英國文學(xué)史考試要點(diǎn)聽課筆記

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上浙江大學(xué)英國文學(xué)史考試要點(diǎn)聽課筆記（2006）1、 it is “Beowulf”,the national epic of the English people.貝奧武夫（Beowulf），又譯貝奧武甫，完成于西元八世紀(jì)，約750年左右的英雄敘事長詩，長達(dá)3000行。故事的舞臺(tái)位于北歐的斯堪的納維亞半島。是以古英語記載的傳說中最古老的一篇，在語言學(xué)方面也是相當(dāng)珍貴的文獻(xiàn)。貝奧武夫（Beowulf）乃現(xiàn)存古英文文學(xué)中最偉大之作，也是歐洲最早的方言史詩。該詩中并未提及英國，但學(xué)者相信該詩約於西元七二五年左右在英國完成。全詩凡三千一百八十二行，以斯堪地那維亞的英雄貝奧武夫

2、的英勇事跡構(gòu)成主要內(nèi)容。雖然歷史上并未證實(shí)確有貝奧武夫其人，但詩中所提及的許多其他人物與事跡卻得到印證。Features of “Beowulf”:The most striking feature in its poetical form is the use of alliteration. Other features of “Beowulf” are the use of metaphors and of understatements.本詩原以西撒克遜方言寫成，押頭韻而不押尾韻，用雙字隱喻而不用明喻。全詩內(nèi)容分為兩部分：第一部分描敘丹麥霍格國王（King Hrothgurs）宏偉的宮

3、殿，在前后十二年中，半人半魔的妖怪格蘭戴（Grendel）每晚出沒捉食霍格的戰(zhàn)士。此時(shí)恰巧瑞典南部濟(jì)茲（Geats）王子貝奧武夫率家臣來訪，協(xié)助除害。國王當(dāng)晚設(shè)宴款待，熟料妖怪格蘭戴又復(fù)出現(xiàn)，捉食一名濟(jì)茲戰(zhàn)士，貝奧武夫與之格斗，貝氏扭斷其臂，妖怪落荒而逃，因受重傷致死。第二天晚上，格蘭戴的母親前來為其子復(fù)仇，其后貝氏把她在一湖泊的洞穴中殺死。第二部分描敘貝奧武夫返國，被擁為王，前后五十年，舉國大治。最后貝奧武夫以垂老之年，殺一噴火巨龍，但其個(gè)人亦因而身受重創(chuàng)，終於身死。詩末敘其葬禮，并有挽歌。2、 The most prevailing kind of literature in feudal

4、 England was the romance-chivalry.The theme of loyalty to king and lord was repeatedly emphasized in romances.英國封建主義時(shí)期最主要的文學(xué)是傳奇故事(騎士文學(xué)). 是最充分地表現(xiàn)了封建貴族階級精神特征的文學(xué)，也是世俗的貴族階級文學(xué)的主要成就.3、 The Ballads:Aballed is a story told in song.usually in 4-line stanzas,with the second and fourth lines rhymed.They are ma

5、inly the literature of the peasants,and in them one is able to understand the outlook of the English common people in feudal society.民謠,敘事詩(押韻).4、 Geoffrey Chaucer ,the founder of English poetry.Troilus and Criseyde特羅伊拉斯和克萊希德.The Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集, 以一伙來自社會(huì)各個(gè)階層的香客在宗教朝圣的路上講述故事為線索，向我們清楚地展示了那個(gè)時(shí)代人們

6、的生活。在所有的23個(gè)故事中，除了兩篇之外，其余都是詩歌體裁的作品。The Prologue序言:All classes of the English feudal society.except the royalty and the poorest peasant.Chaucers contribution to English poetry chiefly in the fact that he introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types,especially the rhymed couplet of 5accent

7、s in iambic meter (the “heroic couplet”) 喬叟(1343-1400),英國詩歌之父.首創(chuàng)英雄雙韻體.5、 The Renaissance and Humanism: Humanism is the key-note of the Renaissance.文藝復(fù)興,提倡理性,人文主義.6、 Thomas More:Utopia托馬斯?摩爾:烏托邦(空想社會(huì)主義).Book one picture of contemporary English,expose the poverty of labouring class.Book two ideal comm

8、in wealth.More understood that the principle “From everyone according to his capacities,to everyone according to his needs”is the only practical basis for a communist society.7、 The sonnet,an exact form of poetry in 14lines of iambic pentameter intricately rhymed,was introduced to England from Italy

9、.十四行詩(五步抑揚(yáng)格,押韻).blank verse:無韻體(米爾頓).8、 Sir Philip Sidey is well-known as a poet and critic of poetry,”Astrophel and Stella”圣?菲律浦?西德尼十四行詩<<阿期菲爾和斯特拉>>.Edmund Spenser:the “poets poet”.in 1579 he wrote “The Shepherds Calendar”斯賓塞,詩人中的詩人,<<牧羊人的日歷>>.The Faerie Queene是一部卷帙豐富的長詩,詩中有

10、傳統(tǒng)寓言(ALLEGORY)以及對伊麗莎白女王的頌歌。9、 Francis Bacon,the founder of English materialist philosophy and modern science .培根,英國唯物主義和現(xiàn)代科學(xué)奠基人,散文家.10、 Marlowes 馬洛<浮士德博士>It is Marlowe who first made blank verse(rhymeles iambic pentameter) the principal instrument of English drama.為莎士比亞戲劇作了奠基11、Shakespere :四大喜

11、劇A Midsummer Nights Dream,The Merchant of Venice,As You Like It,Twelfth Nightl.四大悲劇:Hamlet,Othello,King Lear,Macbeth.Desdemona and Othello both belong to the future world.Their tragedy shows that nobleminded people may be led astray by evil forces in a evil society and commit heinous mistakes if the

12、y cannot distinguish falsehood from truth,and evil from good.”O(jiān)thello”is a tragety of humanism.”O(jiān)thello”is also a tragedy of the coloured people in a society of racial prejudice.The theme of “King Lear”is not simply filial ingratitude.The play depicts a great social upheaval.The miseries of Lear dis

13、close the essence of a corrupt society,This is a reflections of the jungle law of the age of primitive accumulations.The root of Lears tragedy lies in his irresponsibly dividing up his kingdom owing to mistaking his two daughtersinsincere flattery for genuine love.“Macbeth”:The play is a tragedy of

14、ambion,which drives a brave soldier and national hero to degenerate into a bloody murderer and despot right to his doom.“Hamlet”:is considered the summit of Shakespeares art.12、Milton:Paradise Lost米爾頓<失樂園>13、Samson Agonistes is a poetical drama modeled on the Greek tragedies.大力士參森14、Bunyan:The

15、 Pilgrims Progress班揚(yáng)<天路歷程>影晌了Vanity Fair<名利場>15、Metaphysical Poets and Cavalier Poets玄學(xué)派和騎士詩人John Donne,鄧恩the founder of the Metaphysical school of poetry.by mysticism in content and fantasticality in form.形式上很怪異,荒謬.16、John Dryden was a prolific writer.According to classicism,drama,poetr

16、y and prose should all be controlled by some fixed rules.古典主義理性法則,秩序.17、the Enlightenment in Europe,the enlighteners fought against class inequality,stagnation,prejudices and other survivals of feudalism.the representatives of the Enlightness in English literature were Joseph Addison and Richard Ste

17、ele,the essayists,and Alexander Pope,the poet.英國啟蒙運(yùn)動(dòng)18、Jonathan Swift was born in Dublin,Ireland,in 1667.Gullivers Travels斯威夫特<格列佛游記>.The Drapies Letters 散文and A Modest Proposal,Woods half-pence19、Defoe:Robinson Crusoe笛福:魯濱遜漂流記The character of Robinson Crusoe is representative of the English b

18、ourgeoesie at the earlier satages of its development,He is most practical and exactg,always religious and at same time mindful of his own profit.20、Samuel Richardson:Pamela,First,it discarded the “improbable and marvelous”accomplishments of the former heroic romances,and puctured the life and love o

19、f ordinary people.Secondly,its intention was to afford not merely entertainment but also moral instruction,Thirdly,it describes not only the saying and doings of the characters but also their secret thoughts and feeling.It was,in fact,the first Enhlish psycho-analytical novel.書信體寫作方法,是心理分析小說的鼻祖,21、F

20、ielding菲爾丁<約瑟夫 安德魯>the novel was at the same time criticized for its excessive sentimentality and its utilitarian morality.Fielding as the Founder of the English Realistic Novel英國現(xiàn)實(shí)主義小說奠基人Some Features of fieldings Novel:1)Fieldings Method of Relating a Story;There are three ways in telling th

21、e story of a novel.It may be told in a series of letters.22、Sheridan雪爾頓,戲劇家,造謠學(xué)校.23、Johnsons Dictionary約翰遜<字典編撰>24、Oliver Goldsmith:Peoms:,五步一揚(yáng)格25、Sentimetalism in English Poetry.The appearance and development of sentimentalist poetry marks the midway in the transition from classicism to its o

22、pposite.Romanticism in English Poetry.感傷主義,古典和浪漫轉(zhuǎn)換Thomas Graya;牧園哀歌26、William blake:and27、Burns:the works of the Scottish poets Ramsay and Fergusson.蘇格蘭莊嚴(yán)形式,/A Res,Red Rose/.So the general feature of the works of the romanticists is a dissatisfaction with the bourgeois xiciety.消極28、Wordsworth,the re

23、presentarive poet of the early romaneicism.marked the break with the conventional poetical tradition of the 18th century.標(biāo)志著浪漫主義的開始”all good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling.Wordsworth,Coleridge and Southey have often been mentioned sa the “Lake Poet”消極的湖畔詩人.29、Coleridge;His mo

24、st important prose work is “Bioftaphia Literaria,or Sketches of My Literary Life and Opinions”a literty autobiography,which afforded the new Romantic poetry a new principle of criticism,whose task was not to judge but to appreciate and interpret.Coleridge was the first critic of the Romantic school.

25、詩人,評論家.30、Byron:-cantos,拜倫:<唐璜>詩篇31、Shelley:,雪萊,<被縛的普羅米修斯>,<西風(fēng)頌>32、John Keats:”Beauty in truth,truth in beauty.”he shared a close sympathy in political sentiment.Yet,while byron and Shelley attempted to remould the contemporary society with both poetry and political action,Keats re

26、stricted his application of the principle of liberty to the sphere of Art.33、Lamb,from Montaignes “Essais”:.伊利亞散文集34、English Critical Realism:Charles Dickens,MakepeaceThackeray,Charlotte and Emily Bronte,Elizabeth Gaskell,George Eliot.英國批判現(xiàn)實(shí)主義,諷刺,Humorous scenes may attend the actions of the positiv

27、e characters,but this humour is tinged with lyricism and serves to stress the fine qualities of such characters.At the same time,bitter satire and grotesque is used to expose the seamy side of the bourgeois society.Through the sketches of various negative characters given birth to by the capitalist

28、system,critical realism reveals the corrupting influence of the rule of cash upon human nature.Here lies the root of the democratic and humanistic character of the critical realism of the 19th century.But the critical realists did not find a way to eradicate social evils.They were unable to find a g

29、ood solution to the social contradictions.The chief tendency in treir works is not of revolution but rather of reformism.35、Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities.”There were,of course,rich people and poor”36、Thackeray:A Novel Without a Hero名利場.The title was taken from Bunyans “Pilgrims Progress”37、Jane Aust

30、en:She herself compared her work to a fine engraving made upon a little piece of ivory only two inches square.The comparison is true.The ivory surface is small enough,but the woman who made drawings of human life on it is a real artist. pride and prejudice奧斯汀,<傲慢與偏見>38、Charlotte Bronte:夏洛蒂勃朗特,

31、Emily Bronte,39、Mrs.Gaskell:40、George Eliot:,.Eliot wrote her novels with the aim of propagating her moral views.”Adam Bede”is a novel of moral conflicts,showing the contest of personal desires,passion,temperament,human weaknesses and the claims of moral duty.41、The English realists of the 19th cent

32、ury made a panoramic picture of the bourgeois society.They gave a biting exposure of the greed,hypocrisy and sordidness of the bourgeoisie.They also described the sufferings of the common people under capitalism.Their depth of interpretation and description pushed the art of novel-writing to new hei

33、ghts,hitherto not attained by the 18th century novelists in terms of morality and ethics,and put forward reform and reconciliation as the way to solve acute class contradictions.their great contribution for world literature lies chiefly in their exposure and criticism of the bourgeoisie and in their

34、 sympathetic description of the small,common people of the lower classes.Marx thus praised the English critical realists of the 19th century.19世紀(jì)批判現(xiàn)實(shí)主義42、Thomas Carlyles mission was to establish a new principle in literary criticism.He maintains that it is the critics chief task to get into sympathy

35、 with his author,to understand,appreciate and interpret his aims and intentions,but not to impose on him purposes which lie outside his plan.43、Matthew Arnold:精英文化代表人物,無政府主義.”Barbarians,Philistines and Populace”三種人,貴族,中產(chǎn)和低層44、It now seldom touched on the serious social problems,but mainly concerned itself with the poets purely personal or spiritual questionings-such “l(fā)uxury problems”as shades of religious belief,the conflict between faith