高中英語語法定語從句總結(jié)全

1、高中英語定語從句詳解I. 概念：（1）定語從句：在主從復(fù)合句中用作定語的從句叫定語從句。定語從句一般緊接在先行詞（antecedent）后面。（2）先行詞：被定語從句修飾的成份。先行詞可以為一個詞，短語，或整個主句。（3）引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞，分為關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。關(guān)系詞的作用：1）引導(dǎo)定語從句，連接主句和從句，相當(dāng)于一個連詞；2）必在從句中作某個句子成份（可以做主語，賓語，表語，定語，狀語）常用的關(guān)系代詞：that、which、who、whomwhose,當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中做賓語時，關(guān)系代詞可以省略。常用的關(guān)系副詞（在從句中只作狀語）：whe（時間狀語）、why（原因狀語）、whe

2、re（地點(diǎn)狀語）可以修飾人的關(guān)系代詞：that,who,whom,whose可以修飾事的關(guān)系代詞：that,which,as,whose,ThestudentwhoansweredthequestionwasJohn.Iknowthereasonwhyhewassoangry.Theboy（whom）youaretalkingtoismybrother.I'dlikearoomwhosewindowfacesthesea.定語從句三步：第一找出先行詞；第二看先行詞在定語從句中的語法功能（做主語、賓語、表語或狀語）第三選擇合適的關(guān)系詞。n.幾個關(guān)系代詞的基本用法： that:可指人或物；

3、在定語從句中作主語，賓語，表語。(指人時,或whom；指物時，相當(dāng)于which)(般不用于非限制性定語從句；詞后作賓語)女口：1. Aletterthat/whichiswritteninpencilisdifficulttoread.(語)2. Doyouknowthegentlemanthat/whospokejustnow?3. Youcantakeanything(that)youlike.(賓語)4. Whatisthequestion(that/which)theyaretalkingabout?5. Hereistheman(who/whom/that)youwanttosee.

4、6. She'snoIongerthegirl(that)sheusedtobebefore.7. OurhometownisnoIongertheone(that)itusedtobe.(=Ourhometownisnotthesameasitusedtobe.=Ourhometownisdifferentfromwhatitusedtobe。=Ourhometownisnotwhatitusedtobe.) which:指物；在定語從句中作主語，賓語。如：1. Thebookwhich/thatwasonthedeskwasboughtbymyfather.2. Thebook(w

5、hich/that)Iboughtyesterdayisveryinteresting. who,whom,whose:相當(dāng)于who不可置于介主（表語）（主語）（賓語）who:主格,在從句中作主語，只可指人whom:賓格，在從句中只能作賓語；只可指人whose:表所屬關(guān)系，在從句中作定語。譯為：某人的，某物的whose+名詞=the+n.+ofwhich(某物的）the+n.+ofwhom(某人的）Ilikethestudentswho/thatworkhard.（主語）Theboy(that/who/whom)wesawyesterdayisTom.Iknowthegirlwhosefath

6、erisateacher.(whosefather=thefatherofwhom)（指物）（指人）Achildwhoseparentsaredeadiscalledanorphan.(whoseparents=theparentsofwhom)rdlikearoomwhosewindowfacessouth.（whosewindow=thewindowofwhich）關(guān)系代詞作介詞賓語（在定語從句中，介詞提前時，介詞后：表人用whom表物用which）關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中用作介詞賓語時，介詞可放于從句之首，也可放于從句之末.但以放于句首較為正式.（介詞前置，必須注意不影響動詞詞組的含義。關(guān)系

7、代詞who和that用作介詞賓語時，介詞必須放在句末.）Theman(whom/who/that)mymotheristalkingwithisMrBlack.=ThemanwithwhommymotheristalkingisMrBlack.Thisisthebookforwhichyouasked.=Thisisthebook(that/which)youaskedfor.DoyouknowthepersonwithwhomIshookhands？=Doyouknowtheperson(whom/who/that)Ishookhandswith?Thelibraryfromwhichwec

8、anborrowbooksisverybig.ThisisthebookaboutwhichItoldyoujustnow.as的用法:（as引導(dǎo)定語從句，在定語從句中作主語、賓語、表語） 如為限制性的，多用于thesameas;thesameas（與相同）；suchas（如此，這樣）；asmany/muchas（和一樣多）；so/asas（與一樣）等結(jié)構(gòu)中。如：Ihavethesamebookasyou（have）.我有一本和你的一樣的書。Herattitudetohimwasquitethesameasithadalwaysbeen.（關(guān)系代詞as和指示代詞same連用，在從句中用作表語，

9、先行詞是same.）.-Whydidn'tyoumentionthatinfaceofthepolicejustnow?-Ithoughtitwassuchaminordetailaswashardlyworthmentioning.Wewillonlydiscusssuchproblemsashavesomethingtodowithourowninterests.Don'tdosuchthingsasyouarenotsureabout.Thereisnosuchplaceasyoudreamofinallthisworld.比較：Iliveinthesamehouseth

10、atheusedtolivein.rmwearingthesameshirtasyouworeyesterday.比較：Hereissobigastoneasnoonecanlift.（定語從句）Hereissobigastonethatnoonecanliftit.（結(jié)果狀語從句） 如為非限制性的，as還可以單獨(dú)引導(dǎo)一個定語從句，代替整個主句，這種定語從句可置于句首，句中或句尾，譯為"正如，這一點(diǎn)"。（動詞常為know,see,expect,pointout,etc.Asweallknow,smokingisharmfultoone'shealth.（as作賓語）

11、=Asisknowntoall,smokingisharmfultoone'shealth.（as作主語）眾所周知：Asweallknow,It'swell-know（tousall）that=It'sknowntoallthatsmokingisharmfultoone'shealth.=Smokingisharmfultoone'shealth,asweallknow.（as作賓語）=Smoking,asweallknow,isharmfultoone'health.Hewasaforeigner,asIknewfromhisaccent.（

12、賓語,先行詞是前面整個句子）川.關(guān)系副詞（when,where,why）引導(dǎo)的定語從句，它們后面的句子完整，只缺狀語，它們都可以等于介詞+which,其中why只等于forwhich.When指時間，在定語從句中作時間狀語。其先行詞是表時間的名詞（如：time,day,week,tear,month,etc.）HecamelastnightwhenIwasout.Wewillputoffthepicnicuntilnextweek,whentheweatherwouldbebetter.注意：先行詞為"時間名詞"，可用when引導(dǎo)定語從句，when在定語從句中作狀語；還可以

13、用which或that弓I導(dǎo)，which或that在從句中作主語或賓語。比較：Istillrememberthedaywhen/onwhichmybrotherjoinedthearmy.（作狀語）Istillrememberthedayswhich/thatwespenttogether.（作謂語spent的賓語）Nextwinterwhich/thatyou'llspendinHarbin,willbeexciting.（賓語）IshallneverforgetthedaywhenShenZhouVwaslaunched.Thereareoccasionswhenjokingisn

14、otpermissible.Where指地點(diǎn)，在定語從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語。其先行詞是表示地點(diǎn)的名詞，如：place,school,factory,room,etc.ThisistheplacewhereIwasborn.Iliveintheroomwhere/inwhichheusedtolive.注意：先行詞是"地點(diǎn)名詞"，定語從句可用where引導(dǎo)，還可用which或that引導(dǎo)，which/that在從句中作主語或賓語。比較：探Thisisthefactorywhere/inwhichheworkedlastyear.（作狀語）Thisistheparkwhich/tha

15、ttheyvisitedlastyear.（作賓語）Why指原因，在定語從句中作原因狀語。先行詞為reason時，可用forwhich指代；當(dāng)關(guān)系詞在從句中作主語或賓語時，則用which或that引導(dǎo)。如：Thereasonwhy+定語從句isthat+表語從句（的原因是）Thereasonwhy/forwhich/（that）hedidn'tcometoschoolwasthathewasill.Idon'tbelievethereason（that/which）hegaveme.（作賓語）（作主語）Heaskedmethereasonthatcanexplainmysucc

16、ess.Hewaslate.That'sbecausehegotuplate.(That'sbecause+原因)那是因為Hegotuplate.That'swhyhewaslate.(表語從句)(That'swhy+結(jié)果)那是的原因(thereason)why/forwhichhewaslate.(定語從句)當(dāng)先行詞為way時，定語從句常用that,inwhich,或省略引導(dǎo)詞way后的定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞不用時較多。但如果關(guān)系詞在句中作主語或賓語時，則用which或that引導(dǎo)。如:Thisistheway(that)/(inwhich)Idosuchthing

17、s.比較:Pleasedotheexperimentintheway(that/which)Ihaveshownyou.IV.限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別：1. 形式上，非限制性定語從句往往用逗號隔開。2. 語法上，非限制性定語從句一般不用that.3. 語義上，限制性定語從句與先行詞關(guān)系緊密，起限定作用，如果去掉了這個定語從句，整個句子就不完整或者會改變意思；而非限制性定語從句與先行詞關(guān)系不是很緊密，對先行詞起補(bǔ)充說明或描述的作用。ThisisthebookIlikebest.這就是我最喜歡的那本書。Beijing,(whichhasbeenChina'scapitalfo

18、rmorethan800years,)isrichinculturalandhistoricrelics.北京是中國八百年之久的古都，它有著豐富的文化和歷史遺產(chǎn)。4. 翻譯時，限制性定語從句可譯為一句(較短的一般譯為"的"字結(jié)構(gòu))；而非限制性定語從句可譯為兩句。(見上句翻譯)比較:Hehasasister,whoisamusician.Hehasasisterwhoisamusician.引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句的關(guān)系代詞，指人時用who,whom,whose,指物時用which,whose;關(guān)系副詞when,where,why,etc.1. Hestudiedhardatsc

19、hoolwhenhewasyoung,whichleadstohissuccessinhislaterlife.(which代替整個前面整個主句)2. Tom'sfather,whoarrivedjustnow,isafamousscientist.3. Theysetupaseparatestateoftheirown,wheretheywouldbefreetokeepNegroesasslaves.4. Hewasproud,whichhisbrotherneverwas.V.幾個易混淆的關(guān)系代詞的比較：that&which:在定語從句中，which和that在指代事物時

20、，一般可以互換使用，但并非在任何情況下都是這樣，這里介紹宜用that,而不宜用which的情況.只能用that的情況： 先行詞為much,little,none,all,few,every(thing),any(thing),no(thing),theone等不定代詞或受其修飾時；1. Weshoulddoallthatisusefultothepeople.2. There'snothingthatcanbesaidaboutit.3. Doyoumeantheonethatwasboughtyesterday? 先行詞被theonly,thevery修飾時；1. Theonlyth

21、ingthatwecoulddowastowait.2. That'stheverywordthatiswronglyused.比較*Thisisoneofthebestnovelsthatwerepublishedlastyear.*Thisistheonlyoneofthebestnovelsthatwaspublishedlastyear. 先行詞是序數(shù)詞時或被序數(shù)詞修飾時,包括thelast,thenext;1. WhenwetalkaboutWuxi,thefirstthatcomesintomindisTaiLake.2. Thisisthethirdfilmthathas

22、beenshowninourschoolthisterm. 先行詞是最咼級或被最咼級修飾時；1. Thisisthebestthatcanbedonenow.2. Themostimportantthingthatshouldbedonerightnowishowtostophimfromgoingon. 先行詞既有人又有物，只用that.女口：1. Thewriterandhisnovelthatyouhavejusttalkedaboutisreallywellknown.2. Theriderandhisbikethathadrunoveranoldwomanwereheldupbyth

23、epolice. 被修飾詞為數(shù)詞時.1. YesterdayIcaughttwofishandputtheminabasinofwater.Nowyoucanseethetwothatarestillalive. 如果有兩個從句，其中一個關(guān)系代詞已用which,另一個關(guān)系代詞宜用that,以避免語言的單調(diào)或重復(fù)。Edisonbuiltupafactorywhichproducedthingsthathadneverbeenseenbefore. 主句是以who或which開頭的疑問句時，關(guān)系代詞宜用that，以避免重復(fù)。1. Whichisthebookthatyoulikebest?2. W

24、hoisthemanthatisstandingatthegate? 主句是Therebe結(jié)構(gòu)，修飾其主句的定語從句宜用that作關(guān)系代詞.女口：1. Thereisstillaseatinthecornerthatisstillfree. 先行詞在從句中做表語時1. Heisnottheyoungmanthathewas30yearsago.2. MyhomevillageisnoIongertheplace(that)itusedtobe.定語從句中宜用which而不宜用that的情況： 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞的前面有介詞時.1. Azooisaparkinwhichmanykindsofanimal

25、sarekeptforexhibition.2.IsthistheroominwhichMr.Whitelives? 在非限制性定語從句中.1. Crusoe'sdog,whichwasarenowveryold,becameillanddied.2. MoreandmorepeoplearebeginningtolearnEnglish,whichisbecomingverypopularinourcountry.(which指代主句) 在一個句子中有兩個定語從句，其中一個定語從句的關(guān)系代詞用了that,另一個宜用which.1. Letmeshowyouthenovel，thatI

26、borrowedfromthelibrarywhichwasnewlyopentous.2. AtthestationIboughtsomemagazinesthatmighthelpmetopassthetimeonthetrainandwhichIcouldpassontootherswhenlfinishedthem. 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞后面帶有插入語時1.Here'stheEnglishgrammarwhich,asIhavetoldyou,willhelpimproveyourEnglish. 先行詞本身是that,宜用which.What'sthatwhichsheislookingat? 先行詞是those+復(fù)數(shù)名