初中英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)精講最新ppt課件

1、初中英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)精講一、句子成分一、句子成分?（一）句子成分的定義：（一）句子成分的定義：?構(gòu)成句子的各個部分叫做句子成分。構(gòu)成句子的各個部分叫做句子成分。?句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；?主要成分有主語和謂語；主要成分有主語和謂語；?次要成分有表語、賓語、定語、狀語、補次要成分有表語、賓語、定語、狀語、補足語、同位語和足語、同位語和插入語插入語。二）主語：二）主語：?主語主語 (Subject)表示句子說的是什么人或什么事表示句子說的是什么人或什么事.是一個句子所敘述的主體，一般位于句首。是一個句子所敘述的主體，一般位于句首。但在但在there be結(jié)構(gòu)、疑問句

2、（當主語不疑結(jié)構(gòu)、疑問句（當主語不疑問詞時）和倒裝句中，主語位于謂語、助問詞時）和倒裝句中，主語位于謂語、助動詞或情態(tài)動詞后面。主語可由名詞、代動詞或情態(tài)動詞后面。主語可由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動名詞、名詞化的形詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動名詞、名詞化的形容詞和主語從句等表示。例如：容詞和主語從句等表示。例如：1.During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. （名詞）2.We often speak English in class. （代詞）3.One-third of the student

3、s in this class are girls.（數(shù)詞）4.To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式）5.Smoking does harm to the health. （動名詞）6.The rich should help the poor. （名詞化的形容詞）7.When we are going to have an English test has not been decided. （主語從句）8.It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it作形式主語，真正的主語為后面的不定式

4、）（三）謂語（三）謂語?謂語謂語 (Predicate) 說明主語所做的動作或說明主語所做的動作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)。動詞在句中作謂語，具有的特征和狀態(tài)。動詞在句中作謂語，一般放在主語之后。謂語的構(gòu)成如下：一般放在主語之后。謂語的構(gòu)成如下：?1、簡單謂語：由一個動詞或動詞短語構(gòu)、簡單謂語：由一個動詞或動詞短語構(gòu)成。如：成。如：He practices running every morning.The plane took off at ten oclock.（三）謂語（三）謂語?2、復合謂語：、復合謂語：（1）由情態(tài)動詞加動詞原形構(gòu)成。如：）由情態(tài)動詞加動詞原形構(gòu)成。如：You may kee

5、p the book for two weeks. （2）由助動詞加動詞原形）由助動詞加動詞原形,現(xiàn)在分詞現(xiàn)在分詞,過去分詞構(gòu)過去分詞構(gòu)成。如：成。如：Do you speak English？They are working in a field.He has caught a bad cold. （3）由系動詞加表語構(gòu)成。如：）由系動詞加表語構(gòu)成。如：We are students.注意：謂語與主語在人稱與數(shù)方面要保持一致。注意：謂語與主語在人稱與數(shù)方面要保持一致。（四）表語（四）表語?表語表語(Predicative)?用以說明主語的性質(zhì)、特征、狀態(tài)與身份，用以說明主語的性質(zhì)、特征、狀態(tài)

6、與身份，它一般位于系動詞（如它一般位于系動詞（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。等）之后。?表語一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、數(shù)詞、表語一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、數(shù)詞、 副副詞、不定式、動名詞、分詞、介詞短語及表詞、不定式、動名詞、分詞、介詞短語及表語從句表示。例如：語從句表示。例如：1.Our teacher of English is an American.（名詞）（名詞）2.Is it yours?（代詞）（代詞）3.The weather has turned cold.（形容詞）（形容詞）4.The speech is excit

7、ing.（分詞）（分詞）5.Three times seven is twenty one?（數(shù)詞）（數(shù)詞）6.His job is to teach English.（不定式）（不定式）7.His hobby is playing football.（動名詞）（動名詞）8.The meeting is of great importance.（介詞短語）（介詞短語）9.Time is up. The class is over.（副詞）（副詞）10.The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表語從句）（表語從句）注意：系動詞（注意：系動詞（Lin

8、king verb)用于連接主語和用于連接主語和表語，說明主語的狀態(tài)，性質(zhì)特征和身份等。表語，說明主語的狀態(tài)，性質(zhì)特征和身份等。1）狀態(tài)系動詞狀態(tài)系動詞用來表示主語狀態(tài)，只有用來表示主語狀態(tài)，只有be一詞，一詞，例如：例如：He isa teacher. 2）持續(xù)系動詞持續(xù)系動詞用來表示主語繼續(xù)或保持一種狀況用來表示主語繼續(xù)或保持一種狀況或態(tài)度，主要有或態(tài)度，主要有keep, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如：例如：He always kept silent at meeting.3）表像系動詞表像系動詞用來表示用來表示“看起來像看起來像”這一概念，這一概念，主要有主要

9、有seem, appear, look, 例如：例如：He seems (to be) very sad.注意：系動詞（注意：系動詞（Linking verb)用于連接主語和表用于連接主語和表語，說明主語的狀態(tài)，性質(zhì)特征和身份等。語，說明主語的狀態(tài)，性質(zhì)特征和身份等。4）感官系動詞感官系動詞主要有主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如：例如：This kind of cloth feelsvery soft. 5）變化系動詞變化系動詞表示主語變成什么樣，主要有表示主語變成什么樣，主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, r

10、un.例如：例如：The river was beginning to run dry. 6）終止系動詞終止系動詞表示主語已終止動作，主要有表示主語已終止動作，主要有prove, turn out, 表達表達 結(jié)果是結(jié)果是;證明是證明是 ，之意，之意，例如：例如：The rumor proved false. His plan turned out a success.（五）賓語（五）賓語?賓語（賓語（Object）表示動作的對象或承愛者，一）表示動作的對象或承愛者，一般位于及物動詞和介詞后面。例如：般位于及物動詞和介詞后面。例如：1.He is doing his homework.（名詞）

11、2.The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.（代詞、動名詞）3.How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（名詞、數(shù)詞）4.They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名詞化形容詞，名詞）5.He pretended not to see me.（不定式短語）6.I enjoy listening to popular music.（動名詞短語）7.I think（that）he is fit for his

12、 office.（賓語從句）?賓語種類賓語種類：?（1）雙賓語（間接賓語）雙賓語（間接賓語+直接賓語），例如：直接賓語），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please.To: write, tell, pass, give, send, promise, show, hand, read, tell, bring, throw等，例如：等，例如：He sent the novel to William yesterday.For: leave, buy, build, choose, cook, draw, find, get, order, post, save等，例

13、如：等，例如：She bought a gift for her mother.?（2）復合賓語（賓語）復合賓語（賓語+賓補），例如：賓補），例如：?They elected him their monitor.?下列動詞只能接不定式做賓語下列動詞只能接不定式做賓語ask, agree, care, choose, demand, dare, decide, expect, fail, help, hope, learn, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish, desire等，如：等，如：He r

14、efused to lend me his bike.?下列動詞只能接動名詞做賓語下列動詞只能接動名詞做賓語admit, avoid, advise, consider, enjoy, excuse, escape, finish, imagine, mind, practise, suggest等，如：等，如：John has admitted breaking the window.?下列動詞既可接不定式，也可接動名詞做下列動詞既可接不定式，也可接動名詞做賓語，但意義不同，如賓語，但意義不同，如mean, try, remember, forget, regret等。等。?forget t

15、o do表示表示“未發(fā)生的動作未發(fā)生的動作”，forget doing表示表示“已完成的動作已完成的動作”。如：。如：?Dont forget to come here earlier tomorrow.(還沒來還沒來)?I forgot returning the book to him.?(書已還給他了書已還給他了)?（六）賓語補足語（六）賓語補足語?賓語補足語（賓語補足語（Object Complement），），用于補充說明賓語的動作，一般位于賓用于補充說明賓語的動作，一般位于賓語之后，賓語與賓語補足語一起構(gòu)成復語之后，賓語與賓語補足語一起構(gòu)成復合賓語。需接復合賓語的動詞有：合賓語。需

16、接復合賓語的動詞有：tell，let，help，teach， ask，see，have，order，make等。等?！百e補賓補”一般可由名一般可由名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、分詞、介詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語和從句充當。例如：詞短語和從句充當。例如：1.His father named him Xiaoming.（名詞）2.They painted their boat white.（形容詞）3.Let the fresh air in.（副詞）4.You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短語）5.We saw her

17、entering the room.（現(xiàn)在分詞）6.We found everything in the lab in good order.（介詞短語）7.We will soon make our city what your city is now.（從句）（七）定語（七）定語?修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語或從句稱為定語修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語或從句稱為定語(Attribute)。?定語可由以下等成分表示：定語可由以下等成分表示：1.Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容詞（形容詞）2.China is a developing country; America is

18、a developed country.（分詞（分詞）3.There are thirtywomenteachers in our school.（名詞）（名詞）4.His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代詞）（代詞）5.Our monitor is always the firstto enter the classroom.（不定式短語）（不定式短語）6.The teachingplan for next term has been worked out.（動名詞）（動名詞）7.He is reading an article a

19、bout how to learn English.（介詞短語）（介詞短語）8.She is the girl who sings best in my class.(定語從句定語從句)（八）狀語（八）狀語?修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或整個句子，說明修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或整個句子，說明動作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分，叫做狀語動作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分，叫做狀語（Adverbial）?？捎梢韵滦问奖硎荆？捎梢韵滦问奖硎?：1.Light travels most quickly.（副詞及副詞性詞組）2.He has lived in the city for ten years. （介詞短語）3.He

20、is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短語）4.He is in the room making a model plane.（分詞短語）5.Wait a minute.（名詞）6.Once you begin, you must continue.（狀語從句）9種狀語種類如下：1. How about meeting again at six（時間狀語）?2.Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因狀

21、語）3.I shall go there if it doesnt rain.（條件狀語）4.Mr Smith lives on the third floor（地點狀語）.5.She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式狀語）She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴隨狀語）6.In order to catch up with the others, I （目的狀語）must work harder.7.He was so tired that he fell asleep immed

22、iately.（結(jié)果狀語）8.She works very hard though she is old.?（讓步狀語）9.I am taller than he is.（比較狀語）（九）同位語（九）同位語（Appositive）對前面的名）對前面的名詞或代詞做進一步的解釋，通常由名詞、詞或代詞做進一步的解釋，通常由名詞、數(shù)詞、代詞或從句擔任，如：數(shù)詞、代詞或從句擔任，如：This is Mr. Zhou, our headmaster.（十）插入語（十）插入語（Parenthesis）對一句話）對一句話做一些附加的解釋，通常有做一些附加的解釋，通常有to be honest , I thin

23、k (suppose, believe-)等，如：等，如：To be frank,I dont quite agree with you.(一). 指出下列句中主語的中心詞 (4分，4分鐘) The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom There is an old man coming here. The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year. To do todays homework without the teachers help

24、is very difficul(二). 選出句中謂語的中心詞 (10分，10分鐘) I dont like the picture on the wall. A. dontB. likeC. pictureD. wall The days get longer and longer when summer comes. A. getB. longerC. daysD. summer Do you usually go to school by bus? A. DoB. usuallyC. goD. bus There will be a meeting at the library this

25、 afternoon. A. will beB. meetingC. the libraryD. afternoon Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast? A. DidB. twinsC. haveD. breakfast Tom didnt do his homework yesterday. A. TomB. didntC. doD. his homework What I want to tell you is this. A. wantB. to tellC. youD. is We had better send for a

26、 doctor. A. WeB. hadC. sendD. doctor He is interested in music. A. isB. interestedC. inD. music Whom did you give my book to? A. giveB. didC. whomD. book 三) 挑出下列句中的賓語（10分，10分鐘） My brother hasnt done his homework. ABCD People all over the world speak English. ABCD You must pay good attention to your

27、pronunciation. ABCD How many new words did you learn last class? ABCD Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you? ABCD The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill. ABCD They made him monitor of the class. ABCD Go across the bridge and you will find the museum on the le

28、ft. ABCD You will find it useful after you leave school. ABCD They didnt know who Father Christmas really is. ABCD( (四) 挑出下列句中的表語 (5分，5分鐘) The old man was feeling very tired. ABCD Why is he worried about Jim? ABCD The leaves have turned yellow. ABCD Soon They all became interested in the subject. AB

29、CD She was the first to learn about it. ABCD (五) 挑出下列句中的定語 (6分，6分鐘) They use Mr. Mrs. with the family name. ABCD What is your given name? ABCD On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3. AB CD I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor. ABCD The man downstairs was trying to sleep. ABCD I am wai

30、ting for the sound of the other shoe! ABCD (六) 挑出下列句中的賓語補足語 (6分，6分鐘) She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room. ABCD He asked her to take the boy out of school. ABCD She found it difficult to do the work. ABCD They call me Lily sometimes. ABCD I saw Mr. Wang get on the

31、bus. A BCD Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now? ABCD (七) 挑出下列句中的狀語（8分， 8分鐘） There was a big smile on her face. ABCD Every night he heard the noise upstairs. ABCD He began to learn English when he was eleven. ABCD The man on the motorbike was travelling to fast. ABCD With

32、the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off. ABCD She loves the library because she loves books. ABCD I am afraid that if youve lost it, you must pay for it. ABCD The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine. ABCD (八) 劃出句中的直接賓語和間接賓語 (5分，5分鐘) Please tell us a story. My father bou

33、ght a new bike for me last week. Mr. Li is going to teach us history next term. Here is a pen. Give it to Tom. Did he leave any message for me?練習練習一一.指出下列句子劃線部分是什么句子成分：指出下列句子劃線部分是什么句子成分：S.?1. The students got on the school bus.Attribute?2. He handed me the newspaper.O.?3. I shall answer your questio

34、n after class.AdverbialPredicate?4. What a beautiful Chinese painting!Attribute?5. They went hunting together early in the morning.AdverbialAdverbialPredicative?6. His job is to train swimmers.?7. He took many photos of the palacesAttributein Beijing.O.?8. There is going to be an American filmS.toni

35、ght.Predicate?9. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.Predicate?10. His wish is to become a scientist.S.Predicative?11. He managed to finish the work in time.PredicateO.?12. Tom came to ask me for advice.Adverbial?13. He found it important to master English.AO.RO.O.?14. Do you have anything else to

36、say?Attribute?15. To be honest，your pronunciation is Parenthesisnot so good.?16. Would you please tell me your O.address?AdverbialAdverbial?17. He sat there, reading a newspaper.AS.?18. It is our duty to keep our classroom Predicativeclean and tidy.O.C.?19. He noticed a man enter the room.O.C.?20. T

37、he apples tasted sweet.Predicative劃分劃分句子成分句子成分1.we are working .2.I can swim very well .3.The waiter brought a bottle of beer to me .4.Why does the wind blow .5.The rain has been pulling down for a whole day .6.Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music .7.Jim asked you to give his best wishes to everyon

38、e .8.You must get the car ready by tomorrow .9.I have a lot of clothes to wash .I have a lot of clothes to be washed .10.He gave his son some advice on reading .11.Read me the first paragraph .12.Ive ordered some soup for you .13.He began leaning English ten years ago .14.My being late worried my te

39、acher .15.That president himself would visit our school excited all of us .16.April Day is the special day of the year when you play a joke on someone .17.He usually takes a nap after lunch ,as is his habit .18.I found the book in the corner of the room.19.he finished lunch and went into the garden

40、.20.The telephone rang .21.We study hard .22.His father might have died .23.Will you leave the door open when going out .24.Can you make the dog stand still ?25.The landlord had them working day and night .26.I think a sound knowledge of grammar is important to good writing .27.We all breathe ,eat,

41、drink .28.I woke up at 6:00 in the morning .29.The book weighs five kilos .30.They will be flying to London .31.The shop assistant found some certain materials for me .32.He promised me a new English-Chinese dictionary.33.Please pass a newly- published magazine to me .34.He lived in Guang Zhou .35.T

42、he father is showing the boy how to plant trees .36.His uncle left him some money .37.She is teaching the piano to several of the village children and she has taught us English for 3 years .38.I like popular music .39.She knows what to do next .40.It excited all of us that the president would visit

43、our school .二、用符號劃出下列短文各句中的主語（）、謂語（）、賓語（）：?I hope you are very well. Im fine, but tired. Right now it is the summer vacation and Im helping my Dad on the farm. August is the hottest month here. It is the time of year for the rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark. Sometimes we go on

44、working after dark by the lights of our tractors. We grow rice in the south of the States, but in the north where it is colder they grow wheat. We have a lot of machines on the farm. ?Although the farm is large, my Dad has only two men working for him. But he employs more men for the harvest. My brother takes care of the vegetable garden. It doesnt often rain in the summer here. As a result, we have to water the vegetable garden. Every evening we pump water from a well. It then runs along channels to different parts of the garden.三、用符號劃出下列短文各句中的定語（）、狀語（）、補語