2005考研英語真題英語一閱讀部分

1、Text 1Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such behaviour is regarded as“all too human”, with the underlying assumption that other animal

2、s would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well.The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuc

3、hin monkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured, cooperative creatures, and they share their food readily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of“goods and services”than males.Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr

4、. Brosnans and Dr. de Waals study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each cou

5、ld observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different.In the world of capuchins, grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers). So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over f

6、or a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber (witho

7、ut an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to induce resentment in a female capuchin.The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions. In the wild, they are a cooperative, group-living species. Such cooperation is likely to be stable only when each animal feel

8、s it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone. Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and huma

9、ns, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.21.In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by _.A posing a contrastB justifying an assumptionC making a comparisonD explaining a phenomenon22.The statement

10、“it is all too monkey”(Lines 5-6, Paragraph 1) implies that _.A monkeys are also outraged by slack rivalsB resenting unfairness is also monkeys natureC monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each otherD no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions23.Female capuchin monkeys were chose

11、n for the research most probably because they are _.A more inclined to weigh what they getB attentive to researchers instructionsC nice in both appearance and temperamentD more generous than their male companions24.Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys _.A

12、 prefer grapes to cucumbersB can be taught to exchange thingsC will not be cooperative if feeling cheatedD are unhappy when separated from others25.What can we infer from the last paragraph?A Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions.B Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.C Ani

13、mals usually show their feelings openly as humans do.D Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild.Text 2Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didnt know for sure? That the evidence was inconclusive, the scie

14、nce uncertain? That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way? Lots of Americans bought that nonsense, and over three decades, some 10 million smokers went to early graves.There are upsetting parallels today, as scientists in one wave afte

15、r another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming. The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earths atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made. The clear message is that we should get

16、 moving to protect ourselves. The president of the National Academy, Bruce Alberts, added this key point in the preface to the panels report:“Science never has all the answers.But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that our nation and the world ba

17、se important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.”Just as on smoking, voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete, that its OK to keep pouring fumes into the air until we kn

18、ow for sure. This is a dangerous game: by the time 100 percent of the evidence is in, it may be too late. With the risks obvious and growing, a prudent people would take out an insurance policy now.Fortunately, the White House is starting to pay attention. But its obvious that a majority of the pres

19、idents advisers still dont take global warming seriously. Instead of a plan of action, they continue to press for more researcha classic case of“paralysis by analysis.”To serve as responsible stewards of the planet, we must press forward on deeper atmospheric and oceanic research. But research alone

20、 is inadequate. If the Administration wont take the legislative initiative, Congress should help to begin fashioning conservation measures. A bill by Democratic Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia, which would offer financial incentives for private industry, is a promising start. Many see that the

21、country is getting ready to build lots of new power plants to meet our energy needs.If we are ever going to protect the atmosphere, it is crucial that those new plants be environmentally sound.26.An argument made by supporters of smoking was that _.A there was no scientific evidence of the correlati

22、on between smoking and deathB the number of early deaths of smokers in the past decades was insignificantC people had the freedom to choose their own way of lifeD antismoking people were usually talking nonsense27.According to Bruce Alberts, science can serve as _.A a protectorB a judgeC a criticD a

23、 guide28.What does the author mean by“paralysis by analysis”(Last line, Paragraph 4)?A Endless studies kill action.B Careful investigation reveals truth.C Prudent planning hinders progress.D Extensive research helps decision-making.29.According to the author, what should the Administration do about

24、global warming?A Offer aid to build cleaner power plants.B Raise public awareness of conservation.C Press for further scientific research.D Take some legislative measures.30.The author associates the issue of global warming with that of smoking because _.A they both suffered from the governments neg

25、ligenceB a lesson from the latter is applicable to the formerC the outcome of the latter aggravates the formerD both of them have turned from bad to worseText 3Of all the components of a good nights sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control. In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic

26、 is suspended and dead people speak. A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears; by the late 1970s, neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just“mental noise”the random byproducts of the neural-repair

27、work that goes on during sleep. Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the minds emotional thermostat, regulating moods while the brain is“off-line.”And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious cont

28、rol, to help us sleep and feel better.“Its your dream,”says Rosalind Cartwright, chair of psychology at Chicagos Medical Center.“If you dont like it, change it.”Evidence from brain imaging supports this view.The brain is as active during REM(rapid eye movement) sleepwhen most vivid dreams occuras it

29、 is when fully awake, says Dr. Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh. But not all parts of the brain are equally involved; the limbic system (the“emotional brain”) is especially active, while the prefrontal cortex (the center of intellect and reasoning) is relatively quiet. “We wake up from

30、 dreams happy or depressed, and those feelings can stay with us all day,”says Stanford sleep researcher Dr. William Dement.The link between dreams and emotions shows up among the patients in Cartwrights clinic. Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier o

31、nes before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day. Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we dont always think about the emotional significance of the days eventsuntil, it appears, we begin to dream.And this process need not be

32、left to the unconscious. Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams. As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream. Visualize how you would like it to end instead; the next time it occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course. Wit

33、h much practice people can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep.At the end of the day, theres probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping or“we wake up in a panic,”Cartwright says. Terrorism, economic uncertainties and general feelings of insec

34、urity have increased peoples anxiety. Those suffering from persistent nightmares should seek help from a therapist. For the rest of us, the brain has its ways of working through bad feelings. Sleepor rather dreamon it and youll feel better in the morning.31.Researchers have come to believe that drea

35、ms _.A can be modified in their coursesB are susceptible to emotional changesC reflect our innermost desires and fearsD are a random outcome of neural repairs32.By referring to the limbic system, the author intends to show _.A its function in our dreamsB the mechanism of REM sleepC the relation of d

36、reams to emotionsD its difference from the prefrontal cortex33.The negative feelings generated during the day tend to _.A aggravate in our unconscious mindB develop into happy dreamsC persist till the time we fall asleepD show up in dreams early at night34.Cartwright seems to suggest that _.A waking

37、 up in time is essential to the ridding of bad dreamsB visualizing bad dreams helps bring them under controlC dreams should be left to their natural progressionD dreaming may not entirely belong to the unconscious35.What advice might Cartwright give to those who sometimes have bad dreams?A Lead your

38、 life as usual.B Seek professional help.C Exercise conscious control.D Avoid anxiety in the daytime.Text 4Americans no longer expect public figures, whether in speech or in writing, to command the English language with skill and gift. Nor do they aspire to such command themselves. In his latest book

39、, Doing Our Own Thing: The Degradation of Language and Music and Why We Should, Like, Care, John McWhorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, sees the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English.Blaming the permissive 1960s

40、 is nothing new, but this is not yet another criticism against the decline in education. Mr. McWhorters academic speciality is language history and change, and he sees the gradual disappearance of“whom”, for example, to be natural and no more regrettable than the loss of the case-endings of Old Engl

41、ish.But the cult of the authentic and the personal,“doing our own thing”, has spelt the death of formal speech, writing, poetry and music. While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the 1960s, even the most well regarded writing since then has sought t

42、o capture spoken English on the page. Equally, in poetry, the highly personal, performative genre is the only form that could claim real liveliness. In both oral and written English, talking is triumphing over speaking, spontaneity over craft.Illustrated with an entertaining array of examples from b

43、oth high and low culture, the trend that Mr. McWhorter documents is unmistakable. But it is less clear, to take the question of his subtitle, why we should, like, care. As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfu

44、lly expressivethere exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas. He is not arguing, as many do, that we can no longer think straight because we do not talk proper.Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry large chunks of memorized poetry in their heads, while Italia