怎樣做好中考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解(共7頁(yè))

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上怎樣做好中考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解一、閱讀理解題的命題特點(diǎn)閱讀理解能力的培養(yǎng)是中學(xué)英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)的一項(xiàng)重要任務(wù)，也是中考的一項(xiàng)重要內(nèi)容。中考閱讀理解題主要考查學(xué)生的語(yǔ)篇閱讀能力、分析和判斷能力。要求學(xué)生能較快地通過(guò)閱讀理解短文大意，獲取其中的主要信息，能做出正確判斷，然后根據(jù)試題的要求從A, B, C, D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出最佳答案或做出正誤判斷。文章的難易程度和初三課文基本相同，要求閱讀速度為每分鐘40-50個(gè)詞。中考閱讀理解的閱讀材料的選取一般遵循三個(gè)原則：1.閱讀文章不少于三篇，閱讀量在1，000單詞左右；2.題材廣泛，包括科普，社會(huì)，文化，政治，經(jīng)濟(jì)等；3.體裁多樣，包闊記敘文，

2、說(shuō)明文，應(yīng)用文等。中考閱讀理解考查的主要內(nèi)容是：1.考查掌握所讀材料的主旨和大意的能力。此類考查主旨和大意的題大多數(shù)針對(duì)段落（或短文）的主題，主題思想，標(biāo)題或目的，其主要提問(wèn)方式是：1) Which is the best title of the passage?2) Which of the following is this passage about?3) In this passage the writer tries to tell us that_.4) The passage tells us that_.5) This passage mainly talks about_.

3、2.考查把握文章的事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)的能力。此類考查事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)的題目大多數(shù)是針對(duì)文章的細(xì)節(jié)設(shè)計(jì)的，其主要提問(wèn)方式是：1) Which of the following is right?2) Which of the following is not mentioned?3) Which of the following is Not True in the passage?4) Choose the right order of this passage.5) From this passage we know _.3.考查根據(jù)上下文猜測(cè)生詞的含義的能力。此類猜測(cè)詞義的題目要求考生根據(jù)上下文確定某一

4、特定的詞或短語(yǔ)的準(zhǔn)確含義。其主要提問(wèn)方式是：1) The word “ ” in the passage probably means _.2) The underlined word “It” in the passage refers to _.3) In this story the underlined word “ ” means _.4) Here “it” means_.4.考查對(duì)閱讀材料全篇的邏輯關(guān)系的理解，對(duì)文章各段，各句之間的邏輯關(guān)系的理解能力。此類題目主要考查的是句語(yǔ)句之間，短語(yǔ)短之間的邏輯關(guān)系，其主要提問(wèn)方式是：1) Many visitors come to the

5、writers city to _.2) Some shops can be built Donfeng Square so that they may _.3) Air pollution is the most serious kind of pollution because _.4) Why did the writer get off the train two stops before Vienna station?5.考查依據(jù)短文內(nèi)容和考生應(yīng)有的常識(shí)進(jìn)行推理和判斷的能力。此類題目文章中沒(méi)有明確的答案，需要考生再理解全文的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行推理和判斷。其主要提問(wèn)方式是：1) We can

6、guess the writer of the letter may be a _.2) We can infer from the text that _.3) From the letters weve learned that its very _ to know something about American social customs.4) From the story we can guess _.5) What would be happy if ?6.考查推斷作者意圖和態(tài)度的能力。1) How did the writer feel at Vienna station?2)

7、 The writer writes this text to _.3) The writer believes that _.4) The writer suggests that _.二、閱讀理解題的解題技巧 明確了閱讀理解題的考查要點(diǎn)以后，我們現(xiàn)在來(lái)研究破解閱讀理解題的方法和技巧。1如何獲取段落的主旨和大意？ 最有效的辦法是找出主題句。一篇文章（或一段文章）通常都是圍繞一個(gè)中心意思展開(kāi)的。而這個(gè)中心意思往往由一個(gè)句子來(lái)概括。這個(gè)能概括文章或段落中心意思的句子叫做主題句。因此，理解一個(gè)段落或一篇文章的中心意思首先要學(xué)會(huì)尋找主題句。主題句一般具有三個(gè)特點(diǎn)：1）表述的意思比較概括，相對(duì)其主句來(lái)

8、看，這種概括性更為明顯。2）句子結(jié)構(gòu)較簡(jiǎn)單，多數(shù)都不采用長(zhǎng)、難句的形式。3）段落中其它的句子必定是用來(lái)解釋、支撐或發(fā)展主題句所表述的主題思想。在一個(gè)段落中，大部分主題句的位置有兩種：1）主題句在段首 主題句在段首的情況相當(dāng)普遍。一般新聞報(bào)道、說(shuō)明文, 議論文大都采用先總述，后分述的敘事方法。例如：某年陜西省英語(yǔ)中考試題閱讀材料B的第一段：All living things on the earth need other living things to live. Nothing lives alone. Most animals must live in a group, and even

9、a plant grows close together with others of the same kind. Sometimes one living thing kills another, one eats and the other is eaten. Each kind of life eats another kind of life in order to live, and together they form a food chain(食物鏈)。Some food chains become broken up if one of the links disappear

10、s.第一句即是主題句。這個(gè)句子概括了本段的中心意思，“地球上所有的生物要生存都離不開(kāi)其它的生物”。后面講述了大量的事實(shí)，“大部分動(dòng)物必須成群的生活，甚至一種植物也要和其它同類的植物靠在一起生長(zhǎng)。有時(shí)一種生物殺死另一種生物，一種生物吃另一種生物，而另一種生物被吃”。在列舉了大量的事實(shí)之后，作者指出：如果這些食物鏈中的一個(gè)鏈環(huán)消失，所有的食物都會(huì)斷掉。所有這些事實(shí)都是圍繞第一個(gè)句子展開(kāi)的。2）主題句在段末。 用歸納法寫文章時(shí)，往往表述細(xì)節(jié)的句子在前，概述性的句子在后，并以此結(jié)尾。這種位于句末的主題句往往是對(duì)前面細(xì)節(jié)的總結(jié)，歸納或結(jié)論。例如某年陜西省中考試題閱讀材料A的最后一段：If you buy

11、 some well-made clothes, you can save money because they can last longer. They look good even after they have been washed many times. Sometimes some clothes cost more money, but it does not mean that they are always better made, or they always fit better. In other words, some less expensive clothes

12、look and fit better than more expensive clothes.這段文章前面列舉了兩件事實(shí)：如果你買一些制作優(yōu)良的衣服，你會(huì)省錢，因?yàn)檫@些衣服能穿得時(shí)間長(zhǎng)一些。即使他們洗了很多次，仍然看起來(lái)很好。有時(shí)有些衣服花得前更多，但并不意味著這些衣服做得更好。最后一句話是對(duì)這兩個(gè)事實(shí)的概括：有些價(jià)錢便宜的衣服比價(jià)前貴的衣服更好看，更合身。段末這個(gè)句子就是主題句。2如何根據(jù)上下文猜測(cè)詞義？猜測(cè)詞義也是一種英語(yǔ)閱讀能力。英語(yǔ)閱讀理解試題中有不少這樣的題目。任何一個(gè)實(shí)詞，只有在一定的上下文中才能表示一個(gè)確定的詞義。所謂上下文(context),正如英語(yǔ)辭典所解釋的，其作用就是幫

13、助確定上下文中的詞、短語(yǔ)或句子的意義。據(jù)此，我們可以盡可能地利用上下文來(lái)猜測(cè)詞義，即從已知推求未知，也就是用我們所熟悉的詞或短語(yǔ)來(lái)猜測(cè)我們不熟悉的詞的詞義。猜測(cè)詞義時(shí)，我們可以從三個(gè)方面來(lái)考慮：1）根據(jù)上下文已知部分進(jìn)行邏輯上的推理。2）運(yùn)用語(yǔ)法知識(shí)進(jìn)行語(yǔ)法分析。3）依靠常識(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)做出判斷。根據(jù)上下文猜測(cè)詞義的方法有下列幾種：(1)根據(jù)定義或解釋猜測(cè)詞義。例如：甘肅省某年中考英語(yǔ)試題閱讀材料B:A bag is useful and the word “bag” is useful. It gives us someinteresting phrases(短語(yǔ)). One is “ to le

14、t the cat out of the bag.” It is the same as “to tell a secret”.Now when someone lets out (泄漏)a secret, he “l(fā)ets the cat out of the bag.”短文后面有一個(gè)理解題目：John “l(fā)ets the cat out of the bag” means he _.A. makes everyone know a secretB. the woman bought a catC. buys a cat in the bagD. sells the cat in the b

15、ag在這篇文章里，“l(fā)et the cat out of the bag”雖然是一個(gè)新出現(xiàn)的短語(yǔ)，但緊接著后面就給出解釋It is the same as “to tell a secret.根據(jù)這一解釋，我們就可判斷出正確答案應(yīng)為A。（2）根據(jù)并列、同位關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義。例如：福州市某年中考英語(yǔ)試題的閱讀材料A:In the northeast of the United States, summer temperatures are very different from winter temperatures. Summer is usually hot, and winter is usu

16、ally cold. Spring temperatures are warm, and fall temperatures are cool.文后有這樣一道閱讀理解題：The word “fall” in this passage means _.A. drop B. down C. autumn D. spring 盡管fall 一詞課本里沒(méi)出現(xiàn)過(guò)，但根據(jù)文中的并列關(guān)系Summer is usually hot, and winter is usually cold. Spring temperatures are warm, and fall temperatures are cool.

17、 我們就可猜出fall就是autumn。 除了前面提到的方法以外，還有下面一些方法：（3）根據(jù)同義、反義、因果關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義。 3如何確定細(xì)節(jié)和事實(shí)？ 在閱讀理解題目中，有相當(dāng)一部分是考查細(xì)節(jié)和事實(shí)的題目。這類題目相對(duì)容易一些。這些題目有兩個(gè)共同特點(diǎn)：（1）凡屬針對(duì)特定細(xì)節(jié)的考題，其正確答案大都可以在閱讀材料中找到對(duì)應(yīng)的文字部分作為驗(yàn)證。這一部分可能是一個(gè)詞或短語(yǔ)，也可能是一個(gè)句子或相關(guān)的若干句子，但句式、用詞和表達(dá)方式不同。（2）干擾項(xiàng)往往是主體思想與細(xì)節(jié)混雜，正確答案細(xì)節(jié)和非正確答案的細(xì)節(jié)混雜，甚至真假混雜。因此，要做好閱讀理解中的確定細(xì)節(jié)和事實(shí)的題目，一要在文章中找出相應(yīng)的信息點(diǎn)，二要排除

18、干擾項(xiàng)。請(qǐng)看陜西省中考英語(yǔ)試題閱讀理解題第48小題：All living things on the earth need other living things to live . Nothing lives alone . Most animals must live in a group , and even a plant grows close together with others of the same kind . Sometimes one living thing kills another , one eats and the other is eaten . Each

19、 kind of life eats another kind of life in order to live , and together they form a food chain食物鏈. Some food chains are simple , while others are not . But all food chains begin with the sun , and all food chains become broken up if one of the links disappears. All life needs sunlight to live on . B

20、ut only plants can use sunlight directly . Plants are “factories”. They make food from sunlight , water and things in the soil and air. Plants feed all other living things . Animals can only use the suns energy 能量after it has been changed into food by plants . Some animals feed directly on plants ,o

21、thers eat smaller animals . Meat-eating animals are only eating plants indirectly . What about human beings ? We are members of many food chains . We eat wheat , rice , vegetables , fruits and so on . We also eat meat and drink milk . But men often break up the food chains . They kill wild animals .

22、 They also make rivers , lakes and seas dirty . When these rivers , lakes and seas are polluted , the fish in them can not be eaten . If men eat the fish , they will get strange diseases. Each form of life is linked to all others . Breaking the links puts all life in danger. 46. How does every livin

23、g thing on the earth live ? A. Each plant can live aloneB. Each animal can live alone. C. If living things want to live , they must kill each other. D. Every living thing on the earth cannot live without others. 47. Which living things can use the suns energy directly ? A. Animals. B. Plants C. Both

24、 animals and plants D. All living things. 48. What do plants make food from ? They make food from _. A. sunlight , water and things in the soil and air B. water , sunlight and things in the soil C. water and things in the soil and air D. water , sunlight and things in the soil 49. Who often break up

25、 the food chains ? A. Human beings. B. Animals. C. Plants and animals. D. Men and wild animals. 50. Which of the following do you think is the best title for this passage ? A. Animals B. Plants C. Food Chains D. Living Things 這一小題考查的就是文章的細(xì)節(jié)和事實(shí)。這一細(xì)節(jié)和事實(shí)的表述在文章中可以直接找到：Plants are “factories”. They make f

26、ood from sunlight, water and things in the soil and air.4如何進(jìn)行推斷？ 所謂推斷，就是根據(jù)閱讀材料中所提供的信息，推斷出未知的信息。即把有關(guān)的文字作為已知部分，從中推斷出未知部分。句一推斷的有關(guān)文字可能是詞或句子，也可能是若干句子，甚至是全文。 中考英語(yǔ)試題中的推斷題很多，包括的面也很大。其類型主要有以下幾種：1）事實(shí)推斷：這種推斷常常針對(duì)某一個(gè)或幾個(gè)具體細(xì)節(jié)，是比較簡(jiǎn)單的推斷。進(jìn)行這種推斷，要首先在文章中找出據(jù)以推斷的有關(guān)文字，然后加以分析，尤其要悟出字里行間的意思。請(qǐng)看2011年南京市中考英語(yǔ)試題閱讀理解第59小題：Hundreds

27、 of years ago, news was carried from place to place by people on foot or by horse. It took days, weeks and sometimes months for people to receive news. Now it is possible to send words and pictures around the world in seconds(秒). Billions of people learn about news stories of their own country and a

28、ll over the world every day, either by watching TV or reading newspapers.Newspapers have been an important part of everyday life since the 18th century. Many countries have hundreds of different newspapers. How do newspaper editors(編輯) decide which news stories to print (印刷)? Why do they print some

29、stories and not others? What makes a good newspaper story?Firstly, it is important to report new stories. TV stations can report news much faster than newspapers. Yet, newspapers give more about the same story. They may also look at the story in another way, or they may print completely (完全地) differ

30、ent stories to those on TV.Secondly, a news story has to be interesting and unusual. People dont want to read stories about everyday life As a result, many stories are about some kind of danger and seem to be bad news. For example, newspapers never print stories about planes landing safely, instead

31、they print stories about plane accidents.Another factor(因素) is also very important in many news stories. Many people are interested in news in foreign countries, but more prefer to read stories about people, places and events (事件) in their own country. So the stories on the front page in Chinese new

32、spapers are usually very different from the ones in British, French and American newspapers.56. According (根據(jù)) the passage, how do people learn about news stories in the world now?A. They carry news stories and tell others from place to place oh foot or by horse.B. They tell each other what they hav

33、e seen with their eyes.C. They watch TV or read newspapers.D. They listen to the radio every day.57. The difference between newspaper stories and TV news reports is that .A. people can learn more about the same news story from a newspaperB. people can read the news story more quickly in a newspaperC

34、. people can read news stories in other countriesD. people can read news stories about their own country58. To make a good newspaper story, how many factors does the passage talk about?A. Two. B. Three. C. Five. D. Six.59. According to the passage, which of the following can you most possibly watch

35、on TV?A. You often play football with your friends after school.B. Your teacher has got a cold.C. A tiger in the city zoo has run out and hasnt been caught.D. The bike in the front of your house is lost.60. Which of the following is Not True of this passage?A. News stories on the front page of every

36、 country are always the same.B. People like to read interesting and unusual news.C. Not only TV but also newspapers can help people to learn what is happening around the world.D. Newspapers have been an important part of everyday life for more than three hundred years. 在閱讀材料中，有這樣一段文字：Secondly, a new

37、s story has to be interesting and unusual. People dont want to read stories about everyday life. As a result, many stories are about some kind of danger and seem to be “bad” news. 根據(jù)這段文字，我們可以推斷：電視報(bào)道的新聞故事硬是有趣的和不平常的。因此，正確答案應(yīng)為C。 推斷題還包括以下幾個(gè)方面：2）指代推斷：確定指代詞的含義和指代對(duì)象是閱讀理解題常見(jiàn)的題目。要確定指代詞所指代的對(duì)象，關(guān)鍵在于對(duì)所在上下文的正確理解。

38、指代名詞的指代詞，其單復(fù)數(shù)形式英語(yǔ)被指代的詞一致，因此數(shù)的形式可作為識(shí)別指代對(duì)象第一個(gè)輔助標(biāo)志。3）邏輯推斷這類題目往往是要求根據(jù)文章所提供的背景，人物的表情，動(dòng)作和語(yǔ)言來(lái)推斷出人物的態(tài)度或感覺(jué)。4）對(duì)作者的意圖和態(tài)度的推斷 這一類考題大都要求考生就作者對(duì)論述對(duì)象持什么樣的態(tài)度做出推斷， 如作者對(duì)所陳述的觀點(diǎn)是贊同、反對(duì)，還是猶豫不定，對(duì)記述或描寫的人、物或事件是贊頌、同情、冷漠，還是厭惡。作者的這種思想傾向和感情色彩不一定直接表述出來(lái)，而往往隱含在字里行間。因此，進(jìn)行這種推斷時(shí)，我們既要依靠短文的主題思想作為推力的前提，又要注意作者的措辭，尤其是形容詞一類的修飾語(yǔ)。三、 閱讀理解題的實(shí)例分析

39、請(qǐng)看中考英語(yǔ)試題閱讀材料A:Happiness is for everyone. You dont need to care about those people who have beautiful houses with large gardens and swimming pools or those who have nice cars and a lot of money and so on. Why? Because those who have big houses may often feel lonely and those who have cars may want to

40、 walk on the country roads at their free time.In fact, happiness is always around you if you put your heart into it. When you are in trouble at school, your friends will help you; when you study hard at your lessons, your parents are always taking good care of your life and your health; when you get

41、 success, your friends will say congratulations to you; when you do something wrong, people around you will help you to correct it. And when you do something good to others, you will feel happy, too. All these are your happiness. If you notice a bit of them, you can see that happiness is always arou

42、nd you.Happiness is not the same as money. It is a feeling of your heart. When you are poor, you can also you are very happy, because you have something else that cant be bought with money. When you meet with difficulties, you can say loudly you are very happy, because you have more chances to chall

43、enge yourself. So you cannot always say you are poor and poor and you have bad luck. As the saying goes, life is like a revolving(旋轉(zhuǎn)的)door. When it does, it also opens. If you take every chance you get, you can be a happy and lucky person.1. Those who have big houses may often feel _.A. happy B. lonely C. free D. exci