大學(xué)英語教材西方文化讀本翻譯整理【最新】

1、Unit1根據(jù)傳說，伏羲生于中國西部，出生之前在其母腹中孕育了12 年。伏羲教會了人類打獵、捕魚、馴養(yǎng)野獸、飼養(yǎng)家禽。伏羲制定了人類的嫁娶制度，教會人們劈柴取火和烹煮食物；他還通過龜背上的裂紋創(chuàng)立了八卦，這些八卦成為數(shù)學(xué)、醫(yī)學(xué)、 占卜學(xué)和風(fēng)水的基礎(chǔ)。此外，伏羲還創(chuàng)造了中華民族的圖騰龍，被認(rèn)為是中國歷史上第一個真正的統(tǒng)治者。Fuxi was born in the west part of China and, according to legend, he was carried in his mother wsomb for twelve years before birth. He tau

2、ght people how to hunt, fish, domesticate animals and tend their flocks. He instituted marriage and taught people how to devise tools to split wood, kindle fire and cook food. He devised the Trigrams, which evolved from markings on tortoise shells. These trigrams served as the basis for mathematics,

3、 medicine, divination and geomancy. Furthermore, he created the Chinese dragon as the totem of the nation and was considered as the first real ruler.Unit2儒家的 創(chuàng)始人是孔子（公元前551 479） ，他提出了一套道德規(guī)范，基于五種美德：仁、義、禮、智、信。其中“仁”被認(rèn)為是他的哲學(xué)理念的基石，代表著忠誠、孝道（filial piety）、寬容和善良。他還提倡 人與人之間和諧相處、按照行為規(guī)范標(biāo)準(zhǔn)建立生活社區(qū)。他的追隨者之一孟子（公元前372

4、-289）不斷地向統(tǒng)治者們游說，試圖說服他們修身養(yǎng)德，為人典范，以仁政贏得人民的尊重。Confucius (551 479 BC) was the founder of Confucianism. He advocated a set of moral code on basis of five merits: benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom and trustworthiness. Among them, benevolence was considered as the cornerstone of his philosophy,

5、 which stands for faithfulness, filial piety, tolerance and kindness. He also requested people to keep in good harmony with each other and establish a community ruled by standard manners and behavior. One of his followers, Mencius (372-289BC), repeatedly tried to convince rulers that the ruler shoul

6、d cultivate moral perfection in order to set a good example to the people and the ruler who governed benevolently would earn the respect of the people.Unit3“送別”是唐詩里常見的主題。通過贈詩給一個即將離別的友人，詩人常常表達(dá)自己的悲傷之情。送別詩里常用的意象(image)W音樂、酒 和柳枝。 音樂是送別儀式必不可少的部分。音樂通常由琵琶等古典樂器演奏，旋律優(yōu)美而悲傷。在這種場合，喝酒也是必要的。也許這是因為酒能夠讓人得到安慰，忘卻生活中的

7、煩惱以及與友人離別的愁緒。送別的另一個風(fēng)俗便是為友人送上柳枝。因為“柳”和“留”同音。通過這種方式，詩人就表達(dá)了讓友人永遠(yuǎn)留下來的愿望。 Parting was a common theme in Tang poetry. By writing a poem to a friend who was leaving, the poet usually showed his sorrow and sadness.Images frequently used in a parting poem included music, liquor and a willow twig. Music was a

8、n important section of the parting ceremony. The music, which was often melodious and sorrowful, was played by traditional instruments such as Pipa D rin. king liquor was also a necessary part on these occasions. Perhaps it was because liquor could console people and help them forget troubles in lif

9、e and the sadness of parting from a friend. Another custom was giving a willow twig to the leaving friend, since willow ineCshe has the same pronunciation of that of stay . In this way, the poem expressed his wish that his friend stay with him forever.紅樓夢(Dream of the Red Chamber是中國文學(xué)“四大名著”之一。它寫于 18

10、 世紀(jì)中葉，并被認(rèn)為是中國文學(xué)中的杰作(masterpiece)以及中國小說史上的頂峰。許多學(xué)者都致力于該作品的研究，而這個研究領(lǐng)域也被稱作 “紅學(xué)”(Redology)。人們通常認(rèn)為該小說反映了作者曹雪芹自 己的經(jīng)歷以及他家族的興衰。該書的優(yōu)秀之處不僅在于它的 情節(jié)和人物塑造(characterization),同時也在于它對當(dāng)時社會 生活結(jié)構(gòu)的精確、細(xì)節(jié)的描寫。幾個世紀(jì)以來，小說中的許多詞句已經(jīng)融入了中國人的日常語言。由此可見該書經(jīng)久不 衰的魅力。A Dream of Red Mansions is one of the Four Great Classical NovelsChinese

11、 literature. It was written in the middle of the 18th century andconsidered as a masterpiece of Chinese literature as well as the peak ofChinese fiction. Many scholars are devoted to the study of this novel and the field of study is known as Redology . Thethnoouvgehl tistousuallybe reflecting the ex

12、perience of the author Cao Xueqin and the rise and decline of his own family. It is remarkable for not only its plot and characterization, but also its precise and detailed observation of the life and social structures of that time. For centuries, a huge number of words and expressions from the nove

13、l have already been incorporated into the daily language of Chinese people, which demonstrates the ever-lasting charm of the book.Unit41) 中國古代教育在中國文化中起著舉足輕重的作用。中國古代教育最早可以追溯到周朝中后期諸子百家的教育思想。古代中國的教育給人們提供了一個平等的發(fā)展機(jī)會，即使出身貧寒的人也有可能步入仕途。春秋時期，偉大的教育家孔子打破“學(xué)在官府”的陳規(guī)。私人學(xué)堂盛行。不同的學(xué)派通過學(xué)堂傳播他們的思想主張，出現(xiàn)了百家爭鳴的局面。2) Educati

14、on played a vital role in ancient Chinese culture. The origin of ancient Chinese education dates back to the educational ideas of the “ HundredSchools of Thought i”n the middle and late Zhou Dynasty. It provided people equal chance for development. Individuals from eventhe humblest backgrounds could

15、 rise to higher level. In the Spring andAutumn Period, Confucius, the great educator, broke the rule of learning at the government hall. Private schools prevailed and many scholars of different schools of thought spread their teaching in this way and this led to the flourishing and contending of hun

16、dreds of schools.2)孔子既是教育家又是哲學(xué)家。他的思想理論規(guī)范影響著人們的倫 理、道德、生活等方方面面。孔子思想的特征之一是他十分強(qiáng)調(diào)教育 與學(xué)習(xí)。在思與學(xué)的關(guān)系上，他認(rèn)為學(xué)思并重。他認(rèn)為， “學(xué)而不思 則罔，思而不學(xué)則殆。 ”對孔子來說，道德教育是最重要的?？鬃拥?目的是培養(yǎng)舉止優(yōu)雅、言談得體、遇事周全的謙謙君子。3) Confucius was an educator as well as a philosopher. His thoughts and theories had impact on people in many aspects such as ethics

17、, moral principles and rules of life. One of the features of Confucius thhis emphasis on education and learning. In the relationship between learning and thinking, he believed .that learning and thinking were equally important. He believed that, “ Learning without thought is labor lost; thought with

18、out learning is perilous. H”e considered moral education the most important. Confucius s goal was to create gentlemenwho would carry themselves with grace, speak correctly, and demonstrate integrity in all things.Unit5沈括 是宋朝的著名官員、軍事將領(lǐng)。他的不朽名著夢溪筆談(Dream Pool EssaySp載了包括地質(zhì)學(xué)、天文學(xué)、活字印刷(movabletype printin

19、g) 、植物學(xué)和動物學(xué)等各種學(xué)科。該書是中國歷史上最早使用“石油”這一名稱的著作，為自然科學(xué)做出了卓越貢獻(xiàn)。沈括與當(dāng)時的很多人不同，他以一種客觀而思辨的態(tài)度觀察自然現(xiàn)象。他提出了用陽歷代替陰歷的主張，立春為歲首，大月31 天，小月30 天。Shen Kuo was a highly renowned government official and militarygeneral of the Song Dynasty. Shen Kuo ismmortal masterpiece DreamPool Essays records various fields of study includin

20、g geology, astronomy,movable type printing, botany and zoology etc. In the book, the word“ shiyou (p” etroleum) was used for the first time in the literature ofChinese history, which was his remarkable contribution to science. Unlikemost people in his time, Shen Kuo took an objective and speculative

21、viewpoint on natural phenomena. He advocated that the solar calendarbe used to replace the lunar calendar, with thirty-one or thirty days amonth and “ lichun ” ( “ Start of Spring ” according to lunisolar calendar) a the beginning of a year.Unit6中國龍是吉祥的生靈，象征著力量、智慧、 好運(yùn)和掌控風(fēng)和水的威力。The Chinese dragon is

22、an auspicious creature, symbolizing strength, wisdom, good luck and power over the elements of wind and water.因此，中國人自豪地稱自己是龍的傳人(descendants) 。Hence, Chinese people proudly claim they are the descendants of the dragon. 龍被尊崇為雨神(the God of Rain) 。在干旱或水災(zāi)發(fā)生時，人們會去當(dāng)?shù)氐凝埻鯊R(dragon-king temple)燒香(burn incense)

23、祈 求情況的好轉(zhuǎn)。The dragon was worshiped as the God of Rain, and in times of drought or floods, locals would visit a dragon-king temple and burn incense to pray for more favorable conditions.龍對雨水和海浪的控制也和其在12 生肖中的地位密切相關(guān)。The dragons power to control rain and waves is also closely related to its rank in the 1

24、2 zodiac animals.關(guān)于這 12 種動物為確保能榜上有名所進(jìn)行的競賽有各種傳說，但順 序是按動物最活躍的時間點(diǎn)確定的。Various tales describe the race of these 12 animals to secure their place on the list, but the sequence is determined by the time of a day when the animal is most active.龍對應(yīng)于7點(diǎn)至 9點(diǎn)， 此時最有可能會霧氣蒙蒙，而龍卻能騰云駕霧。The dragon corresponds to 7 am

25、to 9 am, when it is most likely to be foggy, allowing the dragon to ride atop clouds and mist.Unit7風(fēng)水， 字面意即為 “風(fēng)和水”， 可追溯至中國戰(zhàn)國時期(公元前475-221) 。Feng shui, literallywind and water, dates from China s WarringPeriod (475-221 BC). 在古代，也被稱為堪輿。In ancient times, the practice was also called kanyu.按傳統(tǒng)，建造房屋、 樓群、

26、定居點(diǎn)和陵墓前都要先咨詢風(fēng)水大師。Traditionally, a feng shui master was consulted before houses, buildings, settlements or tombs were constructed 風(fēng)水一度是中國傳統(tǒng)文化中的 重要組成部分，它依據(jù)諸如道家和易經(jīng)等中國古代哲學(xué)學(xué)說，強(qiáng) 調(diào)了人與環(huán)境的和諧共存。Based on ancient Chinese philosophies, including Taoism and Yijing, feng shui was once an important part of traditio

27、nal Chinese culture and it emphasizes the harmonious coexistence of humans and their environment.看風(fēng)水的做法從地理、建筑、倫理和預(yù)言等方面，提倡了道家的天、 地、人合一的理念。Following the disciplines of geography, architecture, ethics and prophecy, the practice also promotes the Taoist principle that the earth, sky and mankind are part

28、 of a single whole.風(fēng)水被賦予神秘感。事實(shí)上， 古時它是被廣泛應(yīng)用于東方建筑的一種古老藝術(shù)。Feng shui is considered mysterious. In fact, it is an ancient art widely used to orient buildings in ancient times.中國的許多著名的文化名勝，包括北京的故宮，都是按照風(fēng)水原則設(shè)計的。Many of China s well-known cultural monuments( 或 places of historic interest and scenic beauty 或

29、scenic spots and historic sites), including the Forbidden City in Beijing, were designed using feng shui principles. 風(fēng)水學(xué)對中國社會產(chǎn)生了深遠(yuǎn)的影響并為大眾所接受。Feng shui has a profound effect on Chinese society and is widely embraced by the public.Unit81)首都北京是中華人民共和國政治、文化和行政管理的中心，是一個新舊交融、魅力無限的大都市(metropolis)。 北京作為人類居住

30、地的歷史已超過了3000 多年。作為世界上少數(shù)未傍主要河道而建的內(nèi)陸首都之一，北京將自己長期顯赫的歷史歸功于戰(zhàn)略性的地理位置。北京位于北緯39o56， 東經(jīng) 116o20, 雄踞于華北平原(the North ChinaPlain)的最北部；西北部是山西省和內(nèi)蒙古大草原 (he Inner Mongolian Steppe),東向是渤海(the Bohai Sea1)Beijing, as the capital city, is the political, cultural andadministrative center of the People s Republic of China

31、, as well as a fascinating metropolis that mixes the old and new. Beijing as a settlement has a history of more than 3,000 years. It is one of the fewinland capitals in the world that is not built beside a major river, which owes its long prominence to its strategic geographical position. Beijing is

32、 situated at 39o56 North Latitude and 116o20 East Longitude, majestically reposing on the northmost part of the North China Plain; to the northwest lie Shanxi Province and the Inner Mongolian Steppe, and towards the east is the Bohai Sea.2)胡同 即狹窄的街道或巷子，在中國北方的城市很常見，其中又以北京的胡同最為著名。在北京，很多街區(qū)是這樣形成的：四合院(Ch

33、inese quadrangl啾止匕相連形成胡同，進(jìn)而胡同彼此相連形成街區(qū)。胡同是北京文化要素的代表。由于北京悠久的歷史和六朝古都的地位，幾乎每個胡同都有其軼事趣聞(anecdotes)， 一些胡同甚至還與歷史事件緊密相關(guān)。與紫禁城、頤和園和天壇所代表的宮廷生活和精英文化(elite culture)相比，胡同反應(yīng)了北京的平民文化。2) Hutongs are a type of narrow streets or alleys, commonly associated with northern Chinese cities, most prominently Beijing. In Bei

34、jing, many neighborhoods were formed by joining one Chinese quadrangle (siheyuan) to another to form a hutong, and then joining one hutong to another. Hutongs represent an important cultural element of the city of Beijing. Thanks to Beijing lonsg history and status as capital for six dynasties, almo

35、st every hutong has its anecdotes, and some are evenassociated with historic events. In contrast to the court life and elite culture represented by the Forbidden City, the Summer Palace, and the Temple of Heaven, the hutongs reflect the culture of grassroots Beijingers.8 書法作品跟舞蹈藝術(shù)一樣可以展現(xiàn)肢體和動作的美感。相互之間

36、能吸收靈感。張旭，唐代草書（cursive-script calligraphy大家，以韻律獨(dú)特和風(fēng)格豪放而著稱。傳說，他觀舞蹈名家公孫一舞而悟，書法大 有長進(jìn)。舞者通過獨(dú)特的節(jié)奏和利落的動作展示了諸如活潑、喜悅、 悲傷、憤怒、渴望、需求、勇氣和靈感等多種魅力和和情感。張旭草 書、李白詩歌和裴旻劍舞被當(dāng)朝皇帝譽(yù)為三絕。Calligraphic works can demonstrate the beauty of both the body and movement, like the art of dance. They can absorb inspiration from each ot

37、her. Zhang Xu, a cursive-script calligraphy master of the Tang Dynasty, was famous for distinctive rhythms and a wild style. Legend says that he made swift progress in his calligraphy after he got inspiration from a dance performed by the famous dancer Gongsun. Through distinctive rhythms and neat m

38、ovements, the dancer demonstrates various kinds of charms and emotions such as vividness, joy, sadness, anger, aspiration, demand, boldness and inspiration. The cursive-script calligraphic works by Zhang Xu, the poems by Li Bai and the sword dance by Pei Min were praised as the three wonders by the

39、emperor of their time.Unit9重視教育和尊敬師長是中國悠久的傳統(tǒng)美德。中國的第一部教育學(xué)專著學(xué)記(Record of Learning提出了 “教學(xué)為先”的思想。三千年前的周代，國家設(shè)立了不同規(guī)模不同層次的學(xué)校，由官員兼任教師。春秋時期，孔子開辦了私學(xué)，并提出人無論貴賤都有受教育的權(quán)利。對教育的重視決定了教師的地位。中國民間有許多尊師的說法，如 “一日為師， 終生為父”。 現(xiàn)在， 中國還把每年的9 月 10 日定為 “教師節(jié)”。It is a long-standing traditional virtue to value education and respect

40、teachers in China. The first monograph about education in China, the Record of Learning, brought up the idea of“ education is the top priorityThree thousand years ago, in the Zhou Dynasty, the government set up schools of different scales and levels with officers as teachers. In theSpring and Autumn

41、 Period, Confucius even ran private schools with a slogan that everyone, rich or poor, had the right to receive education. Respect for education determines the status of teachers. There are a lot of sayings that show respect towards teachers, such as“ A teacher foday is a father for a lifetime N” ow

42、. adays, September the tenth is designated to be the Teachers Day in China.孝順(Filial piety)是中國文化中一個重要的美德，指的是一個人對父母 和祖先的尊重。歷史上儒家經(jīng)典作品孝經(jīng)(Classic of Xiao or FilialPiety) 一直被認(rèn)為是該美德的權(quán)威(authoritative)來源。該書介紹了如何利用孝順建立良好的社會。一般而言，孝順是指善待和照顧父母，尊敬父母、支持父母、對父母講禮貌。也指不僅在家對父母在外對他人都要從善，從而為父母帶來好名聲。雖然中國人一直擁有眾多不同宗教信仰，孝順卻

43、幾乎是所有人共同的。Filial piety, which is about the respect for one sparents and ancestors, is considered a key virtue in Chinese culture. The Confucian classic, Classic of Xiao or Filial Piety, has historically been the authoritative source on this virtue. The book is about how to set up a good society usin

44、g the filial piety. In more general terms, filial piety means to be good to and to take care of ones parents, to show respect, support and courtesy to one s parents. It also means to engage in good conduct not just towards parents but also outside the home so as to bring a good name to one psarents.

45、 Although the Chinese have had a diversity of religious beliefs, filial piety has been common to almost all of them.Unit10敦煌莫高窟( Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes) ，也稱千佛洞，位于甘肅省敦煌市附近的鳴沙山東路石崖上。它被認(rèn)為是世界上最大最古老的佛教藝術(shù)寶藏。莫高窟的修建始于366 年，在唐代達(dá)到鼎盛，但到了元朝才竣工?，F(xiàn)存492個窟和1045幅壁畫(mural),以及245座彩繪泥 塑(clay sculpture)和5個唐宋時期的木質(zhì)建筑結(jié)構(gòu)。除此

46、之外，莫高 窟還存有大量的橫跨三國到北宋數(shù)個朝代的經(jīng)文(scripture)、文獻(xiàn)和繪畫。 敦煌莫高窟展示出各類藝術(shù)形式的精華，同時也體現(xiàn)了中西方的藝術(shù)融合。Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes, also known as the One-Thousand-BuddhaGrottoes, are located on the eastern, rocky side of Mingsha Mountain, near the city of Dunhuang, Gansu Province. They are regarded as the worlds largest and oldest treasure house of Buddhist art. Construction of the Mogao Grottoes began in 366 and reached a peak in the Tang Dynasty, but it was not finished until the Yuan Dynasty. There are 492 grottoes and 1,045 murals in existence. It also features 245 painted clay sculptu