英語長難句的四大邏輯關(guān)系

1、華聯(lián)教育 http:/www.udcedu.c n/很多考生在準(zhǔn)備托?？荚嚨臅r(shí)候，總會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)部分托?？荚囍械木渥舆h(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超出 了自己的能力范圍。對于這些長難句，當(dāng)然要從語法的角度去完全把握。但是如果是在考試中遇到不能理解的句子時(shí)，考生就偏向于一遍一遍地去讀句子，沒讀懂不說，還浪費(fèi)了時(shí)間，影響了下面的答題。其實(shí)長難句在考試中最直接的運(yùn)用就是考察插入句子題和解釋句子題。對于這樣的題目，我們在不能讀懂句子的情況下，能夠把握的就是句子的內(nèi)在關(guān)系， 即邏輯。邏輯在解釋句子題中的運(yùn)用尤為重要，以前有學(xué)生反映，在考試中其實(shí) 句子根本就不能讀懂，而利用邏輯就能迅速排除選項(xiàng)，從而找到正確的答案。所 以說，邏輯是我們托

2、福閱讀中的隱形解題幫手，考生們一定要尤為關(guān)注。下面是托福閱讀中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的四大邏輯關(guān)系，把握了它們就等于掌握了托福閱讀解題技巧的一個(gè)重要部分。1. 因果關(guān)系因：because, because of, for, as, since, in that, on account of, with果：so, so that, therefore, thereby, as a result, hence, thus, consequently, accord in gly因果關(guān)系除了傳統(tǒng)意義上的顯性因果表達(dá)詞外，隱性的因果同樣是不可忽略的一個(gè)重要部分。隱性因果：A 導(dǎo)致（因-果）:cause, reaso

3、n, lead to, give rise to, result in, render, make, let, ask, support, push, stimulate, spark, spur, fuel, produce, be resp on sible for如: The in creased pressures of expa nding populati ons have led to the removal of woody pla nts so that many cities and tow ns are surro un ded by large areas comple

4、tely lack ing in trees and shrubs.在這段話中，有l(wèi)ead to，表示了導(dǎo)致的意思，即結(jié)果；而 so that更進(jìn)一步 表示了后面的結(jié)果，所以可以充分判定這段話有因果關(guān)系的邏輯。B 由 而來（果-因）：result from, derive from, orig in ate from, i nitiate from, stem from, be resp on sive to, be attributable to女口：“ The extreme serious ness of desertificati on results from the vast ar

5、easof land and treme ndous nu mbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of revers ing or eve n slowi ng the process.”在這段話中，根據(jù)result from可以推斷出有因果關(guān)系，那如果是解釋句子題時(shí)，選項(xiàng)中有因果關(guān)系就可以優(yōu)先考慮。C 反映，體現(xiàn)(果-因):reflect, prese nt, dem on strate, suggest, imply, show This result dem on strates thatD 考慮至U

6、： given, considering, in view of, thanks to, according to He succeeded tha nks to (in view of) his effort.E 依賴于：rely on, depend on, resort to, He resorted to books when he had problems.F 條件關(guān)系： whe n, on ce, as soon as, as long as As soon as he got the mon ey, he would leave the country at on ce.G 分詞

7、短語，不定式做狀語：Faili ng in the fi nal exam, she cried.2. 對比轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系A(chǔ) 對比： while, whereas, on the other hand在解釋句子題、插入句子題中，一旦出現(xiàn)對比關(guān)系，學(xué)生在掌握的基礎(chǔ)上就 能非?？焖俚呐卸ň溟g和句內(nèi)的關(guān)系。While, whereas前后連接的是平行結(jié)構(gòu)，on the other hand 前必定有on one hand，可以用來把握句間關(guān)系。B 轉(zhuǎn)折：but, although, despite, in spite of, nevertheless, however轉(zhuǎn)折是托福閱讀的一個(gè)經(jīng)典考點(diǎn)之一，掌握

8、這些轉(zhuǎn)折詞對考試非常有幫助。3. 比較關(guān)系A(chǔ)同級(jí)比較asasB 比較級(jí)： morethan, -er than, less thanC 變化：cha nge, alter, vary, modify, revise, in crease, decrease, enhan ce, dimini sh, develop, progress, adva nee, improve, retreat, dege nerate, con ti nue, remai nD 差異：different, distinguish, separate, same, similar, comparable, comp

9、areto E 超越：surpass, exceed, excel, over F 最高級(jí) 1)本身有最高級(jí) 含義： maximum, minimum, peak, outstanding, top 2) 本身程度比較深： amazing, surprising, astonishing, prohibitively high 3)否定 + 比較二最高級(jí) Noone is more outsta nding tha n him.從這句話中可以看出，否定加比較表示的是一種最高級(jí)關(guān)系。4. 否定關(guān)系顯性否定：no, not, n ever, nor, none n either 隱形否定：fail to, refuse, remove, miss, reject, absence of, lack of否定前綴： a-, ab-, dis-, il-, im-, in-, non-, un-否定前綴是詞匯題中經(jīng)常出的一個(gè)考點(diǎn)，把握否定前綴可以幫助考生 把握一些生詞，依靠否定前綴對選項(xiàng)進(jìn)行一個(gè)排除。雙重否定：not fail to, not illegal, not u