新能源技術(shù)的發(fā)展

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10、iinifousoLcingLinIaLor.Caaridoutiysue-iinifousoLcingLinIaLor.Caaridouti1 11 11 11ga1ga| |L La a.u.umnmnofofseuseur ry yi i1spe1speI I|ns,|ns,lo.lo.IHIHa a| |L Li inspecnspecI In,n,e,e,prprcicicu-fecu-fe，anan. .I I. .0 0ympympc c- -1 1aLiaLit te e新能源和可再生能源技術(shù)的發(fā)展姓名：楊xx學(xué)院：昆明理工大學(xué)冶金與能源工程學(xué)院專業(yè)：熱能與動力工程103班文章

11、摘要：我國石油和天然氣資源比較貧乏，是一個以煤炭為主要能源資源的國家，環(huán)境保護(hù)形勢嚴(yán)峻。開發(fā)利用太陽能、風(fēng)能、氫能、生物質(zhì)能、地?zé)崮?、海洋能等新型綠色能源和可再生能源，是我國長期的能源發(fā)展的戰(zhàn)略重點。本文主要介紹了能源和新能源的概述及特點，以及新能源和可再生能源發(fā)電的現(xiàn)狀和發(fā)展，并論述了開發(fā)和利用新能源發(fā)電技術(shù)的途徑和我國近期應(yīng)該注重的發(fā)展目標(biāo)。關(guān)鍵詞：能源新能源和可再生能源技術(shù)發(fā)電發(fā)展0引言人類社會的發(fā)展離不開能源，能源是人類社會不斷向前發(fā)展的重要物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)。能源與新材料、生物技術(shù)、信息技術(shù)、一起構(gòu)成了文明社會的四大支柱。能源是推動社會發(fā)展和經(jīng)濟(jì)進(jìn)步的主要物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)，能源技術(shù)的每次進(jìn)步都帶動了人

12、類社會的發(fā)展。隨著煤炭、石油和天然氣等化石燃料資源面臨不可再生的消耗和生態(tài)環(huán)境保護(hù)的需要，新能源的開發(fā)將促進(jìn)世界能源結(jié)構(gòu)的轉(zhuǎn)變，新能源技術(shù)的日臻成熟將帶來產(chǎn)業(yè)領(lǐng)域的革命性變化。1 .能源與新能源概述能源可簡稱為含有能量的資源，或者說能夠向人們提供能量的自然資源，就叫能源。1.11.1 能源的分類.1 一次能源與二次能源一次能源一次能源是在自然界中現(xiàn)成存在的能源，也就是從自然界直接取得、不改變其基本形態(tài)的能源。表 2-12-1 一次能源分類類別RJRJ 再生能源不 nJnJ 再生能源來自地球以外的能源太陽能、風(fēng)能、水能、海洋能、海流動能、波浪動能、生物燃料（雷電能） （宇宙射能

13、）無煙煤、 煙煤、 褐煤、 泥煤、石煤、原油、天然氣、油頁巖、油沙來自地球內(nèi)的能源地?zé)崮埽ɑ鹕侥埽?、地震能核燃料來自天體與地球相互作用的能源潮汐能二次能源二次能源是一次能源經(jīng)過加工、轉(zhuǎn)換成另一種形態(tài)的能源，主要有電力、焦炭、煤氣、蒸汽、熱水，以及汽油、煤油、柴油、重,mHelo!inlierLi_tlIeS.amHelo!inlierLi_tlIeS.ah hineineoffoumuapeoffoumuapenianias s.”,.”- -inineuanayeuanayofIe_netsiofIe_netsi.“! !.meas.meas*onlealofm,cmonlealofm,cm

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23、mpleeteunieneg，-ns-nsptpt-tivel-tivel，oneortwoaoneortwoa如：溫差發(fā)電、熱離子發(fā)電和磁流體發(fā)電等。.2 太陽能熱發(fā)電原理太陽能熱發(fā)電是利用集熱器將太陽輻射能轉(zhuǎn)換為熱能，再通過熱力循環(huán)進(jìn)行發(fā)電。熱源采用太陽能向蒸發(fā)器供熱，工質(zhì)（通常是水）在蒸發(fā)器中蒸發(fā)為蒸汽并過熱，進(jìn)入透平，通過噴管加速后驅(qū)動葉輪旋轉(zhuǎn)，帶動發(fā)電機實現(xiàn)發(fā)電。離開透平的工質(zhì)成為飽和蒸汽，進(jìn)入冷凝器后向冷卻介質(zhì)釋放潛熱，凝結(jié)為液體工質(zhì)并重新回到蒸發(fā)器中循環(huán)使用。.3 太陽能熱發(fā)電系統(tǒng)太陽能熱發(fā)電系統(tǒng)包括：集熱系統(tǒng)、熱傳輸系統(tǒng)、蓄熱與熱交換系統(tǒng)、氣輪機

24、發(fā)電系統(tǒng)。它的功能是把太陽光反射、集中并能變成熱能，再把熱能儲存和轉(zhuǎn)變成高溫水蒸氣，實現(xiàn)蓄熱和熱交換。目前，世界上的太陽能熱發(fā)電系統(tǒng)主要有四類：塔式電站、碟式電站、槽式電站和太陽能煙囪。在此，就不詳細(xì)介紹啦了。3 .風(fēng)能技術(shù)風(fēng)是一種最常見的自然現(xiàn)象，是一種自然資源。也可以說是取之不盡、用之不竭的清潔能源。有人估計過，地球上的風(fēng)能是個驚人的數(shù)字，它相當(dāng)于目前全世界能源總耗量的 100100 倍，這個數(shù)字相當(dāng)于 1.081.08 萬億噸煤蘊藏的能量。據(jù)估計，太陽給地球的輻射熱量約有 2 2 啾轉(zhuǎn)換為風(fēng)能了。3.13.1 風(fēng)能的特點3優(yōu)點：風(fēng)能是可再生能源，取之不盡、用之不竭；一般來說，在偏遠(yuǎn)山區(qū)、

25、海濱、居民分散的無電或少電地區(qū)，風(fēng)能資源比較豐富，值得開發(fā)利用；開發(fā)利用風(fēng)能，不污染環(huán)境，不影響生態(tài)平衡；把風(fēng)能轉(zhuǎn)換問機械能，辦法比較簡單，容易實現(xiàn)。缺點：不穩(wěn)定，風(fēng)能隨季節(jié)、晝夜變化，當(dāng)小風(fēng)或無風(fēng)時還想利用它，則涉及能量儲存問題，需要儲能設(shè)備；密度低，風(fēng)能的密度比較低，空氣的密度約為水的 1/800,1/800,要想獲得較大的功率，勢必把風(fēng)力機的風(fēng)輪做的很大；地區(qū)差異大，風(fēng)能受地形地貌的影響大，即使在同一個區(qū)域，有利地形處的風(fēng)力往往是不利地形處的幾倍乃至更多。3.23.2 風(fēng)力發(fā)電技術(shù)風(fēng)力發(fā)電技術(shù)是指：把風(fēng)能轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)殡娔艿募夹g(shù)。通過風(fēng)力發(fā)電機實現(xiàn)，利用風(fēng)力帶動風(fēng)車葉片旋轉(zhuǎn)，再透過增速機將旋轉(zhuǎn)的

26、速度提升，來促使發(fā)電機發(fā)電。.1 風(fēng)力發(fā)電原理風(fēng)力發(fā)電機一般有風(fēng)輪、發(fā)電機（包括裝置）、調(diào)向器（尾翼）、塔架、限速安全機構(gòu)和儲能裝置等構(gòu)件組成。 風(fēng)力發(fā)電機的工作原理比較簡單， 風(fēng)輪在風(fēng)力的作用下旋轉(zhuǎn)， 它把風(fēng)的動能轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)轱L(fēng)輪軸的機械能。 發(fā)電機在風(fēng)輪軸的帶動下旋轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)電。風(fēng)輪是集風(fēng)裝置，它的作用是把流動空氣具有的動能轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)轱L(fēng)輪旋轉(zhuǎn)的機械能。一般風(fēng)力發(fā)電機的風(fēng)輪由 2 2 個或 3 3 個葉片構(gòu)成。在風(fēng)力發(fā)電機中，已采用的發(fā)電機有 3 3 種，即直流發(fā)電機、同步交流發(fā)電機和異步交流發(fā)電機。風(fēng)力發(fā)電機中調(diào)向器的功能是使風(fēng)力發(fā)電機的風(fēng)輪隨時都迎著風(fēng)向，從而能最大限度地獲取風(fēng)能。3.2

27、.23.2.2 風(fēng)力發(fā)電的發(fā)展風(fēng)力發(fā)電正在世界上形成一股熱潮，因為風(fēng)力發(fā)電沒有燃料問題，也,mHelo!inlierLi_tlIeS.,mHelo!inlierLi_tlIeS.、h hineineoffoumuapeoffoumuapenianias s.”,.”- -inineuanayeuanayofIe_netsiofIe_netsi.“! !.meas.meas*onlealofm,cm*onlealofm,cm”, ,-orkftienorkftieni iby,frby,fr-一”.I,I,!ba-ia|ba-ia|.power.aspower.as“partIgeapartIg

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43、milmil，LnLi i1spe1spe ，“，一. .，prproriori、，i-.i-.o o-1moi1moit tL L33amaama，a ar ro op,fUlp,fUl”*in*ineuanaleuanal，ofI.curreofI.curretsi-in,Ui_IIDtsi-in,Ui_IIDpm.ntplo.pm.ntplo.oLu-tionsafetoLu-tionsafet，anLtheanLthe0 0ympymp- -1 1soso,Il*reiu-ino,Il*reiu-inoIeIesameperioLasameperioLa，earearlier.earearlier.HeeonbealofmHeeonbealofm，-mpo,-mpo,workr.orsIteneolworkr.orsIteneolb b，for-ns-Oin.P-I,IIDba-infor-ns-Oin.P-I,IIDba-in! !power-ompoiesaide.tothepopower-ompoiesaide.tothepo，l-geOspiritfrguiion-e,-ompehel-geOspiritfrguiion