意向?qū)I(yè)與就業(yè)解析課程-Tesol

1、意向?qū)I(yè)與就業(yè)解析課程意向?qū)I(yè)與就業(yè)解析課程TESOL職業(yè)規(guī)劃部文科組職業(yè)規(guī)劃部文科組ContentsTESOL是什么是什么1TESOL與教育學(xué)與教育學(xué)2學(xué)校對比學(xué)校對比3中美就業(yè)簡介中美就業(yè)簡介4TESOL簡介簡介n 正確理解正確理解TESOL的含義的含義 n TESOL是英文全稱“Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages” 的縮寫，即教授母語為非英語的英語教學(xué)專業(yè)， 翻譯成中文意思就是“對外英語教學(xué)”。TESOL的教學(xué)目的就是教授母語為非英語的英語教學(xué)的方法和理論，提升英語教學(xué)的師資水平。n 在全球如果按照英語教學(xué)的對象來劃分的話可分為

2、兩種英語教學(xué)模式，一種是以英語作為母語的英語教學(xué)，類似于中國的中文教學(xué)。 另一種是以英語為非母語的英語教學(xué)，類似于中國的對外漢語教學(xué)。 TESOL 的教學(xué)對象就是針對后者而言， 即對母語為非英語的人的英語教學(xué)。因此，參加TESOL學(xué)習(xí)的人是要求必須有一定的英語水平，通過培訓(xùn)學(xué)習(xí)進(jìn)而提高其教學(xué)水平， 而非來此進(jìn)行英文水平的再提高。TESOL n 英語教學(xué)的對象依學(xué)生的母語可分成兩群英語教學(xué)的對象依學(xué)生的母語可分成兩群: n 英語是母語的人(如美國人,英國人,加拿大人)和英語非母語的人(如南美洲人,中國人,法國人). TESOL 的對象是第二群. 因為是“對外”,TESOL 的教學(xué)方法特別考慮到學(xué)

3、生的母語和文化背景. 以中文教學(xué)做比喻,教一個在中國長大的孩子中文和教一個在美國長大的孩子中文,方法當(dāng)然是不一樣的.n 特別要澄清的是: TESOL 的主題是“如何教英語”而不是“如何學(xué)英語”. 取得了外語或外文學(xué)位的人不一定具備了英語教學(xué)的條件.“英語教學(xué)”,尤其是“對外英語教學(xué)”,是一個專業(yè),有它特別的專業(yè)知識. TESOL的教學(xué)對象的教學(xué)對象英語是母語的人.(如美國人,英國人,加拿大人)英語教學(xué)的對象英語教學(xué)的對象英語非母語的人 (如南美洲人,中國人,法國人). TESOL、EFL、ESL、ESOL、ELTnTESOL stands for Teaching English to Spe

4、akers of Other Languages, and is probably the most general of these terms. n對外英語教學(xué)對外英語教學(xué)nEFL stands for English as a Foreign Language (TEFL = Teaching English as a Foreign Language), and refers to teaching English in a place where it is not widely spoken; where it is a foreign language. n英語作為外語英語作為外

5、語nESL stands for English as a Second Language (TESL = Teaching English as a Second Language), and usually refers to teaching English to non-native English speakers in a country where English is widely spoken (like the U.S.) nESL是是English as a Second Language的縮寫，是國際學(xué)生進(jìn)入美國大學(xué)必修的語言的縮寫，是國際學(xué)生進(jìn)入美國大學(xué)必修的語言課程

6、。課程。nESOL stands for English for Speakers of Other Languages and is usually used to refer to teaching ESL in K-12 public schools in the U.S. n它是為不是以英語為母語國家的學(xué)生準(zhǔn)備學(xué)習(xí)（一般它是為不是以英語為母語國家的學(xué)生準(zhǔn)備學(xué)習(xí)（一般“K12”是指從幼兒園是指從幼兒園（Kindergarten，通常，通常5-6歲）到十二年級（歲）到十二年級（grade 12，通常，通常17-18歲），這兩個年級歲），這兩個年級是美國、澳大利亞及是美國、澳大利亞及Engl

7、ish Canada的免費教育頭尾的兩個年級。的免費教育頭尾的兩個年級。nELT stands for English Language Teaching.教育學(xué)與教育學(xué)與TESOLn教育學(xué)相對于教育學(xué)相對于TESOL的區(qū)別的區(qū)別n教育學(xué)是研究人類教育現(xiàn)象和問題、揭示一般教育規(guī)律的一門社會科學(xué)。教育學(xué)可以是整體也可以是細(xì)分。從宏觀角度來說，教育學(xué)是一個大的概念，它其中包括高等教育學(xué)，基礎(chǔ)教育學(xué)，學(xué)前教育學(xué)，特殊教育學(xué)，比較教育學(xué)，成人教育學(xué)等等。從微觀角度來看，教育學(xué)是一門專門研究教育現(xiàn)象，揭示教育規(guī)律，指導(dǎo)教育實踐的一門學(xué)科，具有很強(qiáng)的理論性和實踐性。nTESOL是“Teaching Eng

8、lish to Speakers of Other Languages” 的縮寫,中文翻譯是“對外英語教學(xué)” . TESOL 的教學(xué)對象英語非母語國家的人群。nTESOL證書作為一項國際英語教師的職業(yè)資格證書，TESOL已經(jīng)被國際上80多個國家的5000多所學(xué)校認(rèn)可，并在全世界擁有近百個團(tuán)體會員和14000多名專業(yè)人士。在北美、英國、澳大利亞、新西蘭等英語國家，大部分學(xué)校和語言培訓(xùn)機(jī)構(gòu)都認(rèn)可TESOL證書。目前，已經(jīng)有包括中國在內(nèi)的80多個國家和地區(qū)開設(shè)了TESOL課程。n 這類專業(yè)故名思議就是teaching English to speakers in other language，主要學(xué)

9、習(xí)的會是包括英語教學(xué)方式，方法，文化區(qū)別以及語言架構(gòu)等之類課程。 n所以在一定程度上，所以在一定程度上， 可以說可以說TESOLTESOL屬于教育學(xué)的一個類別。屬于教育學(xué)的一個類別。 美國一些大學(xué)美國一些大學(xué)TESOLTESOL在教在教育類下面，也有的在英語系下面。育類下面，也有的在英語系下面。 美國美國TESOL專業(yè)排名專業(yè)排名：n 1. 哈佛大學(xué)哈佛大學(xué) 【Harvard University (MA)】n 加州大學(xué)伯克利分校加州大學(xué)伯克利分校 【University of CaliforniaBerkeley】n 耶魯大學(xué)耶魯大學(xué) 【Yale University (CT)】n 4. 普

10、林斯頓大學(xué)普林斯頓大學(xué) 【Princeton University (NJ)】n 斯坦福大學(xué)斯坦福大學(xué) 【Stanford University (CA)】n 6. 康奈爾大學(xué)康奈爾大學(xué) 【Cornell University (NY)】n 芝加哥大學(xué)芝加哥大學(xué) 【University of Chicago】n 8. 哥倫比亞大學(xué)哥倫比亞大學(xué) 【Columbia University (NY)】n 約翰霍普金斯大學(xué)【約翰霍普金斯大學(xué)【Johns Hopkins University (MD)】n 10. 加州大學(xué)洛杉機(jī)分校加州大學(xué)洛杉機(jī)分校 【University of CaliforniaL

11、os Angeles】n 賓夕法尼亞大學(xué)賓夕法尼亞大學(xué) 【University of Pennsylvania】 n .n 12. 杜克大學(xué)杜克大學(xué) 【Duke University (NC)】n 密歇根大學(xué)密歇根大學(xué)-安娜堡分校安娜堡分校 【University of MichiganAnn Arbor】n 弗吉尼亞大學(xué)弗吉尼亞大學(xué) 【University of Virginia】 n 15. 布朗大學(xué)布朗大學(xué) 【Brown University (RI)】n 16. 新澤西州立羅格斯大學(xué)新澤西州立羅格斯大學(xué) 【Rutgers State UniversityNew Brunswick (N

12、J)】n 加州大學(xué)歐文分校加州大學(xué)歐文分校 【University of CaliforniaIrvine】n 威斯康星大學(xué)麥迪遜分校威斯康星大學(xué)麥迪遜分校 【University of WisconsinMadison】 n 19. 西北大學(xué)西北大學(xué) 【Northwestern University (IL)】n 伊利諾伊大學(xué)厄本那伊利諾伊大學(xué)厄本那香檳分校香檳分校 【University of IllinoisUrbana-Champaign】n 北卡羅來納大學(xué)教堂山分校北卡羅來納大學(xué)教堂山分校 【University of North CarolinaChapel Hill】n 德州大學(xué)

13、奧斯汀分校德州大學(xué)奧斯汀分校 【University of TexasAustin】 n 23. 紐約城市大學(xué)紐約城市大學(xué) 【CUNY Graduate School and University Center】n 印地安那大學(xué)伯明頓分校印地安那大學(xué)伯明頓分校 【Indiana UniversityBloomington】n 紐約大學(xué)紐約大學(xué) 【New York University】 學(xué)校對比學(xué)校對比University of PennsylvaniaColumbia UniversityUniversity of Pennsylvanian University of Pennsylvan

14、ia 賓夕法尼亞大學(xué)n 綜合排名：第五名n 地理位置：賓夕法尼亞州n 賓夕法尼亞大學(xué)，是美國賓夕法尼亞州費城的一所男女同校的私立大賓夕法尼亞大學(xué)，是美國賓夕法尼亞州費城的一所男女同校的私立大學(xué)，也是美國常春藤盟校成員之一。它于學(xué)，也是美國常春藤盟校成員之一。它于1740年由美國著名科學(xué)家年由美國著名科學(xué)家和政治家、獨立宣言起草人之一本杰明和政治家、獨立宣言起草人之一本杰明富蘭克林創(chuàng)辦，當(dāng)時為一所富蘭克林創(chuàng)辦，當(dāng)時為一所慈善學(xué)校。慈善學(xué)校。 n 賓大現(xiàn)已成為擁有賓大現(xiàn)已成為擁有12所學(xué)院，幾百個系、研究所和研究中心的世界一所學(xué)院，幾百個系、研究所和研究中心的世界一流研究性大學(xué)。在流研究性大學(xué)。在

15、2010年度美國新聞與世界報導(dǎo)雜志對全美大年度美國新聞與世界報導(dǎo)雜志對全美大學(xué)進(jìn)行的評估中，賓大被列為第學(xué)進(jìn)行的評估中，賓大被列為第6所美國最好的綜合性大學(xué)，與加州所美國最好的綜合性大學(xué)，與加州理工并列。理工并列。University of Pennsylvania 賓夕法尼亞大學(xué)Graduate School of Education Building教育學(xué)院學(xué)院及專業(yè)設(shè)置學(xué)院及專業(yè)設(shè)置n Graduate School of Education n 網(wǎng)址：網(wǎng)址：/ n專業(yè)設(shè)置：專業(yè)設(shè)置：Programs at a GlancenApplied

16、Psychology - Human DevelopmentnFoundations and Practices of Education nHigher EducationnLanguage and Literacy in EducationnPolicy, Measurement and EvaluationnTeacher Preparation ProgramsnExecutive ProgramsnOther ProgramsnUndergraduate OptionsnNon-Degree Optionsn n n Which Degree?nMaster of Science i

17、n Education (M.S.Ed.), nMaster of Science (M.S.), Master of Philosophy in Education (M.Phil.Ed.), nDoctor of Education (Ed.D.), and Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) degrees, along with some certificate and non-degree options. 學(xué)位設(shè)置學(xué)位設(shè)置n 1.Master of Science in Education (M.S.Ed.)n 簡介：簡介：n Interested in ad

18、vancing your career in education practice or related fields? You may consider one of our masters of science in education (M.S.Ed.) degrees.n At Penn GSE, our M.S.Ed. programs cover a wide range, everything from school counseling, to teacher education, to language and literacy, to education policy -

19、and many other specialties in between. Our 21 programs will give you a foundational knowledge of the field of education and prepare you for professional positions in a broad range of organizations. Many will prepare you for professional certification in your field.n Most of these programs can be com

20、pleted in one year of full-time study. Some include research methods course requirements and/or completion of a mentorship or field placement.n The M.S.Ed. requires a minimum of 10 course units.Master of Science in Education (M.S.Ed.)n Penn GSE offers the M.S.Ed. degree in:n Counseling and Mental He

21、alth Services 教育咨詢和身心健康服務(wù)n Education, Culture, & Society 教育，文化與社會n Education Policy 教育政策n Higher Education 高等教育n Interdisciplinary Studies in Human Development 交叉學(xué)科（人類發(fā)展學(xué)）n Intercultural Communication n International Educational Development n Language and Literacy 語言和文學(xué)教育n Learning Sciences and

22、Technologies 學(xué)習(xí)科學(xué)與技術(shù)n Professional School Counseling, Executive Masters 專業(yè)學(xué)校咨詢n Reading/Writing/Literacy (Reading Specialist Certification) n School Leadership n Teacher Education n Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages 對外英語教學(xué)n Teach For America (TFA) Urban Teacher 賓夕法尼亞大學(xué)教育學(xué)院關(guān)于賓夕法尼亞大學(xué)教育學(xué)院

23、關(guān)于TESOL小結(jié)小結(jié)n 賓夕法尼亞大學(xué)的賓夕法尼亞大學(xué)的TESOL是設(shè)置在教育學(xué)下面的是設(shè)置在教育學(xué)下面的Language and Literacy in Education的，所獲得的學(xué)位是的，所獲得的學(xué)位是Master of Science in Education (M.S.Ed.)，而賓大的，而賓大的M.S.Ed. degree學(xué)位下面又學(xué)位下面又包含包含了從學(xué)校教育咨詢了從學(xué)校教育咨詢（school counseling），教師教育（），教師教育（teacher education），語言和文學(xué)教），語言和文學(xué)教育（育（language and literacy），到教育政策（），

24、到教育政策（education policy）等很多教）等很多教育學(xué)分支育學(xué)分支 。n 下面我們來具體的看一下下面我們來具體的看一下TESOL在賓夕法尼亞大學(xué)教育學(xué)院設(shè)置及其課程設(shè)在賓夕法尼亞大學(xué)教育學(xué)院設(shè)置及其課程設(shè)置情況。置情況。Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages (TESOL) n M.S.Ed.nThe highly acclaimed M.S.Ed. TESOL specialization, housed within the Educational Linguistics program, prepares studen

25、ts to teach English to non-native speakers in settings where English is a second, foreign, or international language. The program emphasizes the many roles and functions of English language teaching in the political, social, and academic climate of todays world. nThe TESOL specialization focuses on

26、both the practical and theoretical aspects of the field. The program is classroom oriented, with a strong focus on sociolinguistics（社會語言學(xué)）（社會語言學(xué)）, intercultural communication（跨文化交流）（跨文化交流）, and the interaction of language learning and use（語言的學(xué)習(xí)與使用的相互作（語言的學(xué)習(xí)與使用的相互作用）用）. Together, these form a dynamic

27、 backdrop against which to study the foundational areas of linguistics, literacy, and education. n要點點撥：要點點撥：nTESOL在教育學(xué)中備受好評。英語教學(xué)專業(yè)，設(shè)置在教育語言學(xué)下面，為母語為非英在教育學(xué)中備受好評。英語教學(xué)專業(yè)，設(shè)置在教育語言學(xué)下面，為母語為非英語的人的準(zhǔn)備的英語教學(xué)。語的人的準(zhǔn)備的英語教學(xué)。n英語教學(xué)的專業(yè)領(lǐng)域集理論和實踐為一體。注重社會語言學(xué)，跨文化的溝通，交流和英語教學(xué)的專業(yè)領(lǐng)域集理論和實踐為一體。注重社會語言學(xué)，跨文化的溝通，交流和語言學(xué)習(xí)和使用。語言學(xué)習(xí)和使用。TES

28、OL課程設(shè)置課程設(shè)置nM.S.Ed. TESOL graduates teach in a variety of local, national, and international settings. Many continue their studies in doctoral programs. Affiliations with TESOL alumni now in leadership positions at schools and universities worldwide make it possible for students to teach in internati

29、onal settings. nStudents complete 12 course units, two of which may be transferred from outside the University of Pennsylvania. A 30-hour project and internship satisfies a partial requirement of the comprehensive examination and can be taken for one course unit. nCourses include: nEDUC 525 Fieldwor

30、k in Language in Education 語言學(xué)教育實地考察語言學(xué)教育實地考察nEDUC 527 Approaches to Teaching English and Other Modern Languages 英語教學(xué)方法及英語教學(xué)方法及其他現(xiàn)代語言其他現(xiàn)代語言nEDUC 537 Educational Linguistics 教育語言學(xué)教育語言學(xué)nEDUC 546 Sociolinguistics in Education 社會語言學(xué)教育社會語言學(xué)教育nEDUC 563 Internship, Seminar, Thesis: TESOL 英語教學(xué)：實習(xí)，研討和論文英語教學(xué)：

31、實習(xí)，研討和論文nEDUC 661 Language Diversity and Education 語言多樣性與教育語言多樣性與教育nEDUC 670 Second Language Acquisition 第二語言習(xí)得第二語言習(xí)得nEDUC 675 Structure of English 英語結(jié)構(gòu)英語結(jié)構(gòu)Columbia University綜合排名：第四名綜合排名：第四名地理位置：地理位置：美國紐約市曼哈頓美國紐約市曼哈頓簡述：哥倫比亞大學(xué)簡述：哥倫比亞大學(xué)于于1754年年，根據(jù)英國國王喬治二世頒布的國王憲章根據(jù)英國國王喬治二世頒布的國王憲章而成立，屬于私立的常春藤盟校，由三個本科生院

32、和十三個研究生院構(gòu)成，而成立，屬于私立的常春藤盟校，由三個本科生院和十三個研究生院構(gòu)成，哥倫比亞的校友和教授中一共有哥倫比亞的校友和教授中一共有87人獲得過諾貝爾獎。包括奧巴馬總統(tǒng)在內(nèi)人獲得過諾貝爾獎。包括奧巴馬總統(tǒng)在內(nèi)的三位美國總統(tǒng)是該校的畢業(yè)生。此外，學(xué)校的醫(yī)學(xué)、法學(xué)、商學(xué)的三位美國總統(tǒng)是該校的畢業(yè)生。此外，學(xué)校的醫(yī)學(xué)、法學(xué)、商學(xué)、教育、教育和和新聞學(xué)院都名列前茅。其新聞學(xué)院頒發(fā)的普利策獎是美國新聞界的最高榮譽。新聞學(xué)院都名列前茅。其新聞學(xué)院頒發(fā)的普利策獎是美國新聞界的最高榮譽。哥倫比亞大學(xué)哥倫比亞大學(xué)哥倫比亞大學(xué)哥倫比亞大學(xué)LOW LOW 紀(jì)念圖書紀(jì)念圖書館，哥大的代表性建筑，哥館，哥大

33、的代表性建筑，哥大校長大校長LOWLOW先生為了紀(jì)念他先生為了紀(jì)念他的父親建造。的父親建造。19341934年前為圖年前為圖書館，現(xiàn)為辦公、展覽及集書館，現(xiàn)為辦公、展覽及集會的地方。會的地方。新學(xué)期開學(xué)，猶太人各俱樂部開始招兵買馬了。哥大給人的印象，猶太學(xué)生不少。 陽光下的排球賽。城市中的校園內(nèi)沒有大塊的運動場 沐浴在陽光下。美國人喜歡沐浴在陽光下。美國人喜歡bake their skin。學(xué)校圖書館高大的臺階上也是學(xué)生們享學(xué)校圖書館高大的臺階上也是學(xué)生們享受陽光及與友人交流的好地方。受陽光及與友人交流的好地方。圣.保羅教堂，哥大內(nèi)舉行宗教儀式、婚禮等活動的地方。 前兩圖為哥大街景。后兩圖為國

34、際關(guān)系學(xué)院及學(xué)生公寓。 BUTLER圖書館。哥大校園內(nèi)共有25個圖書館，總計藏書950萬冊，全美十大學(xué)術(shù)圖書館之一 工程與應(yīng)用科學(xué)學(xué)院。這個學(xué)院的教學(xué)樓內(nèi)進(jìn)進(jìn)出出的學(xué)生中亞洲面孔的學(xué)生很多。 假日的午餐。這種悠閑生活很讓人羨慕，吃的雖然只是漢堡與薯條，但卻樂在其中 哥倫比亞大學(xué)校門。最初哥大也是沒有圍墻哥倫比亞大學(xué)校門。最初哥大也是沒有圍墻與校門，完全開放的。與校門，完全開放的。1953年，前哥大校長艾森豪威爾任美國總統(tǒng)年，前哥大校長艾森豪威爾任美國總統(tǒng)后，建成了哥大現(xiàn)在的這個完整、緊湊的校后，建成了哥大現(xiàn)在的這個完整、緊湊的校園。園。兩邊的挺立的希臘神話雕塑象征哥大的教育兩邊的挺立的希臘神話

35、雕塑象征哥大的教育理念：科學(xué)與藝術(shù)。理念：科學(xué)與藝術(shù)。學(xué)生們可以在校園內(nèi)無線上網(wǎng)。兩個無線上網(wǎng)的學(xué)生象兩個門神守衛(wèi)在圖書館大門兩側(cè)。 研究生院中的著名的新聞學(xué)院，由它頒發(fā)的普利策獎是美國文學(xué)和新聞界的最高榮譽。 普利策獎普利策獎也稱為普利策新聞獎普利策新聞獎。 評選制度：普利策獎在每年的春季，由哥倫比亞大學(xué)的普利策獎評選委員會的十四名會員評定，4月中的一天公布結(jié)果，并于5月由哥倫比亞大學(xué)校長正式頒發(fā)。 Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages (TESOL) The program emphasizes study in the follo

36、wing areas:Second language teaching methodologies 第二語言教學(xué)法Teaching of the language skills 語言教學(xué)技巧Content area education for ESL students ESL 學(xué)生教育內(nèi)容ESL/EFL materials development and curriculum design ESL/EFL 材料收集和課程設(shè)定Language teacher education 語言教師教育Language teacher observation and supervision 語言學(xué)教師觀測與

37、監(jiān)督Second language acquisition 第二語言習(xí)得Second language assessment 第二語言評估Classroom interaction 課堂互動Second language teaching and literacy 第二語言教學(xué)和文化Language program evaluation 語言學(xué)大綱評估Technology and language teaching and learning 技術(shù)和語言的教與學(xué)就業(yè)展望就業(yè)展望就業(yè)領(lǐng)域就業(yè)領(lǐng)域n Employment About this section n Kindergarten, elem

38、entary school, middle school, and secondary school teachers, held about 3.5 million jobs in 2008. Of the teachers in those jobs, about 179,500 were kindergarten teachers, 1.5 million were elementary school teachers, 659,500 were middle school teachers, and 1.1 million were secondary school teachers.

39、 Employment of teachers is geographically distributed much the same as the population.Licensure and certificationn All 50 States and the District of Columbia require public school teachers to be licensed. Licensure is not required for teachers in most private schools. Usually licensure is granted by

40、 the State Board of Education or a licensure advisory committee. Teachers may be licensed to teach the early childhood grades (usually preschool through grade 3); the elementary grades (grades 1 through 6 or 8); the middle grades (grades 5 through 8); a secondary-education subject area (usually grad

41、es 7 through 12); or a special subject, such as reading or music (usually grades kindergarten through 12).What is this job like?nTeachers teach children to read, write, do math, and much more. They use games, videos, computers, and other tools to teach children different subjects.nTeachers show stud

42、ents skills. They also explain information. Teachers plan their lessons before they teach, which can take a lot of time.nTeachers try to make their lessons easy to understand. They teach things in different ways so that different students can learn in the way that is easiest for them. Teachers might

43、 use a chalkboard, a projector, or a computer. They make posters or worksheets before class starts. Teachers plan the schedule for the day. Most teachers have to teach what the principal tells them.nTeachers also assign homework and class projects. They often have students work together to do projec

44、ts. When students are not doing as well as they should, teachers help them.nAfter class, teachers grade papers and projects. They also create tests. They write students report cards. And they meet with parents to try to help their children do better in school. Teachers sometimes go to workshops to l

45、earn how to teach better. Some teachers also help with sports or other after-school activities.How do you get ready?nAll teachers in public schools must have a teaching certificate and a license to teach. Some are licensed to teach preschool through grade 3. Others are licensed to teach grades 1 thr

46、ough 6 or 8. Some are licensed to teach middle school or high school. Some have a license to teach a special subject.nYou must have a college degree to be a teacher, unless you are teaching a job skill like how to fix cars. You must take classes in education and practice teaching with the help of an

47、 experienced teacher.nTo be a teacher, you must pass tests in reading, writing, and other subjects. And you have to keep learning. In some States, you have to get a masters degree. You also need computer training in some States. nTeachers must be able to talk to children and be good leaders. The stu

48、dents must trust them. Teachers must be able to make students want to learn. They also should be organized, dependable, patient, and creative.薪資待遇薪資待遇 n How much does this job pay? n In May 2008, elementary school teachers had average yearly wages of $52,240. Middle school teachers made an average o

49、f $52,570 each year, while high school teachers made $54,390 each year. Special education teachers made slightly more than regular teachers.n Some teachers earn extra money during the summer by doing other jobs.就業(yè)前景就業(yè)前景n How many jobs are there? n There were 4.5 million jobs for teachers in 2008. Th

50、ey taught in every State.n What about the future?n Job opportunities for teachers over the next 10 years will vary from good to excellent, depending on the place where they live and the subject they teach. Some schools are having trouble finding enough teachers, especially in cities. Today, many sch

51、ools are looking for math and science teachers as well as teachers who speak a foreign language and who can teach English as a second language.n The number of jobs for teachers is expected to increase faster than the average for all occupations through 2018. Many teachers will retire, creating more

52、job openings.Earnings nMedian annual wages of kindergarten, elementary, middle, and secondary school teachers ranged from $47,100 to $51,180 in May 2008; the lowest 10 percent earned $30,970 to $34,280; the top 10 percent earned $75,190 to $80,970. nAccording to the American Federation of Teachers,

53、beginning teachers with a bachelors degree earned an average of $33,227 in the 2005-2006 school year. nIn 2008, of the majority of all elementary, middle, and secondary school teachers belonged to unionsmainly the American Federation of Teachers and the National Education Associationthat bargain wit

54、h school systems over salaries, hours, and other terms and conditions of employment. nTeachers can boost their earnings in a number of ways. In some schools, teachers receive extra pay for coaching sports and working with students in extracurricular activities. Getting a masters degree or national certification often results in a raise in pay, as does acting as a mentor. Some teachers earn extra income during the summer by teaching summer school or performing other jobs in the school syst