2012職稱英語衛(wèi)生類15篇完形填空及譯文段落對照考前沖刺

1、2012職稱英語教材-衛(wèi)生類15篇完形填空及參考譯文（紅色為書中選項答案）1 Better Control of TB Seen If a Faster Cure Is Found找到速效治療劑可以更好控制結核病The World Health Organization1 estimates that about one-third of all people are infected with bacteria that cause tuberculosis . Most times, the infection remains inactive. But each year about e

2、ight million people develop active cases of TB, usually in their lungs. Two million people die of of it. The disease has increased with the spread of AIDS and drug-resistant forms of tuberculosis.世界衛(wèi)生組織估計全球有大約三分之一的人感染了導致結核病的病菌。大多數(shù)時候，這種感染是不活躍的。但是每年大約有八百萬結核病病例，通常是在肺部。兩百萬人因此喪命。結核病發(fā)病率由于艾滋病的傳播和抗藥型結核病的出現(xiàn)而

3、增加。Current treatments take at least six months. People have to take a combination of several antibiotic drugs daily. But many people stop as soon as they feel better. Doing that can lead to an infection that resists treatment. Public health experts agree that a faster-acting cure for tuberculosis wo

4、uld be more effective. Now a study estimates just how effective it might be. A professor of international health at Harvard University2 led the study. Joshua Salomon says a shorter treatment program would likely mean not just more patients cured. It would also mean fewer infectious patients who can

5、pass on their infection to others.目前的治療至少需要六個月?；疾≌卟坏貌幻咳辗枚喾N抗生素藥品。許多人在稍感舒適后就停止使用藥品，這么做可能導致抗藥性感染。公共衛(wèi)生專家一致認為針對結核病的速效治療劑將會更加有效果?，F(xiàn)在有一項研究評估這種速效治療劑究竟效力有多大。這項研究由美國哈佛大學國際衛(wèi)生方面的教授率領。Joshua Salomon說，療程較短的治療計劃可能不僅僅意味著更多病人被治好，也意味著將感染傳給別人的病人會更少。The researchers developed a mathematical model to examine the effects

6、of a two-month treatment plan. They tested the model with current TB conditions in Southeast Asia. The scientists found that a two-month treatment could prevent about twenty percent of new cases. And it might prevent about twenty-five percent of TB deaths. The model shows that these reductions would

7、 take place between two thousand twelve and two thousand thirty. That is, if a faster cure is developed and in wide use by two thousand twelve.研究者們設計了一個數(shù)學模型來檢測兩個月治療計劃的效果。他們以東南亞目前的結核病情況來檢驗這個模型?？茖W家們發(fā)現(xiàn)兩個月的治療可以防止大約20的新病例，也可能防止大約5因結核病引起的死亡。這個模型表明，如果速效治療劑可以在2012年前研發(fā)出來并大規(guī)模使用的話，減少結核病例在2012年到2030年間就可以實現(xiàn)。 The

8、 World Health Organization reductions the DOTS3 program in nineteen ninety. DOTS is Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course. Health workers watch tuberculosis patients take their daily pills to make sure they continue treatment.世界衛(wèi)生組織在1990年制定了DOTS計劃，DOTS意指短期直接觀察治療。衛(wèi)生工作者監(jiān)督結核病人每天服藥，以確信他們繼續(xù)治療。Earlier

9、 this year, an international partnership of organizations announced a plan to expand the DOTS program. The ten-year plan also aims to finance research into new TB drugs. The four most common drugs used now are more than forty years old. The Global Alliance for TB Drug Development4 says its long-term

10、 goal is a treatment that could work in as few as ten doses. 今年年初，一個國際組織同盟宣布了一項擴大DOTS的計劃。這個十年計劃也旨在資助新結核藥品的研究?，F(xiàn)在四種最常用的藥品也有四十多年的歷史了。全球結核病藥物開發(fā)聯(lián)盟宣稱它的長期目標是找到一種治療方法，可以通過十次劑量就效果。 2Going on a diet （新增）節(jié)食 A typical person needs about 1,800 calories per day to stay alive. These calories keep your heart beatin

11、g and your lungs breathing. They keep your organs operating properly and your brain running. They also keep your body warm. A person gains weight because he or she consumes more calories per day than needed. The only way to lose fat is to reduce the number of calories that you consume per day. This

12、is the basic principle behind going on a diet.普通人每天需要大約1,800卡的熱量才能生存下來。這些熱量使你的心臟跳動、肺呼吸、身體器官正常運轉、大腦持續(xù)工作，并可以使你保持足夠的體溫。一個人體重增加了是因為他或她每天攝入的卡路里比需要的多。唯一的減肥辦法就是減少每天的卡路里的消耗量。這是進行節(jié)食的基本原則。unfortunately，diets dont work for most people. They do lose weight but then go off the diet and put it back. Building a se

13、nsible diet and exercise plan is the key to maintaining a consistent weight. You need to figure out how many calories you need in a day and how many you actually take in. The next step is to add ，exercise so that you can raise the number of calories you can consume per day.遺憾的是，節(jié)食并不是對大多數(shù)人都奏效。他們體重下降了

14、，就放棄節(jié)食，結果體重又上升了。建立一個切實可行的節(jié)食和鍛煉計劃是保持體重的關鍵。你需要計算出你每天所需要的和實際攝入的卡路里。之后你可要增加運動以增加每天消耗的熱量。 Exercise charts can show you how many calories different forms of exercise can burn. Burning 250 or 500 calories per day can make a big difference. You can ride an exercise bike while you are watching TV or you can

15、climb the stairs instead of the elevator. Find an exercise partner. Exercise can be a lot easier if there is someone to talk to. Its a good idea to wear firm-fitting clothes if you are on a diet.tight clothing acts as a reminder of what you are trying to accomplish.運動圖表可以向你展示不同形式的運動所需要消耗的熱量。每天消耗200或

16、者500卡路里會是不同的。你可以在看電視的時候騎自行車或者你可以爬樓梯而不是乘坐電梯。找個一起鍛煉的伙伴。如果在鍛煉的時候有個人和你說話，練習就能容易很多。如果你正在減肥，穿緊身的衣服是一個很好的主意。緊身衣可以提醒你要達到的目標。3One Good Reason to Let Smallpox Live一個讓天花存在的好理由Its now a fair bet that we will never see the total extinction of the smallpox virus. The idea was to cap the glorious achievement of 19

17、80, when smallpox was eradicated in the wild, by destroying the killer virus in the last two labs that are supposed to have itone in the US and one in Russia. If smallpox had truly gone from the planet, what point was there in keeping these reserves?目前很可能我們永遠都不會看到天花的徹底絕跡。這個觀念掩蓋了1980年光輝成就，那時消滅了最后兩個擁有

18、這種致命病毒的實驗室的病毒后，四處蔓延的天花已經(jīng)被根除了。那兩個實驗室，一個在美國，一個在俄國。如果天花真的在這個星球上消失了，那么保留這些儲備的意義何在？in reality, of course, it was naive to imagine that everyone would let go of such a potential weapon. Undoubtedly several nations still have a few much vials. And the last “official” stocks of lice virus bred mistrust of t

19、he US and Russia, for no obvious gain.當然，事實上想像每個人都會放棄這樣一種有效的潛在的武器是幼稚的。無疑，幾個國家仍舊有幾瓶。美俄最后的“官方”的活病毒儲備引起大家對這兩個國家的不信任，因為并沒有獲得明顯的收獲。Now American researchers have found an animal model of the human disease, opening the way for tests on new treatments and vaccines. So one again theres a good reason to keep

20、the virusjust in case the disease puts in a reappearance.現(xiàn)在美國研究者們發(fā)現(xiàn)了人類疾病的動物版，為試驗新的治療方法和新的疫苗開辟了道路。因此，再次存在著一個保存病毒的理由萬一這種病卷土重來。How do we_deal with the mistrust of the US and Russia? Simple Keep the virus under international auspices in a well-guarded UN laboratory thats open to all countries. The US wi

21、ll object, of course, just as it rejects a multilateral approach to just about everything. But it doesnt mean the idea is wrong. If the virus is useful, then lets make it the servant of all humanitynot just a part of it. 我們怎樣應付對美國和俄國的不信任呢？很簡單。把病毒放在國際贊助的、被嚴密監(jiān)視和向所有國家開放的聯(lián)合國實驗室中。針對的對象當然是美國，因為它反對任何事務的多邊化

22、。但是這并不意味著這個想法是錯的。如果病毒是有用的，那么讓我們把它變成全人類的奴仆而不是一部分人的。4 Diet, Alcohol Linked to Nearly One Third of Cancers大約三分之一的癌癥與飲食和酒精有關Diet is second only to tobacco as a leading causeof cancer and, along with alcohol, is responsible for nearly one third of cases of the disease indeveloped countries, a leading res

23、earcher said on Tuesday. 一位重要的研究者在星期二說，飲食是僅次于吸煙的導致癌癥的原因，在發(fā)達國家飲食和酒精導致了大約三分之一癌癥。Dr. Tim Key, of the University of Oxford, told a cancer conference that scientists are still discovering how certain foods contribute to cancer,but they know that diet, alcohol and obesity . play a major role.牛津大學的提姆凱博士在癌癥

24、會議上說，科學家們正在研究特定的食物是怎樣導致癌癥的，但是他們知道，飲食、酒精和肥胖起了很大作用。“Five percent of cancers could be avoided if nobody was obese,” he said.他說：“如果沒有肥胖的人，癌癥能夠減少5%?！盬hile tobacco is blinked to about 30 percent of cancer cases, diet is involved in an estimated 25 percent and alcohol inabout six percent.然而吸煙和大約30%的癌癥有關，飲食

25、和大約25%的癌癥有關，酒精和大約6%的癌癥有關。Obesity raises the risk of breast, womb, bowel and kidney cancer, while alcohol is known to cause cancers of the mouth, throat and liver, Its dangerous impact is increasedwhen combined with smoking.肥胖增加了乳腺、子宮、腸和腎臟得癌癥的危險，而人們知道酒精會導致嘴 、喉嚨和肝臟的癌癥。以上因素如果和抽煙共同發(fā)生，危險性就更大的。Key told th

26、e meeting of the charity Cancer Research UK that other elements of diet linked to cancer are stillunknown but scientists are hoping that the EPIC study, which is comparing the diets of 500,000 people in 10 countries and their risk of cancer, will provide some answers.凱在英國慈善癌癥研究會議上說，人們還不知道與癌癥相關的飲食中的其

27、他因素，但是科學家們希望EPIC 研究能夠給出答案。EPIC研究正在比較十個國家50萬人的飲食和患癌癥的比例。Early results of the study have revealed that Norway, Sweden and Denmark have the lowest consumption of fruit and vegetables among European countries while Italy and Spain have the highest. Eating at least five portions of fruit and vegetables a

28、 day is recommended to reduce the risk of cancer.這個研究的早期結果揭示挪威、瑞典和丹麥消費水果和蔬菜的量在歐洲國家中是最低的，而意大利和西班牙的水果和蔬菜消費量是最大的。專家推薦每天至少食用五份水果和蔬菜來減少得癌癥、乳腺癌和前列腺癌。Key, principal scientist on the EPIC study, said it is looking at dietary links to some of the most common cancers including colorectal, breast and prostate.

29、EPIC 研究的帶頭科學家凱說他們現(xiàn)在正在關注飲食 一些非常普遍的癌癥之間的聯(lián)系，包括直腸癌、乳腺癌和前列腺癌。5 Men Too May Suffer from Domestic Violence 男性也可能是家庭暴力的受害者 Nearly three in 10 men have experienced violence at the hands of an intimate partner during their lifetimes, according to one of the few studies to look at domestic violence and health

30、among men.一些研究家庭暴力與男性健康的研究顯示，有十分之三的男性都遭受過親密伴侶的暴力虐待。 Many men actually do experience domestic violence, although we dont hear about it often, Dr. Robert J. Reid of the University of Washington in Seattle, one of the studys authors, told Reuters Health. They often dont tell _ and_ we dont ask. We want

31、 to get the message out to men who do experience domestic violence that they are not alone and there are resources available to them 該研究的作者之一，華盛頓大學西雅圖分校的羅伯特J雷德博士對路透社健康新聞的記者說：“其實許多男性都經(jīng)歷過家庭暴力，只是我們不經(jīng)常聽說而已。我們不問他們也就往往不說。我們必須讓那些遭受家庭暴力的男性知道，他們并不孤單，而且他們有資源可利用”。 The researchers asked study participants about

32、 physical abuse and non-physical abuse , such as threats that made them fear for their safety, controlling behavior (for example, being told who they could associate with and where they could go), and constant name-calling.研究者向被調查對象詢問了有關生理虐待和非生理虐待的問題，如對其生命安全的恐嚇，控制行為(比如告訴他們能與誰交往，不能與誰交往，哪些地方能去，哪些地方不能去

33、)，以及經(jīng)常性的謾罵與中傷。 Among men 18 to 54 years old, 14.2 percent said they had experienced intimate partner _violence in the past five years, while 6. 1 percent reported domestic violence in the previous year.年齡在l8到54歲的男性中，有142的人坦言，在過去五年間經(jīng)歷過親密伴侶的暴力行為而在過去一年就經(jīng)歷過的人占61。 Rates were lower for men 55 and older ,w

34、ith 5.3 percent reporting violence in the past five years and 2.4 percent having experienced it in the past 12 months.而年齡在55歲及以上的男性，這一百分比有所下降。分別為53和2。4。 Overall, 30.5 percent of men younger than 55 and 26.5 percent of older men said they had been victims of domestic violence at some point in their l

35、ives. About half of the violence the men experienced was physical.總體而言，55歲以下的男性中有305稱自己曾是家庭暴力的受害者，而在55歲及以上的男性中，這一比例為265。他們經(jīng)歷的家庭暴力約有一半為生理虐待。 However, the physical violence men reported wasnt as harsh as that suffered by women in a previous study; 20 percent to 40 percent of the men rated it as severe

36、, compared to 61 percent of women 然而早前的研究表明，男性所受的生理虐待不如女性所受的嚴重，40的男性稱自己受到了嚴重的生理虐待，而女性比例則為61。 Men who reported experiencing domestic violence had more emotional and mental health problems than those who had not, especially older men, the researchers found.研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，遭受過家庭暴力的男性與沒有遭受過的男性相比，有更多的情感和精神方面的問題，這

37、一問題在老年人中尤其明顯。*6Once-daily Pill Could Simplify HIV Treatment一天服用一次的藥丸可以簡化HIV病毒治療Bristol-Myers Myers Squibb and Gilead Sciences have combined many HIV drugs into a single pill Sometimes the best medicine is more than one kind of medicine. Malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS,2 for example, are all treat

38、ed with combinations of drugs. But that can mean a lot of pills to take. It would be simpler if drug companies combined all the medicines into a single pill, taken just once a day. BristolMyers Squibb公司和Gilead Sciences公司已經(jīng)把多種治療艾滋病病毒的藥品合成為一種藥丸。有的時候，最好的藥品是多種藥品的合成。例如瘧疾，結核病，艾滋病都是通過多種藥品治療的，那就意味著要服用很多藥丸。如

39、果藥品公司把所有的藥品合成為一種藥丸，一天只服用一次，一切就簡單多了。Now, two companies say they have done that for people just starting treatment for HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. The companies are Bristol-Myers Squibb and Gilead Sciences. They have developed a single pill that combines three drugs currently on the market.3 Bris

40、tol-Myers Squibb sells one of them under the name of Sustiva.4 Gilead combined the others, Emtriva and Viread, into a single pill in two thousand four. 現(xiàn)在，兩家公司說他們已為那些剛接受艾滋病病毒(導致艾滋病)治療的人們合成了這樣一種藥丸。這兩家公司分別是BristolMyers Squibb公司和Gilead Sciences公司。他們研發(fā)了一種由目前市面上的三種藥品合成的藥丸。BristolMyers Squibb公司出售其中一種名為Sus

41、tiva的藥品，Gilead Sciences公司在2004年把其他兩種，Emtriva和Viread合成為一種單片。Combining drugs involves more than technical issues. It also involves issues of competition if the drugs are made by different companies. The new once-daily pill is the result of what is described as the first joint venture agreement of its

42、kind in the treatment of HIV 合成藥品不僅僅是一個技術問題，當藥品由不同藥廠制造時，它也是一個競爭問題。這種新的一天只服一次的藥丸是被稱為對抗HIV病毒的過程中第一個聯(lián)合項目協(xié)議的產(chǎn)物。In January the New England Journal of Medicine5 published a study of the new pill. Researchers compared its effectiveness to6 that of the widely used combination of Sustiva and Combivir. Combiv

43、ir contains two drugs, AZT7 and 3TC.8 The researchers say that after one year of treatment, the new pill suppressed HIV levels in more patients and with fewer side effects.9 Gilead paid for the study. Professor Joel Gallant at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine in Baltimore, Maryland, led the rese

44、arch. He is a paid adviser to Gilead and Bristol-Meyers Squibb as well as the maker of Combivir, GlaxoSmithKline. 在一月份，新英格蘭醫(yī)藥雜志發(fā)表了一項關于新藥丸的研究。研究者把它的效果與廣泛使用的Sustiva和Combivir的合成品比較，Combivir含有兩種藥物，疊氨胸苷和拉夫米定。研究人員說經(jīng)過一年的治療，這種新藥可以抑制更多病人的HIV水平，副作用也更少。這項研究是由Gilead Sciences公司資助的，并由在馬里蘭州巴摩爾的約翰霍普金斯醫(yī)學院Joel Gallan

45、t教授率領。他是BristolMyers Squibb公司和Gilead Sciences公司雇用的顧問，也是Glaxo Smith Kline公司的Combivir的制造者。Glaxo Smith Kline reacted to the findings by saying that a single study is of limited value. It says the effectiveness of Combivir has been shown in each of more than fifty studies. 對于這個研究結果，Glaxo Smith Kline認為單個

46、的研究是沒有多大價值的，它說Combivir的效果已經(jīng)在超過五十個的研究中表現(xiàn)出來了。The price of the new once-daily pill has not been announced. But Gilead and Bristol-Myers Squibb say they will provide it at reduced cost to developing countries. They plan in the next few months to ask the United States Food and Drug Administration10 to ap

47、prove the new pill. 這種一天一次的藥丸的價格尚未公布。但是Gilead和BristolMyers Squibb都宣稱他們將對發(fā)展中國家減價提供該藥品。他們計劃在未來幾個月里向美國食品與藥品管理局申請批準此藥品。There are limits to who could take it because of the different drugs it contains. For example, pregnant women are told not to take Sustiva because of the risk of birth disorders.11 Expe

48、rts say more than forty million people around the world are living with HIV 這種藥丸對于使用者是有限制的，因為它包含有不同的藥品。例如，孕婦被告知不要服用Sustiva避免嬰兒得先天性疾病的風險。專家們說全球超過四千萬的人攜帶有HIV病毒。*7Exercise 體育運動Whether or not exercise adds to the length of life, it is common experience that a certain amount of regular exercise improves

49、the health and contributes a feeling of well-being. Furthermore, exerise which involves play and recreation, and relieves nervous tension and mental fatigue in so doing, is not only pleasant but beneficial.不論體育運動是否能延長人的壽命，人們普遍認為，適量而有規(guī)律的體育運動可以增強體質，并使人愉悅。另外，體育運動及玩樂和消遣于一體，可以使人放松緊張情緒，緩解精神疲勞。因此，做運動一舉兩得：既

50、能放松，有有益于身心健康。How much and what kind of exercise one should take merits careful consideration.The growing child and the normal young man and young woman thrill with the exhilaration of strenuous sports. They fatigue to the point of exhaustion but recover promptly with a period of rest. But not so wit

51、h those _of middle age and beyond. For them moderation is of vital importance. Just how much exercise a person of a given age can safely take is question hard _to answer. Individual variability is too great to permit of generalization. A game of tennis may be perfectly safe for one person of forty b

52、ut folly for another. The sage limit for exercise depends on the condition of the heart, the condition of the muscles, the type of exercise, and the regularity with which it is taken. Two general suggestions, however, will serve as sound advice for anyone. The first is that the condition of the hear

53、t and general health should be determined periodically by careful, thorough physical examinations. The other is that exercise should be kept below the point of physical exhaustion.一個人適合做什么樣的體育運動，運動強度如何？這些問題值得人們注意。發(fā)育中的兒童和一般的青年男女都會因緊張劇烈的運動而激動不已。即使累得筋疲力盡， 他們也能在一段休息之后很快恢復體力。但是中年及中年以上的人就做不到。對這些人來說，運動適度是很

54、重要的。不同年齡的人從事多少運動是一個難以回答的問 題。個人的差異太大，無法一概而論。某種網(wǎng)球運動可能對于某個40歲的人來說是安全的，但對于另一個人來說卻不合適。運動的安全范圍取決于認得心臟狀況、 肌肉狀況、運動類型以及進行運動的規(guī)律性。但是下面兩個一般性建議適合所有人。一個建議是應該定期進行細致的體檢，查看心臟情況和總體體質。另一個建議是 運動強度要適度，不應使人筋疲力盡。What type of exercise one should choose _depens upon ones physical condition. Young people can safely enjoy vig

55、orous competitive sports, but most older persons do better to limit themselves to less strenuous activities. Walking, swimming, skating are among the sports that one can enjoy and safely participate in throughout life. Regularity is important if one is to get the most enjoyment and benefit out of ex

56、ercise.一個人選擇哪種類型的運動取決于他的體質。年輕人可以放心地參加有力度的競技性運動，但大多數(shù)老年人最好還是把自己的活動限制在不太劇烈的程度之內。散 步、游泳和滑冰是人們喜歡的運動并且各個年齡段的人都可以參加。任何人想從體育運動中獲得最大的樂趣和益處，那么有規(guī)律就很重要了。*第八篇 Old And Active（新增）老而有用It is wellknown that life expectancy is longer in Japan than in most other countries. A recent report also shows that Japan has the

57、longest health expectancy in the worldA healthy long life is the result of improvement in social environment.眾所周知，與世界大多數(shù)國家相比，日本人的預期壽命更長。根據(jù)最近的一篇報道，日本人的預期健康壽命亦居世界之首。這樣的健康長壽是社會環(huán)境改善的結果。Scientists are trying to work out exactly what keeps elderly Japanese people so healthy, and whether there is a lesson

58、to be learnt from their lifestyles for the rest of us. Should we make any changes to our eating habits, for instance, or go jogging each day before breakfast? Is there some secret ingredient in the Japanese diet that is particularly beneficial to the human body?科學家一直在探究日本高齡的老人得以保持健康的具體原因，以了解是否我們可以從他們的生活方式中學習一二。比如說，我們是不是應該改變一下我們的飲食習慣？或者說我們是不是應該在每天早餐之前慢跑？還是在日本人的飲食中有一些對人體特別有益的神秘原料？Another factor contributing