosetheirownbeds,theyarealwayswillingtopickatthefarendoftheroom,bed,bed,lifemaybeduetorelativelylessinterference.Thesamesituationcanbefo

44、undintheselectionofthepeoplediningintherestauranttableseat,mostpeopledonotwanttochooserelativelynearthedoorandpeoplefrequentlythroughtheseat,setthedeckinthediningroomwall,becauseintheindoorspacetoformmore"end",ismoreinlinewiththerequirementsof"psychologicalindividualdiningattheendofth

45、etrend.?3,relyingonthesenseofsecurityPeoplewholiveinindoorspacearenotmorebroad-mindedandwiderasfaraspsychologicalfeelingisconcerned.Peopleusuallyprefertorelyonobjectsinlargeindoorspace.?Atthetrainstationandthesubwaystationwaitinghallorontheplatform,peopledonotremainintheeasiestplaceonthetrain,butisw

46、illingtostayinthefloor,thecrowdscatteredrelativelytogetherinthehall,ontheplatformofthepillarsnearthe,keepacertaindistancewiththeflowchannel.Inthecolumnedge,peoplefeel"relying",moresecurity.?4.ConformityandextinctionInanemergencythatoccurredinsomepublicplaces,itwasobservedthatinemergencies,

47、peopletendedtoblindlyfollowtheleadofthecrowd,regardlessofwhetherornotitwasasafeescape.Whenfireorsmokebegantodiffuse,watchingpeopleinadvertentlysignsandthecontentsofthetext,andthislackoftrustisoftenmoreintuitivetofollowtheleadofafewpeoplerunning,sothattheentirepopulationtobecome.Theabovesituationisah

48、erdmentality.Atthesametime,whenpeopleflowintheindoorspace,theytendtoflowfromthedarktothebrighter.Intheemergency,thelanguageguidanceisbetterthanthetextguide.?Thepsychologicalandbehavioralphenomenasuggestthatdesignersincreatingpublicindoorenvironment,firstshouldpayattentiontospaceandlighting,orientati

49、on,logoandtextguideisalsoveryimportant,butfromthepsychologicalandbehavioralemergencies,forspace,lighting,soundandotherneedstoattachgreatimportanceto.?.5.ThespatialshapeofthepsychologicalfeelingsAnindoorspaceenclosedbyvariousinterfaces,anditsshapefeaturesoftencausedifferentmentalfeelingsamongpeoplemo

50、vinginit.Mr.IeohMingPeiwasafamousarchitectofhisworkswithobliquetrianglespaceartmuseum.Washington-agooddiscussion,hethinks,theobliquevanishingpointtrianglespaceoftengivesadynamicandchangeablepsychologicalfeelings.?.Three.ApplicationofenvironmentalpsychologyininteriordesignTheuseoftheprinciplesofenvironmenta