自考國際商務英語復習資料

1、lesson 1 International Business1.International busines 圉際貿易Transactiorbetweenparties from different countries.Sometimesousinessacrossthe bordersof different customs areas of the same country is also regarded as import and export.2.Visible trad苗形貿易The form of commodity trade. i.e. exporting and impor

2、ting goods produced or manufactured in country for consumption or resale in another.1.1 nvisible trade 形貿易The form of service trade. i.e. transportationcommunicationbanking, insurance,consulting, information etc.4 .Franchise!許An arrangement by which an monopoly producer or owner gives another permis

3、sion for the ex( right to manufacture or sell the products in a certain area.Franchisings 許經營A special form of licensing. A firm, called the franchisee, is allowed to operate in the name of ai called the franchiserwho providesthe former with trademarksb randnames,logo, and operating techniques for r

4、oyalty.5 . Licenso跆予許可的人 A person or a company granting a licenceLicensing1可經營/國際許可A firm lease the right to use its intellectual property to a firm in another country. Such as traden brand names, patents, copyright or technology.6 .Non-tariff barrieTE 關不兌壁壘All forms of man-made obstructions to inte

5、rnational trade other than tariffs, including prohibition and quotas, etc.7 .Portfolio正券The entire collection of investmentsn the form of stocks,bonds,or certificateof depositsfor purposes other than controlling.8 .Turnkey contra及鑰呆匕工程One in which one of the parties agree to supply, at the contract

6、price, a complete product read) use, such as a new home, factory, ship, etc.9 .Contract manufacturing 包牛產A firm can concentrate on their strongest part in the value chain.11. Major differences between international business and domestic business.Ans: Differences in(1) legal system (2) currencies(3)

7、cultural background:language, customs, traditions, religion, value, behavior etc.(4) natural and economic conditions12. Major types of international businessAns: (1) trade : A. commodity trade service trade(2) Investment difference)A. foreign direct investment (FDi國直接投資)(is made for returns through

8、controlling the enterprises or assets invested in in a host country.)B. portfolio investments 券投資(refers to purchases of foreign financial assets for a purpose other than controlling.)(3) other types: A. licensing & franchising(in comparison with the relation between the licenser and licensee, f

9、ranchiser has more control over and provide more support for the franchisee.)B. management contract &contract manufacturingC. turnkey project & BOmiaking profit from operating the project for a period )13. Why do firms choose licensing as a means of entering a foreign market?Ans:(1)do not ha

10、ve to make cash payments to start business ;(2) receive income in the form of royalty;(3) benefit from locational advantages of foreign operation without any obligations in ownership management.14. Under what condition is management contract most applicable?Ans: When a government forbids foreign own

11、ership in certain industries it considers to be of strategic importance but lacks the expertise for operation. A foreign company to operate in the industry without owning the assets.Lesson 2 Income Level and the World Market1. PPP勾買力平價-purchasing power parityPurchasing pow(買力 of persons, the public,

12、 having the money to buy goods and services2. Recipien®受者 a person or an organization etc. that receives something.3. Infrastructure!礎設施large-scale public services, such as water and power supplies, road, rail and radio communicat etc. Needed to support economic activity, esp.industry, trade an

13、d commerce.4. GNP-refer to the market value of goods and services produced by the property and labor owned by the resident of an econ omyK 生產總值)(focuses on ownership of the factors of production)GDP-refer to the market value of all goods and services produced within thegeographic area of an econo my

14、.內生產總值)(concentrates on the place where production take place)5. Countries of the world are divided by the World Bank into 3 categories:(1) high-income countrfpsr capita income of $9,386 and above):A. OECD(the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development)B. Rich oil producing countries of t

15、he Middle Eawtit, Saudi Arabia &Arab Emirates)C. Small-industrialized countries or regiora®, Singapore, HK and Taiwan)(2) middle-income countriesr capita income bellow $9,386 but above $765 )A. 6 OECD memberCzech, Greece, Hungary, Mexico and Turkey )B. -a. Some Latin American countries-b. S

16、ome Asia countriesina, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines and Thailand)-c. Some South African and oil-producing countriesNigeria, Algeria)(3) low-income countr(per capita incomes of only $765 or even less)Include: most African countries, some Asia countries and a few Latin American countries.6. Hi

17、gh-income countries often have :(1)good infrastructure(2)high purchasing power3)advanced technology(4)efficient management(5)favorable environment for trade and investmentA. Offer prime markets for expensive consumer goodsB. Are both attractive sources and destinations of investment7. Low-income cou

18、ntries should not be neglected in international business activities:(1) lower-priced staple goods (2) cheap labor(3) are often rich in resources (4)market is something to be developed8. In what way, GDP&per capita incomesignificantn assessing估)the potentialof a particular market:(1)GDP is import

19、ant in market assessment for durable equipmenor bulk good1宗貨物，such as grain 谷物，steel, or cement. (indicates the overall size of an econ omy(2)Per capita incomis important when marketing consumer durables.(reveals the average inco level of consumers)9. Chinawith a per capita income of over $1 js(O) m

20、iddle-income countries though is was a low income countries just a few years ago.10. The best policy for China to develop business oppoistunities wherever advantageous while keeping in mind the key markets.11. Triad -efers to the 3 richest region of the word United States, the EU and Japan).Quad-ext

21、end the scope of Triad to include Canada and name the broadened grouping Quad.12.OECD(the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development)H乍發(fā)展組織headquarters in Paris, established in 1963, have 29members (23members are high-income coi & 6 middle-income countries).Lesson 3 Regional Economic

22、Intergration1 .Major objective of regional integrationTo better enjoy the benefit of free flow of goods, services, capital, labor and other resources, c( havesignedvariousagreemento liberalizetradeamongthemselvesvhile puttingup barriersto economic activities with non-members.2 .The characteristics o

23、f a common market(1)Free trade are a 由貿易區(qū)members of a free trade removes barriers to the flow of goods and services among themselve each member still adopts its own policy as regards to trade with outdifferent members may have different tariff rates or quota restrictions.)The mostnotablelargestmarke

24、tfree trade area is NAFTA (the North American Free Trade Agreement), formed by the United Stated, Canada, Mexico in 1991.(2)Customs union 稅同盟by adoptin g 采取)the same trade policy for all members toward countries outside their organizatii addition to abolishing 除)trade barriers among themse(Wssmpossi

25、ble for non-members to get into the market of the customs union in a detour方式)as they possibly do in the case of trade with a free trade area.)(3)Common mark或同市場the European Community remained a common market for some years in the pastA. Free movement of goods and servicesB. Adoption of common exter

26、nal trade policyC. Free movement of the factor of producsiuch as labor, capital, and technology)It's hard to say individual members will always benefit, still less to expect them to enjoy the advantage of factor mobility to the same degree(4)Economic union 濟同盟A. is characterizeby integrationof t

27、he domesticpolicies of its membersin respectof economy, financeetc. in additionto absencef tradebarriers,practiceof commonexternalpolicy and free production factor mobility.(not only to harmonize their taxation, government expenditure, industry policies,etc.but also use the same currency.)B. the mem

28、ber countries are require to surrender some of their national sovereignty, which is e the tradition of the world political system based on the autonomy and supreme power of sovere states.3 .The development oEU(the European Union)H:1952-ECSC (the European Coal and Steel Community)For more ambitious i

29、ntegration efforts.1957-EEC (the European Economic CommunTyjaty of RomegnedAim to realizing the free movement of goods, services, labor and capital as well as harmonization of economic policies of the member countries.1967-EC (the European communibecame a ture common market as evisaged bythe Single

30、European Actformed by emrging EEC, ECSC and EURAThOMropean Atomic Energy Community)1994-EU-the strength othe Maastricht Treaty2members(6signatories of thTreaty of RomeFrance, Germany, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands and Luxemburg+1973. Britain, Island and Denmark + 1981. Greece + 1986.Spain and Portugal

31、)1995-15member+Austria, Finland and Sweden)1999-use the common European currency for accounting and settlement2002-euro banknotes and coin were put into circulation.4 . The EU is a full-fledge d的)entity.-composed of 20commissioners overseeing 23departments in charge of different affairs.-the commiss

32、ioners appointed by member governments, but the commissioners are responsil the Union instead of their home country.(1)The Council of Ministeissthe most powerful institut ionA. has the final say on all important mattersB. has the power to pass legislationC. decision are made by votes allocated to me

33、mber countries on the basis of their size. D. different ministers attend the council meetings depending on the matters discussed.(2)The European Parliames an advisory body with limited power.A. vote EU membership application and trade agreements with non-members. B. believed that will be more powerf

34、ul in the future.5. APEC(the Asia-Pacific Economic CooperaHOk)i!合組織 set up at the Ministerial Meeting held in Australian capital Canberra. 1991,attended by 12members.(1) 21memberall the major Pacific Rim countries and regions.(2) has a five-layer organization structureA. the Informal Meeting of Econ

35、omic leaders-held annuallyB. the Dual-Ministerial Meetingattended by foreign ministers and ministers in charge of foreign trade (excluding Chinese Taipei and HK)C.the Meeting for Ministers Responsible for TradeD.the Senior Officials Meetings(SOMtended by vice ministers, departmental directors or amb

36、assadors to implement decisions by economic leaders and ministerial meeting.E.four subordinate committees under SOMa.Committee of Trade and Investmentb.Economic Committeec.Economic and Technical Cooperation Subcommittee of SOMd.Budget Management Committee(3)the tenet and objective s-by theSeoul Decl

37、aration"inter-dependence, mutual benefits, adhering to an open and multilateral trading system and reduction of regional trade barriers."(4)"the two wheels of APEC"(APEC co-operation concentrates on)A. trade and investment liberation and facilitation (TILF)B. economic and technic

38、al cooperation (ECOTECH)C. OPEC (the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries)-the most influential commodity c artcc ount for 40%of the global oil production (1)composed of 13members established in 1960 with headquarters at Vienna.(2)tried to limit the overaclrude oil supply油供應 of the world fo

39、r the purpose of maintaining higher oil prices.Lesson 4 Economic Globalization1.Economic Globalizations全球化 as a objective trend(1)The basic featurfree flow of commodity, capital, technology, service,and information in the context for optimized allocationMajor role:A. Giving new impetus and providing

40、 opportunities to world economic development.影響B(tài). Making the various economies more and more interdependennd interactive：(2)The pros and cons: different countries and peoples do not enjoy balanced benefitsA. enables countries benefit from the boom of other countriesB. makes them more vulnerable to t

41、he adverse events across the globe.the best policy for usosollow the trend closely, availingthe opportunities it offer to develop ourselves and avoiding its possible impacts.A business organization which owns (whether wholly or partly), controls and manages assets,( including productive resources, i

42、n more that one country, through its member companies incor( 有限公司 separately in each of these countries.Each member company is known as a multinational corporatiOS(MNC).(1)If the MNC is established as a result of investments by the MNE, whether through the paren through another of its already establ

43、ished MNC, ia fiante MNC(2)If the MNC is the original investment corporation,it is known asahent MNC normally also the international headquarters of the MNE.(3)An MNE may also have various regional or operationalheadquartersin addition to its international headquarters.3.The characteristics of MNE(1

44、)enormous size(2)wide geographical sprealay an important role and why?)A. have a wide range of option in terms of decisions in areasB.take advantage of changes in the international economic environmentC.engage in worldwide integrated production and market giving rise to extensive intra-MNE transacti

45、ons Bcs: in order to the security of its profits, assets, organization and operations.3 3) longevity and rapid growth4 .Commonly objective of MNneeds, goals, and roles(1) profit-the profits goal represents the basic needs of the MNEs' shareholders securityA.the security in the short-and-long-run

46、B.the secuHty of the MNE's assets and investmentC.the security of other organizational needsa. a favorable business environmentb. supplies of raw materials and other resource inputsc. effective organizational control and managementd. transportation and communicatione. technical improvementsf. em

47、ployees including managers(3)as vehicles for cross-border transfer of resources5. The relationship between MNEs &their host countriesHost government can and do wield power over MNCs located within their terNtoyies under the legal jurisdiction of their host governments which can impose various ru

48、les, regulatio laws on the MNCs to the extent of nationalizing all their assets.6. 4 types of MNC-according to their organization and way of operation(l)multi-domestic corporatiois-migroup of relatively independent subsidiaries.(2)the global corporationsi/ws the world market as an integrated whole.P

49、ower and responsibility are concentrated at the headquarters that manage production and marketing to achie economies of scale as much as possible.(3)the transnational corporat-oaim to achieve both efficiency and flexibility, the activities and resources are integrated in an interdependent network of

50、 affiliates.(4)world companyas their national identities are blurred to a large extent.Very few companies reached this level of internationalization.When such companies increasing and become dominating, the possibility of conflicts among sovereign states i greatly reduced. Possibly they will be inst

51、rumental to the realization of complete globalization.Lesson 5 -6 International Trade6.1 nternational tradll 際貿易Is definedas the exchangeof goodsand serviceproducedn one countrywith thoseproducedn another.2.Other reasons for international trade:(1)the uneven distribution of natural resources among c

52、ountries(2)International specializati o標生產專門化A.absolute advanta弊寸利 益/絕對優(yōu)勢(理論)- -holds that a commodity will be producedin the country where it costs least in terms of resources(capital, land, and labor.)- -In reality, it is not rare that one country has no absolute advantage in any commodity.B.compa

53、rative advantages 優(yōu)勢(理論)- -holds that even if a country is less efficient than anothe門n the production of both commodity is still a basis for mutually beneficial trade.- -it can make one country betterof without making another worse >ff.The first country should specialize in the production, and e

54、xport of the commodity in which its absolute disadva is smaller, and import the commodity in which its absolute disadvantage is roduced by the English economist David Ricardo.b.not a static止的 concept.(a)Switzerland-watchmakingb)the United States-the most up-to-date technology.c.the corn

55、erstone of modern thinking on international trade.3.Primary commodities 級貨物those commodities not processed, not only slightly processed, usually farm produce or raw ma3 . Other bases for trade among countries(1)patterns of demand(2)economy of sca 旭 The cost advantage of large-scale production)The co

56、st for the production will decrease if the goods are produced on a larger scale.(3)innovation or style4 . The theory of internationabpecializatioand other basesfor trade seeksto answerthe question:Which countries will produce what goods, with what trade patterns among them.5 .The reasons for complet

57、e specialization may never occur(1)for strategic or domestic reasons.a country may continue to produce goods for which does not have an advantage.(2)affected by transport cost.(the cost of transport reduces the benefit of trade,like bulky or perishable goods) (3)protectionist measures which are ofte

58、n taken by governments.6 .Tariff barrier獻汗克壁率-are the most common form of trade restriction.7 .Tariff 關稅,-is a tax levied on a commodity when it crosses the boundary of a customs area.8.customs ar京克區(qū)-usually coincides with the area of a country.9 .customs union 承兌同盟-is a customs area extending beyond national boundaries to include 1 or more independent nations.10mport duties#不計-are tariffs levied on goods entering an area.(more commo)specificduty-duties levied on