應(yīng)用化學(xué)專業(yè)英語教案

1、專業(yè)英語教案teaching plan on specialized english course for applied chemistry課程類型：化學(xué)系專業(yè)選修課lesson type: specialized course for applied chemistry teaching plan on specialized english course for applied chemistrypart 1 part 2 chemical equationspart 3 chemical calculationpart 4 nomenclature of inorganic chemi

2、calspart 5 some basic chemical theoriespart6 translationpart7 a brief introduction to scientific writing in englishpart 1 顏色顏色 disproportionation neutralization; hydrolysis exothermic reaction endothermic reaction reversible reaction forward reaction reverse reaction spontaneous reaction nonspontane

3、ous reaction 1.反應(yīng)名稱：化化 學(xué)學(xué) 方方 程程 式式part 2 chemical equations2、反應(yīng)條件 heat ; burn ignite/ignition electrolyze/electrolysis under/at ambient/room temperature under standard pressure with/in the prescence of catalyst 3、 讀 法 3.1 nitrogen reacts with hydrogen to form ammonia at high temperature and pressure

4、 with the presence of a catalyst.n2+ 3h2 高溫高壓催化劑2nh3 1 mol nitrogen reacts with 3 mol hydrogen to form 2 mol ammonia at high temperature and pressure with the presence of a catalyst. 3.2 nitrogen combines with hydrogen to form ammonia at high temperature and pressure with the presence of a catalyst.

5、 ammonia decomposes to nitrogen and hydrogen at high temperature and pressure with the presence of a catalyst.3.3 reaction between nitrogen and hydrogen at high temperature and pressure with the presence of a catalyst gives ammonia. at high temperature and pressure, reaction of nitrogen with hydroge

6、n in the presence of a catalyst takes place. zinc treated with hydrochloric acid forms hydrogen and zinc chloridezn +2hclzncl2 + h23.4 calcium carbonate when heated produces calcium oxide and carbon dioxide calcium carbonate is heated to yield calcium oxide and carbon dioxide calcium carbonate decom

7、poses to calcium oxide and carbon dioxide when it is heated3.1 化 學(xué) 術(shù) 語 atomic mass/weight ； molecular weight amount (of substance)； mole number of moles ； molar mass molar volume ； concentration molarity ； excess agent limiting agent ； reactant product ； yieldpart 3 chemical calculation（化學(xué)計(jì)算化學(xué)計(jì)算 ）3.

8、2 數(shù)學(xué)術(shù)語： 運(yùn)算名稱 addition substraction mulplication division 動(dòng)詞讀法add substract(ed)from multiply(ied)by divide(d)by 介詞讀法plus minus times over 運(yùn)算結(jié)果 sum difference product quotient 0.001 o/zero point o o one 2/3 two thirds equals/is equal to is approximately equal to less than greater than x2 x squared x3

9、x cubed x-10 x to the minus tenth power 100oc one hundred degrees centigrade 5% five percent (by mass, volume) （） round brackets/parentheses square/angular brackets braces基 本 形 狀 linear pyramidal 三角錐的 trigonal tetrahedral 正四面體的 square spherical 球形的 rectangular oval circle planarsteroscopic無機(jī)物質(zhì)的命名par

10、t 4 nomenclature of inorganic chemicalselementcompound4.1 元素和單質(zhì)的命名元素和單質(zhì)的命名 “元素”和“單質(zhì)”的英文意思都是“element”，有時(shí)為了區(qū)別，在強(qiáng)調(diào)“單質(zhì)”時(shí)可用“free element”。因此，單質(zhì)的英文名稱與元素的英文名稱是一樣的。下面給出的既是元素的名稱，同時(shí)又是單質(zhì)的名稱。s-block element ia hydrogen lithium sodium potassium rubidium cesium francium iia beryllium magnesium calcium strontium b

11、arium radiumiiia boronaluminiumgalliumindiumthallium iv a carbonsilicongermaniumtinleadv a nitrogenphosphorusarsenicantimonybismuthvia oxygensulfurseleniumtelluriumpoloniumviia fluorinechlorinebromineiodineastatine0heliumneonargonkryptonxenonradonp-block elementcommon transition elememt fe : iron mn

12、 : manganese cu: copper zn: zinc hg: mercury ag: silver au: gold4.2化合物的命名化合物的命名 化合物的命名順序都是根據(jù)化學(xué)式從左往右讀，這與中文讀法順序是相反的。表示原子個(gè)數(shù)時(shí)使用前綴：mono-di-tri- tetra-penta- hexa- hepta- octa-，nona-,deca-,但是在不會(huì)引起歧義時(shí)，這些前綴都盡可能被省去。1 化合物正電荷部分的讀法化合物正電荷部分的讀法直呼其名，即讀其元素名稱。 如co: carbon monoxide al2o3: aluminium oxide n2o4 ：dinitr

13、ogen tetroxide (tetra-,mono-后綴中的a,o在后一o之前省去) 對(duì)于有變價(jià)的金屬元素，除了可用前綴來表示以外，更多采用羅馬數(shù)字來表示金屬的氧化態(tài)，或用后綴-ous表示低價(jià)，-ic表示高價(jià)。如 feo: iron(ii) oxide 或 ferrous oxide fe2o3: iron (iii) oxide或ferric oxide cu2o: copper(i) oxide 或cuprous oxide cuo: copper(ii) oxide或cupric oxide 化合物負(fù)電荷部分的讀法：化合物負(fù)電荷部分的讀法：.二元化合物. 非金屬氫化物 . 無氧酸.

14、含氧酸與含氧酸根陰離子. 鹽4.2.1二元化合物 常見的二元化合物有鹵化物，氧化物，硫化物，氮化物，磷化物，碳化物，金屬氫化物等，命名時(shí)需要使用后綴-ide，如：fluoride， chloride， bromide， iodide， oxide，sulfide，nitride, phosphide, carbide，hydride; oh -的名稱也是用后綴-ide：hydroxide， 非金屬氫化物不用此后綴，而是將其看成其它二元化合物（見4.）,非最低價(jià)的二元化合物還要加前綴， 如o22-: peroxide o2-: superoxide舉例：naf: sodium fluoridea

15、lcl3: aluminium chloride mg2n3: magnesium nitride ag2s： silver sulfide cac2: calcium carbide fe(oh)2：iron(ii) hydroxide 有些物質(zhì)常用俗稱，如no nitric oxide n2o nitrous oxide4.2 非金屬氫化物 1)除了水和氨氣使用俗稱water，ammonia以外，其它的非金屬氫化物都用系統(tǒng)名稱，命名規(guī)則根據(jù)化學(xué)式的寫法不同而有所不同。對(duì)于鹵族和氧族氫化物，在化學(xué)式中寫在前面，因此將其看成另一元素的二元化合物。 舉例： hf hydrogen fluorid

16、e hcl hydrogen chloride hbr hydrogen bromide hi hydrogen iodide h2s hydrogen sulfide h2se hydrogen selenide h2te hydrogen telluride 2) 對(duì)于其它族的非金屬氫化物，在化學(xué)式中寫在后面，可加后綴ane，氮族還可加-ine 舉例： ph3: phosphine或phosphane ash3: arsine或arsane sbh3: stibine或stibane bih3: bismuthane ch4: methane sih4: silane b2h6: dibo

17、rane4. 無氧酸命名規(guī)則：hydro-詞根-icacid 舉例： hcl: hydrochloric acid h2s : hydrosufuric acidb boron bor- boride br bromine brom- bromidecl chlorine chlor- chloridef fluorine fluor- fluorideh hydrogen hydr- hydridei iodine iod- iodiden nitrogen nitr- nitrideo oxygen ox- oxidep phosphorus phosph- phosphides sulf

18、ur sulf- or sulfur- sulfidesymbol element stem binary name endings 4. 含氧酸與含氧酸根陰離子 化學(xué)專業(yè)英語用前后綴的不同組合顯示不同價(jià)態(tài)的含氧酸和含氧酸根陰離子，價(jià)態(tài)相同的含氧酸及含氧酸根陰離子具有相同的前綴，不同的后綴。高某酸 per-ic 正酸 ic 亞酸 -ous 次酸 hypo-ous高某酸根 per-ate 正酸根 ate 亞酸根 -ite 次酸根hypo-ite其它的前綴還有 ortho-正 meta- 偏 thio-硫代舉例：hclo4 perchloric acid clo4- perchlorate ion

19、 hclo3 chloric acid clo3- chlorate ion hclo2 chlorous acid clo2- chlorite ion hclo hypochlorous acid clo- hypochlorite ion h2so4 sulfuric acid h2so3 sulfurous acid hno3 nitric acid hno2 nitrous acid hpo3 metaphosphoric acid s2o32- thiosulfate ion4. 鹽正鹽正鹽：根據(jù)化學(xué)式從左往右分別讀出陽離子和陰離子的名稱。 如feso4 iron(ii) sulf

20、ate kmno4 potassium permanganate酸式鹽酸式鹽：同正鹽的讀法，酸根中的讀做hydrogen，氫原子的個(gè)數(shù)用前綴表示。如nahco3: sodium hydrogencarbonate 或 sodium bicarbonate nah2po4: sodium dihydrogenphosphate復(fù)鹽復(fù)鹽：同正鹽的讀法，并且陽離子按英文名稱的第一個(gè)字母順序讀。如 knaco3: potassuim sodium carbonatenanh4hpo4: ammonium sodium hydrogenphosphate水合鹽水合鹽：結(jié)晶水讀做water或hydrate

21、如alcl36h2o: aluminum chloride 6-water 或aluminum chloride hexahydrate alk(so4) 212h2o aluminium potassium sulphate 12-water 有機(jī)物質(zhì)的命名有機(jī)物質(zhì)的命名烷烴的英文命名 1）烷烴（）烷烴（alkanes ）有機(jī)化合物的英文命名很不統(tǒng)一，有普通命名、有機(jī)化合物的英文命名很不統(tǒng)一，有普通命名、衍生命名、系統(tǒng)命名及衍生命名、系統(tǒng)命名及ca系統(tǒng)命名等。系統(tǒng)命名等。ch4 甲烷 methanec2h6 乙烷 ethanec3h8 丙烷 propanec4h10 丁烷 butanec5h

22、12 戊烷pentanec6h14 己烷 hexanec7h16 庚烷 heptanec8h18 辛烷 octanec9h20 壬烷 nonanec10h22 癸烷 decanec11h24 十一undecanec12h26 十二烷dodecanec18h28 十三烷tridecanec14h30 十四烷tetradecanec15h32 十五烷pentadecanec16h34 十六烷hexadecan烷烴的英文名稱字尾都有烴的英文名稱字尾都有-ane 2 不飽和烴不飽和烴unsaturated hydrocarbonch3甲 基 methyl methylch3ch2乙 基 ethyl e

23、thylch3ch2ch2正丙基n-propyl propyl異丙基isopropyl (1-methyl ethyl)ch3ch2ch2ch2 正丁基n-butyl butylch3(ch2)3ch2 正戊基n-pentyl或n-amyl pentyl異戊基isopentyl或isoamyl (3-methyl butyl)新戊基neopentyl (2,2-dimethyl propyl)烷基的名稱烷基的名稱 ch2=ch2 乙 烯 ethylene ethylene,ch3ch=ch2 丙 烯 propylene propene,1丁烯1-butylene 1-butene,(ch3)2

24、c=ch2 異丁烯isobutylene propene, 2methylch3ch2ch2ch=ch2 1戊烯1-amylene 1-pentene,異戊二烯isoprene 1,3butadiene,2-methyl-烯基（alkenyl）是將烯的字尾-ene 改為-enyl。烯類化合物的名稱烯類化合物的名稱烯基的名稱ch2=ch 乙烯基vinyl ethenyl烯丙基allyl (2-propenyl)丙烯基propenyl (1-propenyl)2-丁烯基(2-butenyl)炔類化合物的名稱炔類化合物的名稱hcch 乙炔 acetylene ; ethyne,ch3cch 丙 炔

25、methyl acetylene ;propyne,2丁炔dimethyl acetylene;2-butyne,丙烯基乙炔propenyl acetylene;3-penten-1-yne,系統(tǒng)命名是以芳香環(huán)為母體，取代基根據(jù)環(huán)上的位置而定位，苯環(huán)上表示2個(gè)基團(tuán)的相對(duì)位置普通命名常用鄰o,對(duì)p，間m表示 芳香烴芳香烴aromatic hydrocarbon compounds苯 benzene,萘 naphthalene ,蒽 anthracene ,菲 phenanthrene ,甲苯 toluene; methyl- benzene鄰二甲苯o-xylene; 1,2-dimethyl-b

26、enzene對(duì)二甲苯p-xylene; 1,4-dimethyl-benzene間二甲苯m-xylene; 1,3-dimethyl-benzene苯乙烯styrenestyrene;ethenyl-benzxene鹵代烴鹵代烴organic halidesch3cl 氯甲烷methyl chloride; chloro-methanech2cl2 二氯甲烷methylene dichloride;dichloro-methanechcl3三氯甲烷（氯仿） chloroform; trichloro- methaneccl4 四氯化碳carbon tetrachloride; tetrachl

27、oro- methanech3ch2br 溴乙烷ethyl bromide;brormo- ethane1,2二溴乙烷ethylene dibromide;1,2-dibromo- ethanech2=chcl 氯乙烯vinyl chloride; chloro- ethylenech2=ch-ch2cl 烯丙基氯allyl chloride;3-chloro-1-propene氯 苯 phenyl chloride; chloro-benzene二氯苯p-phenylene dichloridebenzene, 1,4-dichlorop-dichlorobenzene5 醇、酚、醚醇、酚、

28、醚a(bǔ)lcohols, phenols and ethersch3oh 甲醇 methyl alcohol; carbinol methanol,c2h5oh 乙醇 ethyl alcohol; carbinol ethanol,ch3ch2ch2oh 正丙醇n-propyl alcohol;ethyl carbinol 1-propanol,異丙醇isopropyl alcohol;dimethyl carbinol 2-propanol,ch2(ch2)3oh 正丁醇n-butyl alcohol; propyl carbinol 1-butanol,苯甲醇(芐醇) benzyl alcoh

29、ol;phenylmethanol,醇的英文名稱醇的英文名稱 苯苯 酚酚 phenol, -萘酚萘酚-naphthol ;1-naphthalenol,-萘酚萘酚-naphthol ; 2-naphthalenol,對(duì)甲苯酚對(duì)甲苯酚p-cresol phenol, 雙酚雙酚a bisphenol a; 1-methylethylidene bis-phenol, 酚的英文名稱酚的英文名稱ch3ch2och2ch3 乙乙 醚醚 diethyl ether或或ethyl ether, 1,1-oxybis-ethanech3och2ch2ch2ch3 甲丁醚甲丁醚n-butyl methyl et

30、her, 1-methoxy-butane苯甲醚苯甲醚methyl phenyl ether或或methoxy-anisole 醚的英文名稱醚的英文名稱烷氧基的英文名稱烷氧基的英文名稱ch3o- 甲氧基甲氧基methoxy c2h5o- 乙氧基乙氧基ethoxyc3h7o- 丙氧基丙氧基propoxy 含氮有機(jī)化合物含氮有機(jī)化合物(nitrogenous organic compounds)ch3nh2 甲甲 胺胺 methyl amine;methanamine,ch3nhc2h5 甲乙胺甲乙胺ethyl methyl amine; n-methyl-ethanamine醛和酮醛和酮alde

31、hydes and ketones醛和酮醛和酮aldehydes and ketonesch2o 甲醛甲醛 formaldehyde,ch3cho 乙醛乙醛 acetaldehyde,ch3ch2cho 丙醛丙醛 propionaldehyde;propanal,ch3ch2ch2cho 正丁醛正丁醛n-butyraldehyde;butanal,ch3(ch2)3cho 正戊醛正戊醛n-valeraldehyde;pentanal,-甲基丁醛甲基丁醛-methyl butyraldehyde;2-methyl- butanalch2=chcho 丙烯醛丙烯醛acrolein 2-propen

32、al,丙丙 酮酮 acetone; 2-propanone,acetone2-戊酮戊酮methyl propyl ketone 2-pentanone,環(huán)己酮環(huán)己酮cyclohexanone cyclohexanone,二苯酮二苯酮diphenyl ketone benzophenone methanone, diphenyl-羧酸和取代酸羧酸和取代酸carboxylic acids and substitute carboxylic acidshcooh 甲酸甲酸 formic acid,ch3cooh 乙酸乙酸 acetic acid,ch3ch2cooh 丙酸丙酸 propionic a

33、cid,ch3(ch2)2cooh 正丁酸正丁酸n-butyric acid;butanoic acid,ch3(ch2)3cooh 正戊酸正戊酸n-valeric acid;pentanoic acid,ch3(ch2)4cooh 正已酸正已酸n-caproic acid; hexanoic acid,乳乳 酸酸 lactic acid; 2-hydroxy-propanoic acidch2=chcooh 丙烯酸丙烯酸acrylic acid;2-propenoic acid,草草 酸酸 oxalic acid; ethanedioic acid,丙二酸丙二酸malonic acid; p

34、ropandioic acid,已二酸已二酸adipic acid; hexanedioic acid,順順-丁烯二酸丁烯二酸maleic acid; z-2-butenedioic acid, 反反-丁烯二酸丁烯二酸fumaric acid; e-2-butenedioic acid, 苯甲酸苯甲酸benzoic acid; benzoic acid,part6 translation(english-chinese and chinese-english)i.important role of translation translation is a rendering from one

35、language into another,i.e., the faithful representation in one language of what is written orsaid in another language. as ameans of communication, translation play an important role in human civilization. in the west, literary translation can traced back to300 bc, while in china, recorded translatio

36、n activities are even earlier, dating from the zhou dynasty(1100bc).hower, not until recent centuries,especially by the end of the 19th century did systematic study of translation get underway. in the past decadestranslation theories and activities have developed fast at home and abord. a morden soc

37、iety sees an extensive use of translation on various occasion. if a foreign language is generlly accepted as a tool of life, translation then obviously serves as a dynamic means of emplooying this tool. a proper and dexterous translation helps to promote mutual understanding between pepoles of diffe

38、rent cultural and social backgrounds, whereas a misunderstanding or improper rendering of words or expressions may lead to confusion.nature and scope of translation what is translation? some people believe it is a science, others take it as an art; and yet many consider it a craft, or rather, a skil

39、l. of these varied opinions, which one holds true for our purpose? if it refers to a subject, namely, the study of translation theory and skills, it is no doubt a science, if it refers to some specific pieces of translation, then it is more like a n art, if it refers to a process, in which something

40、 is translated, then we may regard it as a craft or a skill. translation covers a very broad range. in terms of languages ,it can be divided into two categories: from native languages into foreign languages and vice versa; in terms of the mode, it can be divided into oral interpretation, written tra

41、nslation and machine translation; in terms of materials to be translated, there is translation of scientific materials, translation of literary works such as novels, poety drama, etc., translation of political essays such as treatises on social problems, reports, speeches, etc., in terms of disposal

42、, it can be either full-text translation, abridged translation or adapted translation.principles and criteria of translation the so-called principles and criteria of translation are actually the two sides of the samething. the former lays emphasis on the translator; while the latter on the reader or

43、 critic. yan fus “three-character guide”: faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance.literal translation and free translation the so-called literal translation, generally speaking, means “not to alter the original words and sentences”; strictly speaking, it strives “to keep the sentiments and style o

44、f the original”. free translation is an alternative approach which is used mainly to convery the meaning and spirit of the original without trying to reproduce its sentence patterns or figures of speech. 1. theres no pot so ugly it cant find a lid 2. little fish does not eat big fish3. what the tong

45、ue says, the neck pays for4. what was hatched a hen must not try to be a rooster5. a gift is the key to open the door closed agaist you. translation techniques generally speaking, the basic translation techniques that merit our attention and that are to be applied in english-chinese and chinese-engl

46、ish translations include:(1)diction(2)amplification(3)omission(4)repetition(5)conversion(6)restructuring(7)negation(8)division科技英語的寫作科技論文中文寫作科技論文英文寫作科技論文的寫作明確所研究的方向設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)驗(yàn)著手實(shí)驗(yàn)撰寫論文科技論文的中文寫作寫作步驟3結(jié)論2結(jié)果與討論1實(shí)驗(yàn)部分引言作者及單位題目參考文獻(xiàn)摘要作者為幾個(gè)單位的，請(qǐng)?jiān)谟疑辖怯蒙蠘?biāo)形式標(biāo)出去，姓名間空一格，作者單位標(biāo)至二級(jí)單位，單位間用分號(hào)隔開； 作者及單位示例（注意項(xiàng)目、順序、英文大小寫、標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)）示例（注

47、意項(xiàng)目、順序、英文大小寫、標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)） 離體培養(yǎng)條件下半夏葉柄形成珠芽過程中內(nèi)源激素的變化* 常 莉1) 徐有明1) 薛建平2)*(1)華中農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)園藝林學(xué)學(xué)院，武漢 430070；2）安徽省淮北煤炭師范學(xué)院生物系，淮北 235000)首頁面腳注示例（注意項(xiàng)目、順序及標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)）首頁面腳注示例（注意項(xiàng)目、順序及標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)）*國(guó)家農(nóng)業(yè)成果轉(zhuǎn)化基金(05efn213400124)和淮北市重點(diǎn)項(xiàng)目(06125)資助*通訊作者. e-mail: 常莉,女,1981年生, 華中農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)園藝林學(xué)學(xué)院碩士研究生,武漢 430070趙銘欽，男，1964年生，副教授.工作單位: 河南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)農(nóng)學(xué)院,國(guó)家煙草栽培生理生

48、化基地,鄭州 450002. e-mail: 中文摘要為報(bào)道式摘要，包括簡(jiǎn)要介紹研究目的、 材料、方法和結(jié)論，結(jié)果要求詳細(xì) 。摘要關(guān)鍵詞間用分號(hào)隔開，分號(hào)后空半格。 關(guān)鍵詞摘要示例摘要示例 為研究黃花蒿生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育過程中青蒿素含量的動(dòng)態(tài)變異特性，對(duì)黃花蒿生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育過程中青蒿素含量的變化進(jìn)行了研究，實(shí)驗(yàn)表明：黃花蒿下部葉中青蒿素含量明顯高于中、上部；黃花蒿上午采收樣青蒿素含量明顯高于下午；時(shí)間越長(zhǎng)，青蒿素的含量越黃花蒿生長(zhǎng)高；黃花蒿在整個(gè)的生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育過程中，從營(yíng)養(yǎng)生長(zhǎng)末期到花蕾期，青蒿素含量有遞增趨勢(shì)，開花后青蒿素含量明顯下降。關(guān)鍵詞：黃花蒿；青蒿素；動(dòng)態(tài)變異；含量摘要：為了探討不同穗型品種水稻的穗部性

49、狀與產(chǎn)量和稻米品質(zhì)的關(guān)系（表示目的），以遼寧省近年育成的水稻品種（品系）為試材（交待材料），（必要時(shí)介紹方法）進(jìn)行了品種類型間的比較研究。結(jié)果表明：根據(jù)水稻著粒密度可將試材分為散穗型、半散穗型、半緊穗型和緊穗型四種類型。各類型間稻谷產(chǎn)量差異顯著，其中半散穗型和半緊穗型品種產(chǎn)量較高。緊穗型品種的一次枝梗數(shù)、二次枝梗數(shù)和每穗空秕粒數(shù)都較多，成粒率較低。除了散穗型品種整精米率顯著高于半散穗型和半緊穗型品種外，散穗型、半散穗型和半緊穗型間其它品質(zhì)性狀差異不顯著，三者品質(zhì)明顯好于緊穗型品種。著粒密度與每穗成粒數(shù)、產(chǎn)量呈拋物線，與堿消值呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān)，與谷草比呈顯著正相關(guān)；產(chǎn)量與食味值呈顯著的正相關(guān)。在籽粒

50、灌漿結(jié)實(shí)期，半散穗型和半緊穗型品種的單葉凈光合速率較高，后期生產(chǎn)的干物質(zhì)較多，谷草比較大（明確介紹結(jié)果）。半緊穗型和半散穗型品種在產(chǎn)量較高，食味品質(zhì)較好，選擇適宜著粒密度的材料，容易育出高產(chǎn)優(yōu)質(zhì)品種（得出結(jié)論）。 包括研究的重要意義、前人研究進(jìn)展、研究切入點(diǎn)及擬解決的關(guān)鍵問題。 前言前言示例：前言示例：【本研究的重要意義】穗型是株型的重要組成部分，是水稻的重要形態(tài)特征之一，隨著水稻穗型由彎到直，穗型與稻米品質(zhì)的協(xié)調(diào)關(guān)系已成為日益重要的研究?jī)?nèi)容1-3?！厩叭搜芯窟M(jìn)展】徐正進(jìn)等4按頸穗彎曲角度劃分為直立、半直立和彎曲3種穗型；周開達(dá)等5按單穗重劃分為重穗型、中穗型和輕穗型；yamamoto6等按著

51、粒密度劃分為緊穗型、半緊穗型、半散穗型和散穗型。徐正進(jìn)等按穗型指數(shù)2（pti）劃分為上部?jī)?yōu)勢(shì)型、中部?jī)?yōu)勢(shì)型和下部?jī)?yōu)勢(shì)型。穗部性狀與結(jié)實(shí)率7，與碾米品質(zhì)8 、物質(zhì)積累與分配9，籽粒灌漿特性10以及產(chǎn)量潛力11關(guān)系密切。【本研究切入點(diǎn)】近年來，隨著水稻品種產(chǎn)量不斷提高和要求品質(zhì)的改善，介于緊穗型和散穗型之間的中間類型有增加的趨勢(shì)?！緮M解決的關(guān)鍵問題】本文以遼寧省近年育成的水稻品種（品系）為材料，對(duì)以著粒密度為指標(biāo)，對(duì)不同穗型品種的穗部性狀和稻米品質(zhì)進(jìn)行探討。旨在探索穗型分類與指標(biāo)，為水稻產(chǎn)量提高和品質(zhì)的改良提供理論依據(jù)。 有機(jī)磷農(nóng)藥作為高效殺蟲劑, 對(duì)蔬菜、稻米、瓜果生長(zhǎng)作出了巨大貢獻(xiàn),但是,這些

52、農(nóng)藥對(duì)水體和生態(tài)環(huán)境的污染也日益嚴(yán)重，這些污染影響了人類的生存,它對(duì)人畜毒性較大,近年來許多食物中毒事件都是由于有機(jī)磷等農(nóng)藥殘留所引起的,農(nóng)藥殘留嚴(yán)重威脅著人類健康。目前除了推廣使用低毒農(nóng)藥外, 研究此類農(nóng)藥的有效降解方法也有重要意義。近年來逐漸發(fā)展起來的光催化降解技術(shù)為這一問題的解決提供了良好的途徑1-2。 二氧化鈦(tio2)光催化降解技術(shù)是近年來逐漸發(fā)展起來污染治理的技術(shù)之一。tio2在環(huán)保方面的突出優(yōu)點(diǎn)就是活性高、穩(wěn)定性好、對(duì)人體無害、過量使用也不會(huì)引發(fā)污染問題，成為最受歡迎的一種光催化劑，被稱為“綠色”的污染治理技術(shù)3-4。tio2及其改性物對(duì)農(nóng)藥的催化作用在國(guó)內(nèi)較少報(bào)道,尤其是稀土

53、改性的tio2對(duì)農(nóng)藥降解的相關(guān)報(bào)道甚少,本文研究了鉺摻雜tio2對(duì)甲胺磷的光催化降解的影響?？萍颊撐牡挠⑽膶懽鲗懽鞑襟E4.conclusion3.rusults and discussion2.experimental section1.introductionauthor and his worktitlerefferenceabstractfigure captionsacknowledgement figures tables keep these in mind when you read what is the major question addressed in this pap

54、er? is this question important and why? what are the approaches used in this paper, and whether they are adequate for the questions?what are the novel idea or using innovative approaches? what is the concept coming out of this paper? do the results presented support this new concept?how to read scie

55、ntific papers?how to read scientific papers?titles important/significant unexpected/unusual function mechanisms straight forward rationale “remain unknown”; “to determine” summary statement “here we show” body dont go into details; dont use many special termsabstractstudy on dynamic variance charact

56、er of arteannuin content in artemisia annual1）department of chemistry and chemical engineering, huaihua university, huaihua 418008)2）the key laboratory of hunan province for the study and utilize of ethnomedicinal plant resources, huaihua 418008)abstract in this paper, the dynamic variance characteri