英語翻譯短文

1、TheWorkmansCompensationHowcansomeone,hourafterhour,dayafterday,yearinandyearout,tightenapproximatelythesamenuttothesameboltandnotgomad?Thatmostworkingpeopledonot,infact,gomadisdueinlargemeasuretoaphenomenonsocommonthatitisfoundwhereverpeoplelaborinindustry:takingiteasy.Itwouldtakesomekindofrealmenta

2、lcasetodoalltheworkonecouldalldaylong.Nooneexpectsit.Takingiteasyonthejobwhilesomeoneelsecoversyourwork,orworkingonandoff,asitisusuallycalledinAmerica,isanestablishedpartoftheworkinglife.Workingonandoff,however,hasitslimits.Therulesareinfinitelyvaried,subtle,andflexible,and,ofcourse,theyarealwayscha

3、nging.Management,uptoacertainlevelatleast,isawareofthepractice,andinsomeindustriesemploysentirecadresofpeopletocurtailorputanendtoit.Simultaneously,theworkersaresubtlydoingtheirbesttokeepitgoingandtoextenditwhereverpossible.Everyworkerhasahighlydevelopedsenseofhowmuchworkisexpectedofhim.Whenhefeelst

4、hattheexpectationisexcessive,hetriestodosomethingaboutit.Thisinstincthastodowiththepoliticalnatureofworkitself,somethingeverymodernworkerunderstands.Thebosseswantmorefromtheworkerthantheyarewillingtogiveinreturn.Theworkersgivework,andthebossesgivemoney.Theexchangeisneverquiteequal,andthediscrepancyi

5、scalledprofit.Sincethebossescannotdowithoutprofit,workershaveanedge.Agoodworkerinakeyspotcould,solongashekeptupproduction,takeallthecoffeebreakshewanted,andthebosseswouldverylikelylooktheotherway.Hecouldalsochoosetocutdownonthecoffeebreaks,applyhimself,andincreaseproduction,andthenaskforandgetmoremo

6、ney.Butthatwouldbeself-defeating,andheknowsit.Itwouldalsoplacehimincompetitionwithotherworkers,whichwouldbeplayingintothebosseshands.Whathewouldratherdoiscreatesomeslackforhimselfandenjoyhisjobmore.AtpresentontheWestCoast,whenagangoflongshoremenworkingoncargostartashift,theyoftendividethemselvesinto

7、twoequalgroupsandtossacoin.Onegroupgoesintothefarreachesoftheshipsholdandsitsaround.Theothergroupstartsloadingcargo,usuallyworkingwithavengeance,sinceeachoneofthemisdoingtheworkoftwomen.Anhourlater,thegroupschangeplaces.Inotherwords,althoughmyfellowlongshoremenandIaregettingpaidforeighthours,onoccas

8、ionweworkonlyfour.Ifsomeonereadingthisfeelsasenseofmoraloutragebecausewearesittingdownonthejob,Iamsorry.Ihavesearchedmymindinvainforapolitewaytotellthatreadertogotohell.Ifyouarethatreader,Iwouldrecommendthatyouabandonyouroutrageandbeginthinkingaboutdoingsomethingsimilarforyourself.Youprobablyalready

9、have,evenifyouwontadmitit.Whitecollarofficeworkers,too,havecomeundercriticismrecentlyforrobbingtheirbossesoftheirfull-timeservices.ToomuchtimesisbeingspentaroundtheMr.Coffeemachine,andsomepeople(wouldyoubelieveit?)haveevenbeenhavingpersonalconversationsoncompanytime.Infact,oneoffice-systemexpertrece

10、ntlysaidthathehadyettoencounterabusinessworkplacethatwasfunctioningatmorethanabout60percentefficiency.Managementoftenstruggleshardtosetupasituationwhereworkisdoneinseries:aworkerreceivesanarticleofmanufacture,doessomethingtoit,andpassesitontoanotherworker,whodoessomethingelsetoitandthenpassesitontot

11、henextguy,andsoon.Theassemblylineisaperfectexampleofthis.Managerslikethistypeofmanufacturebecauseitismoreefficient-thatis,itachievesmoreproduction.Theyalsolikeitforanotherreason,eveniftheywillnotadmitit:itmakesitverydifficultfortheworkertodoanythingotherthanwork.FrederickW.Taylor,theefficiencyexpert

12、whoearlyinthiscenturyconductedthetime-and-motionstudiesthatledtotheassembly-lineprocess,triedtoreduceworkerstorobots,allinthenameofgreaterproduction.Hisstaffofexperts,eacharmedwithclipboardandstopwatch,studiedindividualworkerswithaviewtowardeliminatingunnecessarymovement.Theysoonfoundagreatdealofopp

13、ositionfromtheworkers.Mostpeoplenotdirectlyengagedindailyworkexpressdisapprovalwhentheyhearofpeopleworkingonandoff.Astudiedcampaignwithcarefullychosenlanguage-afulldaysworkforafulldayspay,takingafreeride-hasbeenpushedbycertainemployerstodiscreditthepractice,andtheirsuccessissuchthatIrarelydiscussite

14、xceptwithotherworkers.Myresponseispersonal,andIfeelnoneedtodefendit:IfIamgettingafreeride,howcomeIamsotiredwhenIgohomeattheendofashift?工作者的補償一個人怎么能時復(fù)一時，年復(fù)一年地把幾乎相同的螺帽擰到相同的螺栓上而不發(fā)瘋的呢？事實上，多數(shù)勞動者并不發(fā)瘋多半是由于不緊不慢的現(xiàn)象很平常，在企業(yè)中只要有人工作的地方隨處可見這種現(xiàn)象。一個人恐怕要有某種真正的精神病才能一整天竭盡全力地干活。沒人希望這樣。在別人幫你干活時，你就不緊不慢地干，也就是像美國人常說的那種干干停停

15、是工作生涯的一個既定部分。然而，干干停停有它的局限性。這些慣例的變化無休無止，很微妙、很有彈性。當然，它們總在變。至少在一定程度上管理部門知道這種做法。一些企業(yè)雇傭干部以減少或結(jié)束這種做法。同時，工人們巧妙地、盡全力使之繼續(xù)下去并使之觸及到可能的任何地方。每個工人對自己干多少活都是高度敏感的。當他感到希望他做的事過多時，就會采取某些措施。這種天性與每個現(xiàn)代工人所懂得的工作本身的政治特性有關(guān)。老板希望從工人身上得到的比他們給予的要多；工人付出勞動，老板付出報酬。這個交換從來不會太平等，此差異叫做利潤。由于老板不能沒有利潤，工人們就占了上風。一個在關(guān)鍵崗位的好工人，只要他保持產(chǎn)量不降低，可以隨心所

16、欲地利用工間休息，而老板可能裝作沒看見。工人也可以縮短工間休息，賣力干活，增加生產(chǎn)，然后要求并得到更多的錢。但他知道那是違背自己利益的，這樣做也會將自己置于與他人競爭之中，這種競爭會有利于老板。那么，他寧愿為自己4/4創(chuàng)造一些空閑，更好的享受工作。經(jīng)常分成兩組，然后通常干得賣力，因為目前在西海岸，從事船貨裝卸工作的一伙碼頭裝卸工開始輪班時，擲硬幣決定先后順序。一組走到船艙深處分散坐下。另一組開始裝貨，他們每人干著兩人的活，一小時以后兩組交位置換。換句話說，雖然我和工友們獲得八小時的報酬，有時卻只干四小時。如果有人讀到此，為我們怠工而憤慨的話，我很抱歉。我白費心機的絞盡腦汁想找到一個禮貌的說法，

17、但現(xiàn)在要告訴這位讀者，讓他見鬼去吧。如果你是那個讀者，我會勸你不要憤慨，開始為自己考慮一下類似的事情。即便你不承認，你可能已經(jīng)想過了。近來，白領(lǐng)職員也由于不為老板全天服務(wù)而受到批評。在電煮咖啡機旁花了太多的時間。一些人甚至在工業(yè)時間進行私人交談。事實上，一個辦公制度專家近來說，他還沒有遇到工作效率高于60%的商業(yè)網(wǎng)點。管理部門經(jīng)常努力創(chuàng)建一條龍式的工作：一個人接到產(chǎn)品后為之做些什么，把它傳給另外一個工人，這個工人再做些什么，然后傳給下一個工人，如此類推。裝配線就是一個極好的例子。經(jīng)理喜歡這種生產(chǎn)方式，因為它效率更高，也就是說能生產(chǎn)出更多的產(chǎn)品來。盡管老板不會承認，但還有另一個喜歡這種方式的原因

18、，它使工人很難做工作以外的其他事情。弗雷德里克W泰勒，是本世紀初進行時間和運動研究的效率專家，這種研究產(chǎn)生了裝配線工序。他試圖把工人變成機器人，只是為了更大的產(chǎn)量。他的專家組每人配有帶彈簧夾子的書寫板和秒表用來研究每個工人，使他們不能偷懶。很快他們發(fā)現(xiàn)工人們特別反對這種做法。大多數(shù)不直接從事日常工作的人聽到人們干干停停地工作時，會表示不贊同。一些雇主推行了一場預(yù)先計劃的運動，和全天工作付全天報酬只拿錢不干活這些精心選擇的語言來詆毀這種做法。除了同其他工人，我很少談起他們的成功。我的回答是個人觀點，我感到?jīng)]必要為之辯護：拿錢不干活，我下班回家后怎么會那么累呢？Work,Labor,andPlay

19、SofarasIknow,MissHannahArendtwasthefirstpersontodefinetheessentialdifferencebetweenworkandlabor.Tobehappy,amanmustfeel,firstly,freeand,secondly,important.Hecannotbereallyhappyifheiscompelledbysocietytodowhathedoesnotenjoydoing,orifwhatheenjoysdoingisignoredbysocietyasofnovalueorimportance.Inasociety

20、whereslaveryinthestrictsensehasbeenabolished,thesignthatwhatamandoesisofsocialvalueisthatheispaidmoneytodoit,butalaborertodaycanrightlybecalledawageslave.Amanisalaborerifthejobsocietyoffershimisofnointeresttohimselfbutheiscompelledtotakeitbythenecessityofearningalivingandsupportinghisfamily.Theantit

21、hesistolaborisplay.Whenweplayagame,weenjoywhatwearedoing,otherwiseweshouldnotplayit,butitisapurelyprivateactivity;societycouldnotcarelesswhetherweplayitornot.Betweenlaborandplaystandswork.Amanisaworkerifheispersonallyinterestedinthejobwhichsocietypayshimtodo;whatfromthepointofviewofsocietyisnecessar

22、ylaborisfromhisownpointofviewvoluntaryplay.Whetherajobistobeclassifiedaslabororworkdepends,notonthejobitself,butonthetastesoftheindividualwhoundertakesit.Thedifferencedoesnot,forexample,coincidewiththedifferencebetweenamanualandamentaljob;agardeneroracobblermaybeaworker,abankclerkalaborer.Whichamani

23、scanbeseenfromhisattitudetowardleisure.Toaworker,leisuremeanssimplythehoursheneedstorelaxandrestinordertoworkefficiently.Heisthereforemorelikelytotaketoolittleleisurethantoomuch;workersdieofcoronariesandforgettheirwivesbirthdays.Tothelaborer,ontheotherhand,leisuremeansfreedomfromcompulsion,sothatiti

24、snaturalforhimtoimaginethatthefewerhourshehastospendlaboring,andthemorehoursheisfreetoplay,thebetter.Whatpercentageofthepopulationinamoderntechnologicalsocietyare,likemyself,inthefortunatepositionofbeingworkers?AtaguessIwouldsaysixteenpercent,andIdonotthinkthatfigureislikelytogetbiggerinthefuture.Te

25、chnologyandthedivisionoflaborhavedonetwothings:byeliminatinginmanyfieldstheneedforspecialstrengthorskill,theyhavemadeaverylargenumberofpaidoccupationswhichformerlywereenjoyableworkintoboringlabor,andbyincreasingproductivitytheyhavereducedthenumberofnecessarylaboringhours.Itisalreadypossibletoimagine

26、asocietyinwhichthemajorityofthepopulation,thatistosay,itslaborers,willhavealmostasmuchleisureasinear5liertimeswasenjoyedbythearistocracy.Whenonerecallshowaristocraciesinthepastactuallybehaved,theprospectisnotcheerful.Indeed,theproblemofdealingwithboredommaybeevenmoredifficultforsuchafuturemasssociet

27、ythanitwasforaristocracies.Thelatter,forexample,ritualizedtheirtime;therewasaseasontoshootgrouse,aseasontospendintown,etc.Themassesaremorelikelytoreplaceanunchangingritualbyfashionwhichitwillbeintheeconomicinterestofcertainpeopletochangeasoftenaspossible.Again,themassescannotgoinforhunting,forveryso

28、ontherewouldbenoanimalslefttohunt.Forotheraristocraticamusementslikegambling,dueling,andwarfare,itmaybeonlytooeasytofindequivalentsindangerousdriving,drug-taking,andsenselessactsofviolence.Workersseldomcommitactsofviolence,becausetheycanputtheiraggressionintotheirwork,beitphysicalliketheworkofasmith

29、,ormentalliketheworkofascientistoranartist.Theroleofaggressionintotheirwork,beitphysicalliketheworkofasmith,ormentalliketheworkofascientistoranartist.Theroleofaggressioninmentalworkisaptlyexpressedbythephrasegettingonesteethintoaproblem.工作，勞作和娛樂據(jù)我所知，漢納阿倫特小姐是第一個給予工作和勞作之間本質(zhì)區(qū)別的人。一個人要高興，首先要感到自由，其次是感到重要。如果他被社會強迫做他不愿