新世紀(jì)大學(xué)英語(yǔ)系列教材 綜合教程 Book3 Unit6 Intercultural Communication

1、Kalervo ObergCulture ShockCultureGroup DiscussionKalervo Oberg: (1901-1973) a world-renowned anthropologist.l Born: 1901l Birthplace: British Columbia, Canada l Died: July 11, 1973, in Corvallis, Oregon l Best Known As: a pioneer in economic and applied anthropology ScriptKalervo Oberg was born in 1

2、901 in the Canadian province of British Columbia, to Finnish parents. He received a bachelors degree in economics from the University of British Columbia in 1928, a masters degree in economics from the University of Pittsburgh, and his Ph.D from the University of Chicago. Oberg had numerous teaching

3、 positions in his career, but never a permanent position. He also worked in various government postings overseas, including the Institute of Inter-American Affairs, forerunner of the US Agency for International Development. After his employment with the government, Oberg returned to teaching at Corn

4、ell University, the University of Southern California, and also Oregon State University. He was an excellent teacher and was always aware of current events around the world and ready to discuss them. Although he did not publish as much as many anthropologists due to the nature of his work, his contr

5、ibutions were great. He was most famous for developing the idea of “culture shock.”Kalervo ObergCulture ShockCultureGroup DiscussionKalervo ObergCulture ShockCultureGroup DiscussionKalervo ObergCulture ShockCultureGroup DiscussionKalervo ObergCulture ShockCultureGroup DiscussionKalervo ObergCulture

6、ShockCultureGroup DiscussionDirections: Culture is responsible for how we live. There are different ways to divide culture, one of which is to think about culture in two basic categories: individualism and collectivism. Watch the video and try to get the differences between individualistic cultures

7、and collectivistic cultures. Kalervo ObergCulture ShockCultureGroup DiscussionIndividualistic culture: Kalervo ObergCulture ShockCultureGroup DiscussionPeople are concerned more with the needs, goals and interests of the individual.People tend to emphasize self-actualization and individual initiativ

8、e and achievement. People focus on an I identity. People are supposed to look after themselves and immediate families only. People tend to emphasize individual rights like freedom, independence, individuality and equality. People tend to have a SELF-other orientation toward relationships, meaning th

9、at the SELF is the most important.Examples of individualistic cultures are US and Australia.a.b.c.d.e.f.g. Kalervo ObergCulture ShockCultureGroup DiscussionCollectivistic culture:People are more concerned with the groups needs, goals and interests than those of the individual.People stress fitting i

10、n with or belonging to the group.People focus on a WE identity. People are supposed to look after others in the group or collective in exchange for loyalty. People tend to emphasize belonging to groups. Family relations, loyalty and harmony are highly valued. People tend to have a self-OTHER orienta

11、tion toward relationships meaning that the other is more important than the self.Examples of collectivistic cultures are China, Columbia, Costa Rica and Indonesia.a.b.c.d.e.f.g. Directions: The term “culture shock” was introduced for the first time in 1954 by Kalvero Oberg. Now lets learn something

12、in detail about it.Kalervo ObergCulture ShockCultureGroup Discussion1. Definition2. Six aspects of culture shock3. A typical six-month cycle of culture shock4. Causes of culture shock5. Signs of culture shock6. Dealing with intercultural stress and shock Kalervo ObergCulture ShockCultureGroup Discus

13、sionDefinitionCulture shock is a term used to describe the anxiety and feelings (of surprise, disorientation, confusion, etc.) felt when people have to operate within an entirely different culture or social environment, such as a different country.Script Kalervo ObergCulture ShockCultureGroup Discus

14、sionSix aspects of culture shockStrain due to the effort required to make necessary psychological adaptations.A sense of loss and feelings of deprivation regarding friends, family, status, career and possessions.Being rejected by and/or rejecting members of the new culture.Confusion in role, role ex

15、pectation, values, feelings andself identity.Surprise, anxiety and even disgust and indignation after becoming aware of cultural differences.Feelings of impotence due to not being able to cope with a new environment.1.2.3.4.5.6.Script Kalervo ObergCulture ShockCultureGroup DiscussionA typical six-mo

16、nth cycle of culture shockPre-DepartureSixth MonthFirst MonthFourth and Fifth MonthsThird MonthSecond Month Kalervo ObergCulture ShockCultureGroup DiscussionPre-Departure: Defined by excitement, anticipation and enthusiasm. Emotions are running high and although excited, everyone is also a bit appre

17、hensive and concerned. Kalervo ObergCulture ShockCultureGroup DiscussionFirst Month: Still filled with the excitement of travel and newness of food, culture and environment. Learning the language becomes a priority. Kalervo ObergCulture ShockCultureGroup DiscussionSecond Month: Distinguished by the

18、awareness of differences being felt as unpleasant. Inconveniences in accommodation, not speaking the language well enough and the lack of familiarity of foods, shops, friends and surroundings are noticed. Kalervo ObergCulture ShockCultureGroup DiscussionThird Month: Often the low point in the adjust

19、ment period. Language skills seem to stagnate and personal productivity drops. Nothing about the new culture seems positive. Family and friends are greatly missed. Kalervo ObergCulture ShockCultureGroup DiscussionFourth and Fifth Months: The beginning of the return of enthusiasm and enjoyment. New f

20、oods, new ways of doing things and the language are tried with a positive effect. Emotions are smoother, confidence is regained and built up, and health is restored. Kalervo ObergCulture ShockCultureGroup DiscussionSixth Month: Brings normal lifestyle, with established routines and social life in pl

21、ace. The ups and downs of living abroad are accepted. Normality, indeed, has finally smiled on you once again. Kalervo ObergCulture ShockCultureGroup DiscussionCauses of culture shockBeing cut off from cultural signals and known patterns of communication, especially the subtle, indirect ways of expr

22、essing feelings.Living or working over an extended period of time in a situation that is ambiguous.Having personal values (which were previously considered absolutes) brought into question.Being continually put into positions in which you are expected to function with maximum skill and speed, but wh

23、ere the rules have not been adequately explained.1.2.3.4.Script Kalervo ObergCulture ShockCultureGroup DiscussionSigns of culture shockhomesickness, withdrawal, stereotyping of host nationals, need for excessive amounts of sleep, marital stress, loss of ability to work effectively, compulsive eating

24、 or drinking, unexplainable fits of weeping, irritability, physical ailments, boredom, exaggerated cleanliness, family tension and conflictScript Kalervo ObergCulture ShockCultureGroup DiscussionDealing with intercultural stress and shockGather information. The more that is known about a place or it

25、s people, the less foreign or threatening they seem. Consider traveling locally, taking a cooking class, or joining a club.Do not criticize the host culture. Resist the temptation of talking negatively about the local people. Find a friend. Find someone who can serve as a “cultural informant” to int

26、roduce parts of local life and practices that are not normally accessible to foreigners. This will help make sense of the cultural differences one naturally encounters.Look at the “big picture.” Find patterns and interrelationships that explain what is going on so that it no longer seems confusing.

27、1.2.3.4.Script Language is a tool for us to communicate with each other. Lack of efficient linguistic as well as cultural knowledge may cause misunderstanding between people from different cultures. Watch the video See You Later.Kalervo ObergCulture ShockCultureGroup Discussion1.Discuss with your gr

28、oup members. Your discussion should include the following questions:a. Do you have the similar experiences? b. Have you heard of some stories of the same type? c. What can we do to avoid such an awkward situation?2. Kalervo ObergCulture ShockCultureGroup DiscussionPart Division of the TextFurther Un

29、derstandingTrue or FalseQuestions and AnswersInterview Parts Para(s).Main Ideas123134679We might call culture shock a disease which is caused by the frustration and anxiety resulting from losing all our familiar signs and symbols of social intercourse.Culture shock is due to our own lack of understa

30、nding of other peoples cultural background and our lack of the means of communication rather than the hostility of an alien environment.To get over culture shock, we should get to know the people of the host country and their language; we should find out what they do, how they do it, and what their

31、interests are, etc. But understanding the ways of a people does not mean that we have to give up our own.Part Division of the TextFurther UnderstandingTrue or FalseQuestions and AnswersInterviewCulture shock is just like a disease which can be cured. Culture shock often leads to the loss of our fami

32、liar signs and symbols of social intercourse. Usually people resort to a particular way for dealing with their daily life. People who experience culture shock tend to view the host country irrationally. 1. 2. 3. 4. Culture shock results from the loss of our familiar signs and symbols of social inter

33、course.We orient ourselves to the situations of daily life in countless ways.F( )T( )F( )T( )5.6.Part Division of the TextFurther UnderstandingTrue or FalseQuestions and AnswersInterviewAfter the period of culture shock, people tend to take a trip home. Culture shock enables people to forget everyth

34、ing back home, good or bad.Regression is another phase of culture shock. It usually takes a trip home to bring one back to reality.Culture shock makes people forget all the difficulties and problems and remember only the good thing back home.F( )F( )Part Division of the TextFurther UnderstandingTrue

35、 or FalseQuestions and AnswersInterview1. What is the cultural environment made up of according to the passage?A cultural environment consists of man-made physical objects, social institution, and ideas and beliefs.2. Is culture acquired?Yes, it is. An individual is not born with culture but only wi

36、th the capacity to learn it and use it.3. What does culture enable young people to do?Culture enables the young to learn to adapt themselves to the physical environment and to the people with whom they associate.Part Division of the TextFurther UnderstandingTrue or FalseQuestions and AnswersIntervie

37、w4. What is ethnocentrism?It is a belief people hold that not only their culture but their race and nation form the center of the world.5. What is the proper way for us to treat ethnocentrism according to the author?We should recognize that ethnocentrism is a permanent characteristic of national gro

38、ups.6. What should people know first in order to overcome culture shock?People should realize that their trouble is caused by lack of understanding of different cultural background and the lack of means to communicate, and that both understanding and means can be gained by themselves.learn the langu

39、age;get to know the value and interest pattern;be a participant observer.1.2.3.Part Division of the TextFurther UnderstandingTrue or FalseQuestions and AnswersInterviewDirections: Work in pairs to perform an interview. One student plays as the writer, Kalervo Oberg, and the other, a TV reporter. The

40、 topic you are talking about is how we can get over culture shock. Your conversation should be based on part 3 and the interview should cover the following three aspects:Part DivisionFurther UnderstandingQuestions and AnswersBlank FillingTrue or FalseQuestions and Answers1. Do the students in distan

41、ce learning programs use textbook?Yes, they do. But textbooks are just learning aids and they arent the only source of knowledge.2. Where can cyber students acquire knowledge apart from textbooks?From the collaborative efforts of online debates, conferences and papers.People tend to experience frust

42、ration and anxiety when they enter a new culture. This phenomenon is often referred to as “culture shock.” How and why does it happen? What is the nature of “culture shock”? And how can we cope with it? Kalervo Oberg provides us with some answers.Detailed ReadingCulture ShockKalervo ObergDetailed Re

43、adingWe might almost call culture shock an occupational disease of people who have been suddenly transplanted abroad. Like most ailments it has its own cause, symptoms, and cure. Culture shock is precipitated by the anxiety that results from losing all our familiar signs and symbols of social interc

44、ourse. These signs or cues includethe thousand and one ways in which we orient ourselves to the situations of daily life: when to shake hands and what to say when we meet people, when and how to give tips, how to give orders to servants, how to make purchases, when to accept and when to refuse invit

45、ations, when to take statements seriously and when not. These cues which may be words, gestures, facial expressions, customs, or norms are acquired by all of us in the course of growing up and are as much a part of our culture as the language we speak or the beliefs we accept. All of us depend for o

46、ur peace of mind and our efficiency on hundreds of these cues.Detailed ReadingNow when an individual enters a strange culture, all or most of these familiar cues are removed. He or she is like a fish out of water. No matter how broad-minded you may be, a series of props have been knocked from under

47、you, followed by a feeling of frustration and anxiety. People reactto the frustration in much the same way. First they reject the environment which causes the discomfort: “The ways of the host country are bad because they make us feel bad.”Detailed Reading When Americans or other foreigners in a str

48、ange land get together to complain about the host country and its people you can be sure they are suffering from culture shock. Another phase of culture shock is regression. The home environment suddenly assumes a tremendous importance. To an American everything American becomes irrationally glorifi

49、ed. All the difficulties and problems are forgotten and only the good things back home are remembered. It usually takes a trip home to bring one back to reality. In an effort to get over culture shock, there is some value in knowing something about the nature of culture and its relationship to the i

50、ndividual. In addition to living in a physical environment, an individual lives in a cultural environment consisting of man-made physical objects, social institutions, and ideas and beliefs. An individual is not born with culture but only with the capacity to learn it and use it. There is nothing in

51、 a newborn child which dictates that it should eventually speakDetailed Reading Portuguese, English, or French; nor that he should eat with a fork in his left hand rather than in the right or use chopsticks. All these things the child has to learn. Nor are the parents responsible for the culture whi

52、ch they transmit to their young. The culture of any people is the product of his try and is built up over time largely throughprocesses which are beyond his awareness. It is by means of culture that the young learn to adapt themselves to the physical environment and to the people with whom they asso

53、ciate. And as we know, children and adolescents often experience difficulties in this process of learning and adjustment. But once learned, culture becomes a way of life.Detailed ReadingPeople have a way of accepting their culture as both the best and the only way of doing things. This is perfectly

54、normal and understandable. To this attitude we give the name ethnocentrism, a belief that not only the culture but the race and the nation form the center of the world. Individualsidentify themselves with their own group to the extent that any critical comment is taken as a remark which is rude to t

55、he individual as well as to the group. If you criticize my country, you are criticizing me; if you criticize me, you are criticizing my country. Along with this attitude goes the tendency to attribute all individual peculiarities as national characteristics. For instance,Detailed Reading if an Ameri

56、can does something odd or anti-social in a foreign country which back home would be considered a purely individual act, this is now considered a national trait. He acts that way not because he is Joe Doaks but because he is an American. Instead of being censured as an individual, his country is cens

57、ured. It is thus best to recognize that ethnocentrism is a permanent characteristic of national groups. Even if a national criticizes some aspect of his own culture, the foreigner should listen but not enter into the criticism. Once you realize that your trouble is due to your own lack of understand

58、ing of other peoples cultural background and your own lack of the means of communication rather than the hostility of an alien environment, you also realize that you yourself can gain this understanding and these means of communication. And the sooner you do this, the sooner culture shock will disap

59、pear.Detailed ReadingThe question now arises, what can you do to get over culture shock as quickly as possible? The answer is getting to know the people of the host country. But this you cannot do with any success without knowing the language, for language is the principal symbolsystem of communicat

60、ion. Now we all know that learning a new language is difficult, particularly to adults. This task alone is quite enough to cause frustration and anxiety, no matter how skillful language teachers are in making it easy for you. But once you begin to be able to carry on a friendly conversation with you