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1、Section A Computer OverviewSection A Computer Overview課文課文A A 計算機概覽計算機概覽Unit 1 Computer and Computer Unit 1 Computer and Computer ScienceScience第第1 1單元單元 計算機與計算機科學計算機與計算機科學劉曉璐 講師Daisy LiuUnit 1 Computer and Computer Science2Main PointsIntroductionThe History of ComputerComputer HardwareProgrammingFu

2、ture DevelopmentsDaisy LiuUnit 1 Computer and Computer Science3TextIntroduction A computer is an electronic device that can receive a set of instructions, or program, 一、引言一、引言計算機是一種電子設(shè)備,它能接收一組計算機是一種電子設(shè)備,它能接收一組指令或程序,指令或程序,定語從句定語從句一組,一套一組,一套Daisy LiuUnit 1 Computer and Computer Science4and then carry

3、out this program by performing calculations on numerical data or by manipulating other forms of information.carry out 執(zhí)行;進行;完成執(zhí)行;進行;完成perform vt.& vi. 執(zhí)行;執(zhí)行; 履行;履行; 表演;表演; 扮演扮演numerical nju:merkl adj. 數(shù)值的數(shù)值的manipulatemnpjlet vt. 操作,處理操作,處理然后通過對然后通過對數(shù)值數(shù)值數(shù)據(jù)進行運算或者對其他形數(shù)據(jù)進行運算或者對其他形式的信息進行式的信息進行處理處理來來執(zhí)

4、行執(zhí)行該程序。該程序。Daisy LiuUnit 1 Computer and Computer Science5 The modern world of high technology could not have come about except for the development of the computer. except for 如果沒有如果沒有 如果沒有如果沒有計算機的發(fā)展,現(xiàn)代的高計算機的發(fā)展,現(xiàn)代的高科技世界是不可能科技世界是不可能產(chǎn)生產(chǎn)生的。的。虛擬語句虛擬語句Daisy LiuUnit 1 Computer and Computer Science6Differen

5、t types and sizes of computers find uses throughout society in the storage and handling of data, from secret governmental files to banking transactions to private household accounts. throughout prep. (表示時間表示時間)自始至終;在自始至終;在期間;期間;遍及遍及地域;地域; 遍及遍及場所場所 adv. 處處;處處; 始終;始終; 在所有方面在所有方面household adj.家庭的家庭的在整個

6、社會里在整個社會里,不同型號和不同大小的計算機被用于,不同型號和不同大小的計算機被用于存儲和處理從政府保密文件、銀行存儲和處理從政府保密文件、銀行交易交易到私人到私人家庭賬家庭賬目目的各種數(shù)據(jù)。的各種數(shù)據(jù)。Daisy LiuUnit 1 Computer and Computer Science7Computers have opened up a new era in manufacturing through the techniques of automation, and they have enhanced modern communication systems.enhance n

7、h:nsvt. 提高提高,增加增加, 加強加強計算機通過計算機通過自動化自動化技術(shù)技術(shù)開創(chuàng)開創(chuàng)了制造業(yè)的新紀了制造業(yè)的新紀元,而且它們也元,而且它們也增強增強了了現(xiàn)代通信系統(tǒng)現(xiàn)代通信系統(tǒng)的性能。的性能。開創(chuàng),開辟開創(chuàng),開辟現(xiàn)代通信系統(tǒng)現(xiàn)代通信系統(tǒng)Daisy LiuUnit 1 Computer and Computer Science8They are essential tools in almost every field of research and applied technology, from constructing models of the universe to prod

8、ucing tomorrows weather reports, and their use has in itself opened up new areas of conjecture. conjecturekndekt(r) vt.& vi. 推測推測,猜想;猜想;n. 推測推測,猜想;猜想;在幾乎每一個研究和應(yīng)用技術(shù)領(lǐng)域,從構(gòu)建宇宙模型在幾乎每一個研究和應(yīng)用技術(shù)領(lǐng)域,從構(gòu)建宇宙模型到產(chǎn)生明天的到產(chǎn)生明天的氣象報告氣象報告,計算機都是,計算機都是必要必要的工具,并的工具,并且它們的應(yīng)用本身就開辟了用于且它們的應(yīng)用本身就開辟了用于推測推測的新領(lǐng)域。的新領(lǐng)域。Daisy LiuUni

9、t 1 Computer and Computer Science9Database services and computer networks make available a great variety of information sources.1a great variety of 種類繁多種類繁多數(shù)據(jù)庫數(shù)據(jù)庫服務(wù)和計算機網(wǎng)絡(luò)使服務(wù)和計算機網(wǎng)絡(luò)使各種各樣各種各樣的的信息源可供使用。信息源可供使用。( (availableavailable補語提前補語提前) )Daisy LiuUnit 1 Computer and Computer Science10The same advanc

10、ed techniques also make possible invasions of personal and business privacy.invasionsinveinzn.入侵,侵犯入侵,侵犯同樣的先進技術(shù)也使同樣的先進技術(shù)也使侵犯侵犯個人個人隱私隱私和商和商業(yè)秘密成為可能。業(yè)秘密成為可能。(possible)(possible)Daisy LiuUnit 1 Computer and Computer Science11Computer crime has become one of the many risks that are part of the price of m

11、odern technology.計算機犯罪計算機犯罪已經(jīng)成為作為現(xiàn)代技術(shù)代價已經(jīng)成為作為現(xiàn)代技術(shù)代價組成部分的許多風險之一。組成部分的許多風險之一。定語從句定語從句Daisy LiuUnit 1 Computer and Computer Science12History The first adding machine, a precursor of the digital computer, was devised in 1642 by the French scientist, mathematician, and philosopher Blaise Pascal2. precurs

12、orpri:k:s(r)n.前輩前輩,前驅(qū)前驅(qū);預(yù)兆預(yù)兆,先兆先兆第一臺第一臺加法機加法機,數(shù)字計算機的數(shù)字計算機的先驅(qū)先驅(qū),是是1642年由年由法國科學家、數(shù)學家兼哲學家布萊斯法國科學家、數(shù)學家兼哲學家布萊斯帕斯卡帕斯卡設(shè)計的。設(shè)計的。Daisy LiuUnit 1 Computer and Computer Science13This device employed a series of ten-toothed wheels, each tooth representing a digit from 0 to 9.employmplvt.雇用雇用;使用使用;利用利用n. 受雇受雇;服務(wù)服

13、務(wù);工作工作 這個裝置這個裝置使用使用了了一系列一系列有有10個齒的輪子,個齒的輪子,每個齒代表從每個齒代表從0到到9的一個的一個數(shù)字數(shù)字。Daisy LiuUnit 1 Computer and Computer Science14The wheels were connected so that numbers could be added to each other by advancing the wheels by a correct number of teeth. advancevt. (使使)前進;前進; 將將提前;提前; 預(yù)付;預(yù)付; 提出提出 vi. (數(shù)量等數(shù)量等)增加;

14、增加; 向前推向前推(至下一步至下一步); 上漲上漲 n. 增長;增長; 借款;借款;(價格、價值的價格、價值的)上漲;上漲; 預(yù)付款預(yù)付款 adj. 預(yù)先的;先行的預(yù)先的;先行的輪子互相連接,輪子互相連接,從而從而通過按照正確的齒數(shù)向前移動通過按照正確的齒數(shù)向前移動輪子,就可以將數(shù)字輪子,就可以將數(shù)字彼此彼此相加。相加。Daisy LiuUnit 1 Computer and Computer Science15In the 1670s the German philosopher and mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz3 improved o

15、n this machine by devising one that could also multiply.improvempru:vvt.提高提高(土地土地,地產(chǎn)地產(chǎn))的價值的價值,利利用用(機會機會),改善改善,改良改良 在在17世紀世紀70年代,德國哲學家、數(shù)學家戈特弗年代,德國哲學家、數(shù)學家戈特弗里德里德 威廉威廉 萊布尼茲萊布尼茲對對這臺機器進行了這臺機器進行了改良改良,設(shè)計了一臺也能做乘法的機器。設(shè)計了一臺也能做乘法的機器。定語從句定語從句Daisy LiuUnit 1 Computer and Computer Science16The French inventor Jos

16、eph-Marie Jacquard , in designing an automatic loom, used thin, perforated wooden boards to control the weaving of complicated designs. loom lu:mn.織布機織布機,紡織機紡織機 perforatep:fret vt. 穿孔于穿孔于,在在上打眼上打眼weave wi:v vt.& vi. 編編,織;織;法國發(fā)明家約瑟夫法國發(fā)明家約瑟夫瑪麗瑪麗雅卡爾,在設(shè)計自動雅卡爾,在設(shè)計自動紡織機紡織機時,使用了時,使用了穿孔的穿孔的薄木板來控制復(fù)雜薄木板來控

17、制復(fù)雜設(shè)計設(shè)計的編織。的編織。Daisy LiuUnit 1 Computer and Computer Science17During the 1880s the American statistician Herman Hollerith5 conceived the idea of using perforated cards, similar to Jacquards boards, for processing data. statistician,sttstnn. 統(tǒng)計學家統(tǒng)計學家conceiveknsi:v vt.& vi. 構(gòu)思構(gòu)思;想像想像在在19世紀世紀80年代期間

18、,美國統(tǒng)計學家赫爾曼年代期間,美國統(tǒng)計學家赫爾曼何勒里斯,何勒里斯,構(gòu)想出構(gòu)想出使用類似雅卡爾的木板那樣使用類似雅卡爾的木板那樣的的穿孔卡片穿孔卡片來處理數(shù)據(jù)的來處理數(shù)據(jù)的主意主意。Daisy LiuUnit 1 Computer and Computer Science18Employing a system that passed punched cards over electrical contacts, he was able to compile statistical information for the 1890 United States census.punchpnt v

19、t. 打孔打孔contactkntktn.接觸接觸,觸點觸點compilekmpalvt.匯編匯編,編譯編譯,編輯編輯censussenssn. 人口普查人口普查,統(tǒng)計統(tǒng)計通過使用一種將通過使用一種將穿孔卡片穿孔卡片從從電觸點電觸點上移過的系統(tǒng),他上移過的系統(tǒng),他得以為得以為1890年的美國年的美國人口普查人口普查匯編匯編統(tǒng)計信息。統(tǒng)計信息。定語從句定語從句Daisy LiuUnit 1 Computer and Computer Science19打孔計算機打孔計算機Daisy LiuUnit 1 Computer and Computer Science201. The Analytica

20、l Engine Also in the 19th century, the British mathematician and inventor Charles Babbage6 worked out the principles of the modern digital computer.analytical,nltkladj.分析的分析的,善于分析的善于分析的mathematician,mmtnn.數(shù)學家數(shù)學家work out 解決,算出,提出解決,算出,提出principleprnspln.原理,原則原理,原則1、分析機分析機 也是在也是在19世紀,英國數(shù)學家兼發(fā)明家查爾斯世紀,英國

21、數(shù)學家兼發(fā)明家查爾斯巴比巴比奇,奇,提出了提出了現(xiàn)代現(xiàn)代數(shù)字計算機數(shù)字計算機的原理。的原理。Daisy LiuUnit 1 Computer and Computer Science21He conceived a number of machines, such as the Difference Engine, that were designed to handle complicated mathematical problems. differencedfrns n. 差別差別,差異差異, 數(shù)數(shù)差數(shù)差數(shù),差分差分他他構(gòu)想出構(gòu)想出旨在處理復(fù)雜數(shù)學題的旨在處理復(fù)雜數(shù)學題的若干若干(許許多

22、多)機器,如機器,如差分機差分機。非限制性定語從句非限制性定語從句Daisy LiuUnit 1 Computer and Computer Science22Many historians consider Babbage and his associate, the mathematician Augusta Ada Byron1, the true pioneers of the modern digital computer.associatesetn.合伙人,伴侶合伙人,伴侶pioneerpan(r)n.拓荒者拓荒者,開發(fā)者;先驅(qū)者開發(fā)者;先驅(qū)者,創(chuàng)始者創(chuàng)始者 許多歷史學家認為巴比奇

23、及其許多歷史學家認為巴比奇及其合伙人合伙人(同事同事),數(shù)學家,數(shù)學家奧古斯塔奧古斯塔埃達埃達拜倫,是現(xiàn)代拜倫,是現(xiàn)代數(shù)字計算機數(shù)字計算機的真正的真正先驅(qū)先驅(qū)。Daisy LiuUnit 1 Computer and Computer Science23One of Babbages designs, the Analytical Engine, had many features of a modern Computer. 巴比奇的設(shè)計之一,分析機,具有現(xiàn)代巴比奇的設(shè)計之一,分析機,具有現(xiàn)代計算機的許多特征。計算機的許多特征。Daisy LiuUnit 1 Computer and Comp

24、uter Science24It had an input stream in the form of a deck of punched cards, a “store” for saving data, a “mill” for arithmetic operations, and a printer that made a permanent record.3a deck of 一疊一疊mill ml n. 磨坊;磨坊; 磨粉機;磨粉機; 榨汁機;榨汁機; 工廠工廠arithmetic rmtk n. 算術(shù),計算;算術(shù),計算; 算法算法operation n. 操作,經(jīng)營;操作,經(jīng)營;

25、手術(shù);手術(shù); 數(shù)數(shù)運算;運算; 作用作用permanentp:mnnt adj. 永久(性)的永久(性)的它有一個以它有一個以一疊一疊穿孔卡片的穿孔卡片的形式形式存在的存在的輸入流輸入流、一個保存數(shù)、一個保存數(shù)據(jù)的據(jù)的“倉庫倉庫”、一個進行算術(shù)運算的、一個進行算術(shù)運算的“工廠工廠”和一個產(chǎn)生和一個產(chǎn)生永永久性久性記錄的打印機。記錄的打印機。定語從句定語從句Daisy LiuUnit 1 Computer and Computer Science25Babbage failed to put this idea into practice, though it may well have bee

26、n technically possible at that date.巴比奇巴比奇未能未能將這個想法將這個想法付諸實踐付諸實踐,雖然在雖然在那個時候那個時候它在它在技術(shù)上技術(shù)上很很可能是可可能是可行的。行的。Daisy LiuUnit 1 Computer and Computer Science262. Early Computers Analogue computers began to be built in the late 19th century. Early models calculated by means of rotating shafts and gears. mea

27、nmi:nzn.方法方法( mean的名詞復(fù)數(shù)的名詞復(fù)數(shù));手段手段rotatertetvt.& vi.(使某物使某物)旋轉(zhuǎn)旋轉(zhuǎn);使輪流使輪流,輪換輪換shaft:ft n.柄,軸;矛,箭柄,軸;矛,箭gear(r) n.齒輪齒輪;裝置裝置,工具工具;傳動裝置傳動裝置 2、早期的計算機、早期的計算機 模擬計算機模擬計算機是在是在19世紀末期開始制造的。早期型世紀末期開始制造的。早期型號是號是依靠依靠轉(zhuǎn)動的轉(zhuǎn)動的軸軸和齒輪來進行計算的。和齒輪來進行計算的。Daisy LiuUnit 1 Computer and Computer Science27Numerical approximat

28、ions of equations too difficult to solve in any other way were evaluated with such machines. equationkwenn.方程式;等式;相等方程式;等式;相等evaluatevljetvt. 評價;求評價;求的值的值用任何其他方法都難以求解的方程,可以用用任何其他方法都難以求解的方程,可以用這樣的機器來求其這樣的機器來求其近似值近似值。定語定語Daisy LiuUnit 1 Computer and Computer Science28Lord Kelvin 3 built a mechanical t

29、ide predictor that was a specialized analogue computer. lordl:dn.勛爵;勛爵;(英國用以稱呼法官、主教英國用以稱呼法官、主教或某些男性貴族成員,表示尊敬或某些男性貴族成員,表示尊敬)大人大人tidetadn.潮汐;潮流,趨勢;時機;季節(jié)潮汐;潮流,趨勢;時機;季節(jié)predict prdkt vt.&vi.預(yù)言預(yù)言,預(yù)測預(yù)測開爾文勛爵制造了一臺機械開爾文勛爵制造了一臺機械潮汐潮汐預(yù)報器,這預(yù)報器,這實際上就是一臺實際上就是一臺專用的專用的模擬計算機模擬計算機。定語從句定語從句Daisy LiuUnit 1 Computer

30、and Computer Science29During World Wars and , mechanical and, later, electrical analogue computing systems were used as torpedo course predictors in submarines and as bombsight controllers in aircraft.torpedot:pi:d n. 魚雷魚雷course k(r)s n. 課程;課程; 航線航線submarines sbmri:n n. 潛艇潛艇bombsight bmsat n. 轟炸瞄準器轟

31、炸瞄準器第一次和第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間,機械模擬計算系統(tǒng)第一次和第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間,機械模擬計算系統(tǒng)以及后來的電動模擬計算系統(tǒng),被用作以及后來的電動模擬計算系統(tǒng),被用作潛艇潛艇上的上的魚魚雷雷航線航線預(yù)測器和飛機上的預(yù)測器和飛機上的轟炸瞄準器轟炸瞄準器的控制器。的控制器。Daisy LiuUnit 1 Computer and Computer Science30Another system was designed to predict spring floods in the Mississippi River4 basinfloodfldn. 洪水洪水Mississippi River密西西

32、比河密西西比河basinbesn n. 盆;盆地;流域盆;盆地;流域人們還設(shè)計了另一個系統(tǒng),用于預(yù)測密西西比人們還設(shè)計了另一個系統(tǒng),用于預(yù)測密西西比河河流域流域春天的洪水春天的洪水。Daisy LiuUnit 1 Computer and Computer Science313. Electronic Computers During World War , a team of scientists and mathematicians, working at Bletchley Park, north of London, created one of the first all-elect

33、ronic digital computers: Colossus. colossusklssn.巨像;巨人;巨物巨像;巨人;巨物3.電子計算機電子計算機 第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間,以倫敦北面的布萊切利公園以倫敦北面的布萊切利公園為工作地點的為工作地點的一組一組科學家和數(shù)學家科學家和數(shù)學家, 制造了最早的制造了最早的全全電子電子數(shù)字計算機之一數(shù)字計算機之一 :“巨人巨人”。定語定語Daisy LiuUnit 1 Computer and Computer Science32By December 1943, Colossus, which incorporated 1,500 va

34、cuum tubes, was operational. incorporatenk:pretvt. 組成公司;組成公司; 包含;包含; 使混合;使混合; 使具體化使具體化 vi. 包含;包含; 吸收;吸收; 合并;合并; 混合混合 vacuumvkjmn.真空,空白真空,空白tubetju:bn.管,管狀物;電子管;地鐵管,管狀物;電子管;地鐵到到1943年年12月,這個月,這個包含包含了了1500個個真空管真空管的的“巨巨人人”開始運行。開始運行。定語從句定語從句Daisy LiuUnit 1 Computer and Computer Science33It was used by th

35、e team headed by Alan Turing6, in the largely successful attempt to crack German radio messages enciphered in the Enigma code7.crack krk vt. 破裂,打開;破譯破裂,打開;破譯enciphernsafvt. 用密碼書寫用密碼書寫(信息等信息等); 把把譯譯成密碼成密碼Enigma code 恩尼格瑪恩尼格瑪它被以艾倫它被以艾倫 圖靈為首的小組用于圖靈為首的小組用于破譯破譯德國用恩尼格德國用恩尼格碼碼加密加密的無線電報,他們的嘗試大部分是成功的。的無線電報,他

36、們的嘗試大部分是成功的。定語定語Daisy LiuUnit 1 Computer and Computer Science34 Independently of this, in the United States, a prototype electronic machine had been built as early as 1939, by John Atanasoff1 and Clifford Berry2 at Iowa State College3. independently,ndpendntladv. 獨立地,無關(guān)地獨立地,無關(guān)地prototypeprttap n. 原型,

37、雛形,藍本原型,雛形,藍本Iowa aiw n. 愛荷華州愛荷華州 除此之外除此之外,在美國,約翰,在美國,約翰 阿塔納索夫和克利福阿塔納索夫和克利福德德 貝里早在貝里早在19391939年就在愛荷華州立學院制造了一臺年就在愛荷華州立學院制造了一臺原原型型電子機。電子機。Daisy LiuUnit 1 Computer and Computer Science35This prototype and later research were completed quietly and later overshadowed by the development of the Electronic

38、Numerical Integrator And Computer (ENIAC 4 ) in 1945.overshadowvdd vt. 使失色;使相形見絀;使失色;使相形見絀;奪去奪去的光輝,遮蔽的光輝,遮蔽integratorntgretn.積分器積分器ENIACinik n. 電子數(shù)字積分計算機電子數(shù)字積分計算機這臺原型機和后來的研究工作都是悄悄完成的,而這臺原型機和后來的研究工作都是悄悄完成的,而且后來因且后來因1945年電子數(shù)字年電子數(shù)字積分積分計算機(計算機(ENIAC)的)的研制而顯得研制而顯得相形見絀相形見絀。Daisy LiuUnit 1 Computer and Com

39、puter Science36ENIAC was granted a patent, which was overturned decades later, in 1973, when the machine was revealed to have incorporated principles first used in the Atanasoff-Berry Computer.grantr:ntvt.承認;同意;準許;授予承認;同意;準許;授予 patentptntn.專利;專利品;專利權(quán);專利證專利;專利品;專利權(quán);專利證 overturnvt:nvt.& vi.(使使)翻倒,

40、推翻翻倒,推翻revealrvi:lvt.顯露;揭露;泄露顯露;揭露;泄露ENIAC計算機被授予了計算機被授予了專利專利。但是,數(shù)十年后,在。但是,數(shù)十年后,在1973年,當該機被年,當該機被揭露揭露吸收了在阿塔納索夫吸收了在阿塔納索夫貝里計貝里計算機中首次使用的原理后,這項專利被算機中首次使用的原理后,這項專利被廢除廢除。定語從句定語從句定語定語Daisy LiuUnit 1 Computer and Computer Science37 ENIAC(See Figure 1A-1) contained 18,000 vacuum tubes and had a speed of sever

41、al hundred multiplications per minute, multiplicationmltplkenn.增加,增增加,增殖,倍增;殖,倍增; 數(shù)數(shù)乘法,乘法運算乘法,乘法運算 ENIAC計算機計算機(見圖見圖1A1)含有含有18,000個真空管,具有每分鐘幾百次的運算速個真空管,具有每分鐘幾百次的運算速度,度,Daisy LiuUnit 1 Computer and Computer Science38but originally its program was wired into the processor5 and had to be manually altere

42、d. originallyrdnli adv.起初起初,原來原來wirewa(r)vt.給給裝電線裝電線manuallymnjladv.用手地用手地,手工地手工地alter:lt(r) vt.&vi.改變改變,更改更改但是最初程序是通過導(dǎo)線傳送到處理器內(nèi)的,但是最初程序是通過導(dǎo)線傳送到處理器內(nèi)的,必須由人工更改。必須由人工更改。Daisy LiuUnit 1 Computer and Computer Science39Later machines were built with program storage, based on the ideas of the Hungarian-

43、American mathematician John von Neumann6.Hungarianhernn.匈牙利人匈牙利人基于基于美籍美籍匈牙利匈牙利數(shù)學家約翰數(shù)學家約翰 馮馮 諾伊諾伊曼的想法,后來制造的機器帶有一個程曼的想法,后來制造的機器帶有一個程序存儲器。序存儲器。(存儲程序存儲程序,逐條執(zhí)行逐條執(zhí)行)Daisy LiuUnit 1 Computer and Computer Science40The instructions, like the data, were stored within a “memory”, freeing the computer from the

44、speed limitations of the paper-tape reader during execution and permitting problems to be solved without rewiring the computer.freefri:adj.自由的;免費的自由的;免費的 vt.免除;免除; 釋放釋放tapetepn.帶子;帶子; 膠帶,磁帶;膠帶,磁帶;executionekskju:nn.實行,履行,執(zhí)行實行,履行,執(zhí)行permitpmtvt.&vi.允許,容許,放任允許,容許,放任rewireri:wa(r)vt.再接電線再接電線指令像數(shù)據(jù)一樣存

45、儲在指令像數(shù)據(jù)一樣存儲在“存儲器存儲器”中,中,使計算機在使計算機在執(zhí)行執(zhí)行過程中擺脫了過程中擺脫了紙帶閱讀紙帶閱讀器器的速度限制,并的速度限制,并容許容許問題在計算機不問題在計算機不用用重新連線重新連線的情況下得到解決。的情況下得到解決。Daisy LiuUnit 1 Computer and Computer Science41 The use of the transistor in computers in the late 1950s marked the advent of smaller, faster, and more versatile logical elements t

46、han were possible with vacuum-tube machines. adventdventn.出現(xiàn);到來出現(xiàn);到來versatilev:stail adj.多用途的多用途的,萬能的萬能的,通用的通用的elementelmntn.元素,元件元素,元件 20世紀世紀50年代末,年代末,晶體管晶體管在計算機中的應(yīng)用,標在計算機中的應(yīng)用,標志著比真空管機器更小、更快、更志著比真空管機器更小、更快、更通用的邏輯元件通用的邏輯元件的的出現(xiàn)出現(xiàn)成為可能。成為可能。Daisy LiuUnit 1 Computer and Computer Science42Because transis

47、tors use much less power and have a much longer life, this development alone was responsible for the improved machines called second-generation computers. responsiblerspnsbladj.盡責的;盡責的; 承擔責任;承擔責任; 負有負有責任的責任的be responsible for形成形成的原因,導(dǎo)致的原因,導(dǎo)致由于晶體管使用的功率小得多且壽命也長得多,僅僅由于晶體管使用的功率小得多且壽命也長得多,僅僅這項發(fā)展就這項發(fā)展就導(dǎo)致了

48、導(dǎo)致了被稱為被稱為第二代第二代計算機的改良機器的計算機的改良機器的產(chǎn)生。產(chǎn)生。定語定語Daisy LiuUnit 1 Computer and Computer Science43Components became smaller, as did inter-component spacings, and the system became much less expensive to build.spacingspesn.間隔,間距間隔,間距元件變小了元件變小了, 元件的元件的間距間距也變小了也變小了,而且系而且系統(tǒng)的制造成本也變得低得多。統(tǒng)的制造成本也變得低得多。Daisy LiuUnit

49、 1 Computer and Computer Science444. Integrated Circuits (IC) Late in the 1960s the integrated circuit, or IC (See Figure 1A-2), was introduced, introducentrdju:s vt. 介紹;介紹; 引進引進4、集成電路、集成電路 20世紀世紀60年代末,集成電路年代末,集成電路(IC)得得到采用,到采用,Daisy LiuUnit 1 Computer and Computer Science45making it possible for ma

50、ny transistors to be fabricated on one silicon substrate, with interconnecting wires plated in place1. fabricatefbrketvt.制造;裝配制造;裝配siliconslknn.硅硅substratesbstretn.基片;襯底基片;襯底plateplet vt.鍍,電鍍鍍,電鍍使得將許多晶體管使得將許多晶體管制作制作在一塊在一塊硅襯底硅襯底上成為可上成為可能,晶體管之間用鍍在那里的導(dǎo)線相連接。能,晶體管之間用鍍在那里的導(dǎo)線相連接。Daisy LiuUnit 1 Computer an

51、d Computer Science46The IC resulted in a further reduction in price, size, and failure rate. result in 導(dǎo)致導(dǎo)致failurefelj(r)n.失??;失效;故障失??;失效;故障集成電路集成電路導(dǎo)致導(dǎo)致價格、尺寸和價格、尺寸和故障率故障率的進的進一步降低。一步降低。Daisy LiuUnit 1 Computer and Computer Science47The microprocessor became a reality in the mid-1970s with the introduc

52、tion of the large-scale integrated (LSI) circuit and, later, the very large-scale integrated(VLSI) circuit (microchip), with many thousands of interconnected transistors etched into a single silicon substrate.scaleskeln.規(guī)模規(guī)模etchetvt.&vi.蝕刻,浸蝕;蝕刻,浸蝕; 刻劃刻劃20世紀世紀70年代中期,隨著年代中期,隨著大規(guī)模集成電大規(guī)模集成電路路和后來的和后

53、來的超大規(guī)模集成電路超大規(guī)模集成電路(微芯片微芯片)的采用,成千上萬個彼此相連的晶體管的采用,成千上萬個彼此相連的晶體管被被蝕刻蝕刻在一塊在一塊硅襯底硅襯底上,使上,使微處理器微處理器成成為現(xiàn)實。為現(xiàn)實。Daisy LiuUnit 1 Computer and Computer Science48 To return, then, to the switching capabilities of a modern computer: computers in the 1970s were generally able to handle eight switches at a time. 那么

54、,再回過頭來看看現(xiàn)代計算機那么,再回過頭來看看現(xiàn)代計算機處理開關(guān)值的能力:處理開關(guān)值的能力:20世紀世紀70年代的計年代的計算機一般一次能夠處理算機一般一次能夠處理8個開關(guān)值。個開關(guān)值。Daisy LiuUnit 1 Computer and Computer Science49That is, they could deal with eight binary digits, or bits, of data, at every cycle. A group of eight bits is called a byte, each byte containing 256 possible p

55、atterns of ONs and OFFs (or 1s and 0s).binarybanriadj. 二態(tài)的;二態(tài)的; 二元的;二元的; 二進制二進制的的patternptn n.模式;模式; 花樣,樣品;花樣,樣品; 也就是說,在每個循環(huán)中,它們能也就是說,在每個循環(huán)中,它們能處理處理8個個二進制二進制數(shù)數(shù)字或字或比特比特的數(shù)據(jù)。的數(shù)據(jù)。8個比特為個比特為一組一組稱為一個字節(jié);每稱為一個字節(jié);每個個字節(jié)字節(jié)包含著包含著256個個(即即28 )開與關(guān)開與關(guān)(或或0與與1) 的可能模式。的可能模式。Daisy LiuUnit 1 Computer and Computer Science

56、50Prefixes for powers of 10Prefixes for powers of 10Multiple數(shù)量級數(shù)量級Prefix前綴前綴Abbrev.縮寫縮寫109gigagg-G千兆、十億千兆、十億106megame -M兆、百萬兆、百萬103kiloki:l-K千千10-3millimli -m豪豪 10-6micromakr -微微10-9nanonn -n納納Daisy LiuUnit 1 Computer and Computer Science51Computer science values of the large Computer science values

57、 of the large prefixesprefixes Prefix Computer science value giga- 230=1,073,741,824 mega- 220=1,048,576 kilo- 210=1,024 Daisy LiuUnit 1 Computer and Computer Science52Each pattern is the equivalent of an instruction, a part of an instruction, or a particular type of datum, such as a number or a cha

58、racter or a graphics symbol. datumdetmn. 數(shù)據(jù),資料,數(shù)據(jù),資料,復(fù)復(fù)datasymbolsmbln. 象征;標志;符號象征;標志;符號每個模式相當于一條指令、一條指令的一部每個模式相當于一條指令、一條指令的一部分或者一個特定的分或者一個特定的數(shù)據(jù)數(shù)據(jù)類型,如一個數(shù)字、類型,如一個數(shù)字、一個字符或者一個一個字符或者一個圖形圖形符號。符號。Daisy LiuUnit 1 Computer and Computer Science53The pattern 11010010, for example, might be binary data in this

59、 case, the decimal number 210 or it might be an instruction telling the computer to compare data stored in its switches to data stored in a certain memory-chip location.decimal desmladj. 十進位的十進位的switchswtn. 交換設(shè)備,開關(guān),轉(zhuǎn)換,轉(zhuǎn)換交換設(shè)備,開關(guān),轉(zhuǎn)換,轉(zhuǎn)換器器定語定語定語定語定語定語例如,例如,11010010這個模式可能是二進制數(shù)這個模式可能是二進制數(shù)據(jù)據(jù) 在這種情況下在這種情況下,代

60、表,代表210這個這個十進制十進制數(shù)數(shù)字字 或者它可能是一條指令,告訴計算機將或者它可能是一條指令,告訴計算機將存儲在其存儲在其交換設(shè)交換設(shè)備備中的數(shù)據(jù)與存儲在中的數(shù)據(jù)與存儲在存儲存儲芯芯片片某個位置的數(shù)據(jù)進行比較。某個位置的數(shù)據(jù)進行比較。Daisy LiuUnit 1 Computer and Computer Science54 The development of processors that can handle 16, 32, and 64 bits of data at a time has increased the speed of computers. 一次能處理一次能處理16、32和和64比特數(shù)據(jù)的比特數(shù)據(jù)的處理器處理器的研制,提高了計算機的

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