考研英語(yǔ)（一）第三部分新題型：排序、總結(jié)、句子匹配

1、考研英語(yǔ)（一）第三部分新題型：排序、總結(jié)、句子匹配（江南博哥）第一節(jié) 排序材料題根據(jù)下面資料，回答1-5題AIs there still a place for the tiddlers? "That's an explicit yes," says Bob Shea of NACUBO, "do there need to be mergers and acquisitions? That's an unequivocal yes as well." Many small colleges serve niche markets, in

2、cluding a large faith-based one. "Many students wouldn't go to college at all or would be lost in a large one," says Ms. Brown.BPart of the problem, at least for small liberal arts institutions, is that parents and would-be students are questioning the value of the liberal arts. They w

3、ant a solid return, in the form of a well-paying job, for their four-year investment. There are still an awful lot of small places：about 40% of degree-granting colleges have fewer than 1,000 students. But enrolment at these institutions has fallen by more than 5% since 2010, while the student popula

4、tion has increased overall.CSome tiny colleges rely on donations to save the day. Alumni are concerned about the value of their own degree if the college closes, but donors can grow weary. Marlboro, meanwhile, is using its endowment to offer scholarships to one student from each state in an effort t

5、o expand its usual pool from New England and to open up new student pipelines. It saw success straight away. It increased its student population by 6% this academic year, after years of falling enrolment.DVisitors stand out at Marlboro College's pastoral campus in the woods of Vermont, but not b

6、ecause they are special or even unexpected. With 190 enrolled students and just a few dozen faculty and staff, everyone knows everyone. The student-faculty ratio is five to one, about the lowest in the country. The college administration has worked hard to stay small：the student population has rarel

7、y topped 350. But in the years since its founding after the Second World War, Marlboro has often skirted financial ruin. In 1993 it had only a few payrolls left in the bank. It was rescued by a foundation. Today it is looking for ways to save itself and already seeing some success.ETo attract studen

8、ts, some colleges are reducing their sticker price, but this is not sustainable for colleges without healthy endowments. According to the National Association of College and University Business Officers (NACUBO), 49% of independent colleges and universities give discounts, up from 38% a decade ago.F

9、Alice Brown, a former head of the Appalachian College Association, a network of tiny colleges in the Appalachian Mountains, thinks more must merge or close. The Berkeley College of Music (4,371 students) and the Boston Conservatory (730 students) merged in June. Small colleges often share accountant

10、s or laboratories already.GMarlboro is not alone in facing revenue and enrolment pressures. Burlington College(70 students), also in Vermont, shut its doors over the summer. Sweet Briar, a well-regarded women's college in Virginia, nearly closed to its 245 students last year. A last minute bout

11、of fundraising by alumni saved it, for now. Moody's, a credit-ratings agency, said in 2015 that the pace of closures and mergers will accelerate and could triple from an average of five per year over the next few years. Dennis Gephardt of Moody's says closures and mergers will be concentrate

12、d among the smallest colleges.D4142434445C1 單選題 第（41）題選_A.AB.BC.CD.DE.EF.FG.G正確答案：G參考解析：第一段談到了，萬(wàn)寶路學(xué)院的基本情況，重點(diǎn)介紹了萬(wàn)寶路學(xué)院一直努力保持學(xué)院規(guī)模小型化：學(xué)生人數(shù)很少超過(guò)350人?，F(xiàn)在萬(wàn)寶路學(xué)院正面臨危機(jī)，也在尋找自救的方法，并已經(jīng)取得了一些成功，下文應(yīng)該承接本段萬(wàn)寶路學(xué)院危機(jī)相關(guān)的內(nèi)容，通讀其他各個(gè)選項(xiàng)，可以發(fā)現(xiàn)選項(xiàng)G的第一句話“萬(wàn)寶路學(xué)院并不是唯一面臨收入和招生壓力的學(xué)?！笨梢糟暯由衔牡膬?nèi)容。因此選項(xiàng)G正確。2 單選題 第（42）題選_A.AB.

13、BC.CD.DE.EF.FG.G正確答案：B參考解析：上一段主要介紹了，萬(wàn)寶路不是唯一面臨收入和招生壓力的學(xué)校，然后列舉了一些命運(yùn)相同的小型學(xué)員，通過(guò)信用評(píng)級(jí)機(jī)構(gòu)穆迪的觀點(diǎn)，體現(xiàn)了這些小型學(xué)院的現(xiàn)狀，這段主要介紹了許多學(xué)院的關(guān)閉和合并成為一種趨勢(shì)，尤其是小規(guī)模的學(xué)院。Part of the problem, at least for small liberal arts institutions, is that parents and would-be students are questioning the value of the liberal arts 上面總結(jié)了類似小型學(xué)院的現(xiàn)狀，

14、B開(kāi)頭這句話，給出了這種現(xiàn)狀的原因，與上文呼應(yīng)。B正確。3 單選題 第（43）題選_A.AB.BC.CD.DE.EF.FG.G正確答案：E參考解析：上一段最后一句，提到了小型學(xué)員的入學(xué)率下降了，選項(xiàng)E開(kāi)門(mén)見(jiàn)山地提出：為了吸引學(xué)生，一些院校降低了學(xué)費(fèi)標(biāo)價(jià)，并提供學(xué)費(fèi)折扣。選項(xiàng)E與上文銜接緊密，故正確。4 單選題 第（44）題選_A.AB.BC.CD.DE.EF.FG.G正確答案：F參考解析：上一段提到小型學(xué)院開(kāi)始采取降低學(xué)費(fèi)的方式吸引學(xué)生。而剩余的備選項(xiàng)只有選項(xiàng)A和選項(xiàng)F，一個(gè)人物(Brown)出現(xiàn)在兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，而選項(xiàng)F有對(duì)人物的具體介紹，應(yīng)該出現(xiàn)在前面，

15、因此，本題的正確答案是選項(xiàng)F，主要介紹布朗女士對(duì)小型學(xué)院生存和發(fā)展的看法。5 單選題 第（45）題選_A.AB.BC.CD.DE.EF.FG.G正確答案：A參考解析：最后只剩下選項(xiàng)A，本段一方面通過(guò)提問(wèn)的方式來(lái)承接上文，提出小型學(xué)院還是有生存空間和發(fā)展前途的，另一方面與全文的最后一段呼應(yīng)。最后一段進(jìn)一步指出小型學(xué)院除了降低學(xué)費(fèi)、尋求特殊市場(chǎng)外，還可以依靠捐款來(lái)挽救局面，也可以利用其捐贈(zèng)基金為學(xué)生提供獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金，以努力擴(kuò)大生源，并開(kāi)發(fā)新的學(xué)生資源。材料題根據(jù)以下材料，回答6-10題AAs in most cases of patent law it is not going to

16、 be that simple. One criticism is that being first-to-file gives big and sophisticated organizations, highly experienced at the difficult job of filing for patents, an advantage over smaller outfits that may be technically brilliant but not legally knowledgeable.Another problem is that first-to-file

17、 may make companies rush to put in for a patent before their invention is truly ready.BThe bill does make some changes that could be positive.It creates several new procedures to hinder or defeat bad patents.One would let an alleged infringer of a patent challenge its validity at the Patent and Trad

18、emark Office (PTO), rather than going to court.This would, in theory, be cheaper and faster.But it could still be followed by a lawsuit.CSecond, the bill expands the right of third parties to join the argument at the PTO by showing "prior art" meaning the invention is already known about a

19、nd so a patent should not be granted.This might save time and money for firms which would be affected by a suspicious patent, allowing them to argue things out at an early stage rather than later on in a costly courtroom.DMoreover, the law does little to address the more basic problem of a patent sy

20、stem that has grown in expense for all kinds of companies that want to protect their ideas.The number of disputed cases going to trial, average awards and legal costs have all ballooned.To many, the system looks like a lottery.EThose who think that patents are granted too easily complain that the bi

21、ll will still allow too many suits, especially those by"non-practicing entities," which are also known sarcastically as "patent trolls." These buy up patents and then license them or sue for infringement, rather than using the patents themselves.The too-many-patents crowd wanted

22、to do away, in particular, with "business-method" patents, which claim to have invented a new way of doing business.Instead, the bill did this only for the financial industry,after tough lobbying by Wall Street.And many advocated making it harder to get any kind of patent at all.FOne of th

23、e biggest criticisms of the bill concerns the PTO's funding, which some think should be increased so that the office can hire and keep the best examiners and so reduce a huge piling of applications.Instead, Congress chose to multiply the alternative dispute-resolution procedures at the PTO, givi

24、ng the office more work to do without a guarantee of more money.The result is a mess as well as a missed opportunity.G. After years of hesitating, America is set for patent reform.On September 6th a bill proposing to change the system passed its highest procedural obstacle in the Senate.With Barack

25、Obama supportive, this means the America Invents Act could soon be signed into law.Instead of the "first to invent" principle, which America currently uses, patents will be awarded to inventors who are the "first to file." This is similar to the system most other countries use.Th

26、e aim is to avoid long and difficult legal arguments over who was the first to come up with an idea.G4142E434445.6 單選題 第41題的答案是_A.AB.BC.CD.DE.EF.FG.G正確答案：A參考解析：G是第一段，直接點(diǎn)題，介紹美國(guó)開(kāi)始著手專利改革，并點(diǎn)出了此次專利改革的特點(diǎn)，A首句指出，正如專利法中的大多數(shù)案例一樣，事情不會(huì)就那么簡(jiǎn)單，接下來(lái)介紹了她可能帶來(lái)的問(wèn)題，銜接上面上一段G專利法的改革。A正確。7 單選題 第42題的答案是_A.

27、AB.BC.CD.DE.EF.FG.G正確答案：D參考解析：A段中介紹了美國(guó)專利法改革的兩個(gè)問(wèn)題，D選項(xiàng)第一句：專利法沒(méi)有解決專利申請(qǐng)制度中一個(gè)更根本的問(wèn)題。形成了遞進(jìn)的關(guān)系，繼續(xù)探討專利法更加深層次的問(wèn)題。D正確。8 單選題 第43題的答案是_A.AB.BC.CD.DE.EF.FG.G正確答案：B參考解析：E段中指出了兩種對(duì)專利制度整改的觀點(diǎn)，然后在某一團(tuán)體的游說(shuō)下，進(jìn)行了一部分改變。B段的第一句指出該議案的確作出了改變，而且可能是積極的，并列舉其中一項(xiàng)改變，指出其意義所在。與E形成了語(yǔ)義上的銜接。9 單選題 第44題的答案是_A.AB.BC.CD.D

28、E.EF.FG.G正確答案：C參考解析：B段中的指出了該議案所做的改變，第一條就是被指控侵權(quán)者不必前往法庭，接著C選項(xiàng)就介紹了第二個(gè)好處。C正確。10 單選題 第45題的答案是_A.AB.BC.CD.DE.EF.FG.G正確答案：F參考解析：F為剩下的選項(xiàng)。材料題根據(jù)以下材料，回答11-15題ABy staying on a subject long enough to make all young children familiar with it, the gist becomes understood by all and word learning speeds u

29、p.This is especially important for low-income children, who come to school with smaller vocabularies and rely on school to impart the knowledge base affluent children take for granted.Current reform strategies focus on testing, improving teacher quality, increasing the number of charter schools and

30、other changes.Attention to these structural issues has led to improvements in the best public schools, charter and non charter.But it is not enough.BThe most credible analyses have shown that the chief causes were not demographics or TV watching, but vast curricular changes,especially in the critica

31、l early grades.In the decades before the Great Verbal Decline, a content-rich elementary school experience evolved into a content-light, skills-based, test-centered approach.Cognitive psychologists agree that early childhood language learning (ages 2 to 10)is critical to later verbal competence, not

32、 just because of the remarkable linguistic plasticity of young minds, but also because of the so-called Matthew Effect.CThe latest bad but unsurprising news on education is that reading and writing scores on the SAT have once again declined.The language competence of our high scholars fell steeply i

33、n the 1970s and has never recovered.DThe origin of this cruel truth lies in the nature of word learning.The more words you already know, the faster you acquire new words.This sounds like an invitation to vocabulary study for kids, but that's been tried and it's not effective.Most of the word

34、 meanings we know are acquired indirectly, by intuitively guessing new meanings as we understand the overall gist of what we are hearing or reading.The Matthew Effect in language can be restated this way: "To those who understand the gist shall be given new word meanings, but to those who do no

35、t there shall ensue boredom and frustration."EThis is very worrisome, because the best single measure of the overall quality of our primary and secondary schools is the average verbal score of 17-year-olds.This score correlates with the ability to learn new things readily, to communicate with o

36、thers and to hold down a job.It also predicts future income.The decline has led some commentators to embrace demographic determinismthe idea that the verbal scores of disadvantaged students will not significantly rise until we overcome poverty.But that explanation does not account for the huge drop

37、in verbal scores across socioeconomic groups in the 1970s.FThe name comes from a passage in the Scriptures: "For unto every one that hath shall be given, and he shall have abundance: but from him that hath not shall be taken away even that which he hath." Those who are language-poor in ear

38、ly childhood get relatively poorer, and fall further behind, while the verbally rich get richer.GClearly the key is to make sure that from kindergarten on, every student, from the start, understands the gist of what is heard or read.If preschoolers and kindergartners are offered substantial and cohe

39、rent lessons concerning the human and natural worlds, then the results show up five years or so later in significantly improved verbal scores.(Five years is the time span by which this kind of educational intervention should be judged.)C4142434445A11 單選題 第41題的答案是_A.AB.BC.CD.DE.EF.FG.G正確答案：

40、E參考解析：C段開(kāi)篇點(diǎn)題，指出了美國(guó)教育的一個(gè)問(wèn)題，即中學(xué)生的語(yǔ)言表達(dá)能力再次下降。This is very worrisome, because the best single measure of the overall quality of our primary and secondary schools is the average verbal score of 17-year-olds. E段第一句：這很令人擔(dān)憂，因?yàn)檎Z(yǔ)文分?jǐn)?shù)是衡量中小學(xué)總體教學(xué)質(zhì)量的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，銜接了上一段，對(duì)美國(guó)教育方面的這個(gè)問(wèn)題表達(dá)了擔(dān)憂，同時(shí)給出了看法。E正確。12 單選題 第42題的答案是

41、_A.AB.BC.CD.DE.EF.FG.G正確答案：B參考解析：E段最后提到了一些評(píng)論員欣然接受了人口決定論，但這不是主要原因。推測(cè)下一段可能會(huì)提到主要原因及其分析。The most credible analyses have shown that the chief causes were not demographics or TV watching, but vast curricular changes,especially in the critical early grades. B段談到了主要原因是巨大的課程內(nèi)容的改變。B正確。13 單選題 第43題的答案

42、是_A.AB.BC.CD.DE.EF.FG.G正確答案：F參考解析：B段解釋了內(nèi)容變化對(duì)中小學(xué)生的影響，最后一句提到了Matthew Effect。The name comes from a passage in the Scriptures。 F段的name指的就是Matthew Effect，符合上下文于語(yǔ)義銜接關(guān)系。F正確。14 單選題 第44題的答案是_A.AB.BC.CD.DE.EF.FG.G正確答案：D參考解析：F段指出Matthew Effect來(lái)自于圣經(jīng)的一段文字，并加以闡述，幼兒時(shí)期語(yǔ)言能力差的人會(huì)相應(yīng)的變得更差，他們回落后得更厲害，而那些幼兒時(shí)期語(yǔ)言能力

43、強(qiáng)的人會(huì)變得更好。The origin of this cruel truth lies in the nature of word learning.The more words you already know, the faster you acquire new words.D選項(xiàng)涉及變差原因的解釋，你認(rèn)識(shí)的詞匯越多，你掌握新詞匯的速度就越快，銜接上一段。為什么好的越好，差的越差。D正確。15 單選題 第45題的答案是_A.AB.BC.CD.DE.EF.FG.G正確答案：G參考解析：剩下最后一個(gè)選項(xiàng)G。D中提到當(dāng)我們理解了正在聽(tīng)或讀的東西的大體意思，就能憑直覺(jué)猜出新

44、意思，如果不理解要義，就會(huì)使人感到厭煩。所以G中給出來(lái)提高每個(gè)學(xué)生語(yǔ)文分?jǐn)?shù)的做法就是，確保每個(gè)學(xué)生從一開(kāi)始上幼兒園就理解聽(tīng)到的或讀到的內(nèi)容要義。第二節(jié) 總結(jié)材料題根據(jù)下面資料，回答1-5題PHYSICAL ACTIVITY CAN help optimize the body's defenses against infection. And in the age of novel coronavirus, to many people, that's more important than ever. Taking the right approach to most eff

45、ectively exercise in the name of immune health is key.41_The regularity of your exercise routine may be the most important factor in ensuring the immune benefits of activity, says Jim Beitzel, clinical athletic trainer and clinical coordinator for the Northwestern Medicine Athletic Training & Sp

46、orts Performance Clinic in Warrenville, Illinois. For most adults, 60 minutes of exercise five days per week is the immunity sweet spot, he says. However, if you're new to working out, start small with perhaps 10 or 20 minutes of low-to moderate-intensity exercise per day, and increase your acti

47、vity level over the course of weeks or months as you feel comfortable. As long as you stay consistent, every little bit will help.42_A 2020 paper in Exercise Immunology Reviews confirms that increasing exercise intensity does not suppress immunity or increase the risk of infection. High-intensity ex

48、ercise, generally considered to be anything that increases your heart rate to more than 85% of its max (220 minus your age), can be part of any exercise routine that's aimed at improving you immune health, Beitzel says. Options include running, cycling and rowing sprints as well as fast-paced pl

49、yometric strength training.43_Instead, illness following high-intensity exercise is typically related to inadequate recovery, according to the authors of the Exercise Immunology Reviews paper. As exercise intensity, frequency and duration increase, so does the amount of rest your body needs to recov

50、er from the stressors of exercise and grow back stronger, explains exercise physiologist Mike T. Nelson, based in Minneapolis. What's more, non-exercise-related stressorssuch as financial worries, sleepless nights and existing illnessoccur in large doses, so increasing your recovery efforts is i

51、mportant to recovering from exercise and reducing the risk of overstressing your systems, including your immune one, Nelson says.44_It's OK to enjoy one style of training more than the other, but for optimal immunity (and overall health), integrate both into your weekly routine, Beitzel says. Fe

52、deral guidelines from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend engaging in 75 to 150 minutes of aerobic activity (the lower the intensity, the more time advised) per week and total-body strengthening activities at least two days per week. Examples of aerobic activity include jogging,

53、 swimming and cycling. Strength training can include bodyweight exercises (such as squats and pushups) as well as exercises such as rows and shoulder presses that use free weights, resistance bands or other equipment.45_Whether you're exercising in your living room or in a park, you can benefit

54、your immune system. But there may be additional benefits of breaking a sweat outdoors. Being outside increases the body's levels of immune-system-supporting vitamin D, according to Parikh. Plus, taking your exercise outdoors may strengthen the immune system by activating the body's parasympa

55、thetic "rest and digest" system, according to 2015 research published in Frontiers in Psychology. This system works in opposition with your sympathetic "fight or flight" system to reduce physiological stress levels and lower inflammation that can inhibit healthy immunity.AMake su

56、re to recover.BFocus on consistency.CEnjoy one style of training.DDon't be afraid of intensity.EGet outside.FOptimize the body's defenses.GDo both cardio and strength training.1 單選題 第（41）題選_A.AB.BC.CD.DE.EF.FG.G正確答案：B參考解析：每周五天進(jìn)行60分鐘的運(yùn)動(dòng)是免疫的最佳選擇，剛開(kāi)始運(yùn)動(dòng)可以每天大概10分鐘或20分鐘的低強(qiáng)度開(kāi)始到中等強(qiáng)度的運(yùn)動(dòng)，然后在

57、之后的日子按照自己的接受程度來(lái)增加運(yùn)動(dòng)，堅(jiān)持下去，As long as you stay consistent，every little bit will help，只有Focus on consistency“注重(運(yùn)動(dòng)的)連貫性”，符合本段大意，故為正確答案。2 單選題 第（42）題選_A.AB.BC.CD.DE.EF.FG.G正確答案：D參考解析：increasing exercise intensity does not suppress immunity or increase the risk of infection，增加運(yùn)動(dòng)強(qiáng)度并無(wú)還差，因此可知，本段是圍繞

58、高強(qiáng)度運(yùn)動(dòng)并無(wú)害處而展開(kāi)敘述的，可得知Dont be afraid of intensity“不要害怕強(qiáng)度”，符合本段語(yǔ)意，故為正確答案。3 單選題 第（43）題選_A.AB.BC.CD.DE.EF.FG.G正確答案：A參考解析：so increasing your recovery efforts is important to recovering from exercise and reducing the risk of overstressing your systems, including your immune one, Nelson says. 首句就表明“高強(qiáng)度運(yùn)動(dòng)后的疾病通常與運(yùn)動(dòng)恢復(fù)不足有關(guān)” ，最后最后引用明尼阿波利斯的運(yùn)動(dòng)生理學(xué)家邁克·納爾遜的觀點(diǎn)，確?；謴?fù)工作有助于減少高強(qiáng)度運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)免疫系統(tǒng)造成的壓力過(guò)大的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。因此可知本段強(qiáng)調(diào)了增加運(yùn)動(dòng)恢復(fù)的重要性。A正確。