英語(yǔ)四級(jí)考試翻譯題傳統(tǒng)文化各種模板

1、中國(guó)龍對(duì)龍圖騰他的崇拜在中國(guó)大約已綿延了八千多年。中國(guó)龍是古人將魚、蛇、馬、 牛等動(dòng)物與云霧、雷電等自然天象集合而成的一種神物。 中國(guó)龍的形成與中華 民族的多元融合過(guò)程同步。 在中國(guó)人的心目中， 龍具有振奮騰飛、 開拓變化的寓 意和團(tuán)結(jié)凝聚的精神。譯文Chinese Dragon Dragon totem worship in China has been around forthe last 8,000 years. The ancients in China considered the dragon (or loong) a fetish that combines animals in

2、cluding the fish, snake, horse and ox with cloud, thunder, lightning and other natural celestial phenomena. The Chinese dragon was formed in accordance with the multicultural fusion process of the Chinese nation. To the Chinese, the dragon signifies innovation and cohesion.二、秧歌多彩的表演服裝，他們的表演動(dòng)作有力迅速。在農(nóng)

3、歷春節(jié)、元宵節(jié)等節(jié)日期間， 人們一旦聽到鑼鼓聲， 不管外面天氣有多冷，他們都會(huì)蜂擁到街上看秧歌舞表演。 近年來(lái)，中國(guó)東北某些城市的老年人自發(fā)組織了了秧歌隊(duì)， 隊(duì)員常年通過(guò)跳秧歌 舞來(lái)保持健康，同事他們也樂(lè)在其中Yangko is one of tradition folk dance of Han in China.lt is usually performed in no rther n provin ces. The dan cers usually wear colorful and light costumes, and the performa nee is powerful and

4、 rapid. During some festivals such as Spring Festival, Lantein Festival, if people hear the sound of drum and gong, no matter how cold the weather is , they will come to street and appreciate the Yan gko. Rece nt years, the old people in city of east- northern of Chi na orga ni zed the team of Yan g

5、ko by themselves, the teamers keep their health by dancing Yan gko the whole year.長(zhǎng)城是人類創(chuàng)造的世界奇跡之一。 如果你到了中國(guó)卻沒(méi)去過(guò)長(zhǎng)城，就想到了巴黎 沒(méi)有去看看菲爾鐵塔，或者就像到了埃及沒(méi)有去看金字塔一樣。人們常說(shuō)：“不到長(zhǎng)城非好漢。”實(shí)際上，長(zhǎng)城最初只是一些斷斷續(xù)續(xù)的城墻，直到秦朝統(tǒng)一中 國(guó)后才將其連城長(zhǎng)城。然而，今天我們看到的長(zhǎng)城一一東起山海關(guān)，西至嘉峪 關(guān)一一大部分都是在明代修建的。The Great Wall is one of the wonders of the world that creat

6、ed by huma n bein gs! If you come to China without climb ing the Great Wall, it's just like going Paris without visiting the Eiffel Tower; or going to Egypt without visiting the Pyramids! Men often say, "He who doest not reach the Great Wall is not a true man ."I n fact, it began as in

7、dependent walls for different states when it was first built, and did not become the "GreatWall" until the Qin Dynasty. However, the wall we see today, starting from Shan haigua n Pass in the east to Jiay un gua n Pass in the west, was mostly built duri ng the Ming Dyn asty.歡迎下載19餃子是深受中國(guó)人民

8、喜愛(ài)的傳統(tǒng)食品。相傳為古代醫(yī)圣張仲景發(fā)明。餃子的制作是包括：1）搟皮、2）備餡、3）包餡水煮三個(gè)步驟。其特點(diǎn)是皮薄餡嫩，味 道鮮美，形狀獨(dú)特，百食不厭。民間有“好吃不過(guò)餃子”的俗語(yǔ)。中國(guó)人接親待 客、逢年過(guò)節(jié)都有包餃子吃的習(xí)俗，寓意吉利。對(duì)崇尚親情的中國(guó)人來(lái)說(shuō)，“更's favorite歲交子”吃餃子，更是歡度除夕、辭舊迎新必不可少的內(nèi)容。Dumpli ngs Dumpli ngs are one of the Chin ese peopletraditi onal dishes. Accordi ng to an ancient Chin ese lege nd, dumpli ng

9、s were first made by the medical saint-Zhang Zhongjing. There are three steps invo Ived in maki ng dumpli ngs: 1) make dumpli ng wrappers out of dumpli ng flour; 2) prepare the dumpli ng stuffi ng; 3) make dumpli ngs and boil them. With thin and elastic dough skin, fresh and tender stuffing, delicio

10、us taste, and unique shapes, dumpli ngs are worth eat ing hundreds of times. There ' s an old saying that claims,“ Nothing could bemore delicious than dumplings ” . During the Spring Festival and other holidays, or when treating relatives and friends, Chinese people like to follow the auspicious

11、 custom of eati ng dumpli ngs. To Chin ese people who show high revere nee for family love, hav ing dumpli ngs at the mome nt the old year is replaced by the new is an esse ntial part of biddi ng farewell to the old and usheri ng in the new year.五、針灸針灸是中醫(yī)學(xué)的重要組成部分。按照中醫(yī)的經(jīng)絡(luò)理論，針灸療法主要是通過(guò)疏通經(jīng)絡(luò)、調(diào)和氣血，來(lái)達(dá)到陰陽(yáng)歸于

12、平衡，使臟腑趨于調(diào)和之目的。其特點(diǎn)是“內(nèi) 病外治”。主要療法是用針刺入病人身體的一定穴位，或用艾火的溫?zé)岽碳?病人的穴位，以達(dá)到刺激經(jīng)絡(luò)。治療病痛的目的。針灸以其獨(dú)特的優(yōu)勢(shì)，流傳至 今并傳播到了世界，與中餐、功夫、中藥一起被海外譽(yù)為中國(guó)的“新四大國(guó)粹”Acup un cture is an importa nt part of traditi onal Chin ese medic ine(TCM). I n accorda nee with the “ main and collateral cha nn els” theory inTCM, the purpose of acup un

13、 cture is to dredge the cha nnel and regulate qi and blood, so as to keep the body ' s yin and yang balaneed and achieve rec on ciliati on betwee n the internal orga ns. It features intraditi onal Chin ese medici ne that“ in ternal diseases are to be treatedwith external therapy” . The main ther

14、apy of acupuncture invoIves usingneedles to pierce certain acupoints of the patient' s body, or adoptingmoxibustion to stimulate the patient' s acupoints so as to stimulate thechannels and relieve pain. With its unique advantages, acupuncture has bee n han ded dow n gen eratio n after gen er

15、ati on and has now spread allover the world. Nowadays, acup un cture, along with Chin ese food, kungfu (otherwise known as Chinese martial arts), and traditional Chinese medici ne, has bee n in ternatio nally hailed as one of the“ four newn ati onal treasures.”六、七夕節(jié)自上世紀(jì)90年代后期起，七夕節(jié)(the Double Seventh

16、 Festival )開始被稱為“中國(guó)的情人節(jié)”。這個(gè)節(jié)日可以追溯到漢朝，當(dāng)時(shí)對(duì)戀人、女孩都是個(gè)特殊的日子。 這天，女孩會(huì)舉行儀式，向織女(Zhinv)乞求智慧、技藝和美滿婚姻，所以七夕 節(jié)還被稱為“乞巧節(jié)(the Begging for SkillsFestival) ”。如今，一些傳統(tǒng)習(xí)俗 已經(jīng)弱化。人們現(xiàn)在把七夕節(jié)當(dāng)作浪漫的情人節(jié)來(lái)慶祝，尤其是在年輕人中間。The Double Seventh Festival has been called Chinese Valentine' sDay since the late 1990s. The festival can be tra

17、ced back to the HanDyn asty. It was the n a special day not only for lovers, but also for girls.Girls would hold a cerem ony to beg Zhinv for wisdom, skills and a satisfy ing marriage. So it is also called“ the Begg ing for SkillsFestival ” .Today some traditional customs have been weakened. Now the

18、 festival is celebrated as a romantic valentine' s day, particularly amongyoung people.七、茶文化原文：中國(guó)是一個(gè)文化歷史悠久的(time-ho nored)國(guó)度，也是一個(gè)禮儀(ceremo ny an ddecorum)之邦。每當(dāng)客人來(lái)訪，都需要泡茶給客人喝。在給客人奉茶之前，你應(yīng)該問(wèn)問(wèn)他們都喜歡喝什么類型的茶，并采用最合適的茶具奉上 奉茶期間，主人需要仔細(xì)留意客人的茶杯里的茶量。通常，若是用茶杯泡的茶， 在茶喝完一半之后就應(yīng)該加開水，這樣，茶杯就一直都是滿的，茶的芳香(bouquet)也得以保留。

19、China is a country with a time-honored civilization and also a land of cerem ony and decorum.Whe never guests visit, it is n ecessary to make and serve tea to them.Before serving tea, you may ask them for their prefere nces as to what kind of tea they fan cy, and serve them the tea in the most appro

20、priate teacups .In the course of serv ing tea, the host should take careful note of how much water remains in the guests cups.Usually, if the tea is made in a teacup,boiling water should be added into the cup when half of the tea in it has been consumed; and thus the cup is kept filled and the tea r

21、eta ins the same bouquet.八、八大菜系中國(guó)一個(gè)幅員遼闊、資源豐富、歷史悠久的多民族國(guó)家，每個(gè)民族都有其獨(dú)特的 豐富菜肴。地域菜系在地理環(huán)境、氣候、文化傳統(tǒng)、民族風(fēng)俗和其他因素的影響 下經(jīng)過(guò)悠久歷史的發(fā)展已經(jīng)成形。 最有影響力、最具代表性的是魯、川、粵、閩、 蘇、浙、湘、徽菜系，這八種被人們稱為“八大菜系”。中國(guó)的“八大菜系”是 以多種多樣的烹飪方法區(qū)分的，各有其長(zhǎng)處。參考譯文： Eight Major Cuis inesChina is a time-honored multi-ethnics nation with a vast territoryand abunda

22、nt resources, and every eth nic group has its uniqueabundant dishes. Regi onal cuis ines have take n shape after Ion g-history evolutio n un der the in flue nee of geographical en vir onment, climate, cultural traditi on, folk customs and other factors. The most in flue ntial and represe ntative one

23、s are Lu, Chua n ，Yue, Mi n, Su ，Zhe, Xia ng and Hui Cuis in es, which are com monly known as “ Eight Major Cuis ines ” . Dishes in the “ Eight Major Cuisines ” in China are characterized by diversified cooking skills, with each having its strong points.原文：筷子(chopsticks)是中國(guó)古人發(fā)明的一種具有鮮明民族特色的進(jìn)食工具 (tabl

24、eware)，是反映中國(guó)飲食文化特色的重要組成部分。中國(guó)人使用筷子的歷 史可追溯到商代，距今已有三千多年。筷子可謂是中國(guó)國(guó)粹，既輕巧又靈活，在 世界各國(guó)餐具中獨(dú)樹一幟，被西方人譽(yù)為“東方的文明”。凡是使用過(guò)筷子的人, 不論中國(guó)人或是外國(guó)人，都因其使用方便、物美價(jià)廉而贊嘆不絕。參考譯文：The ChopsticksChopsticks, inven ted by ancient Chin ese people, are a kind of tableware with distinet national features, being an important component that re

25、flects the characteristics of Chin ese diet culture.The history of using chopsticks in China dates back to the Shang Dynasty, more than3,000 years ago.Chopsticks, the quin tesse nee of Chin ese culture, whose lightness and flexibility develop a school of its own among various tableware all over the

26、world, are praised as "Eastern Civilizatio n" by the wester ners.AII those people who have ever used chopsticks, no matter Chin ese or foreig ners, marvel at their convenien ce, excelle nt quality and reas on able price.功夫茶(Gongfu tea)不是一種茶葉或茶的名字，而是一種沖泡的手藝。人們叫它 功夫茶，足因?yàn)檫@種泡茶方式十分講究：它的操作過(guò)程需要一定

27、的技術(shù)，以及泡 茶和品茶的知識(shí)和技能。功夫茶起源于宋朝，在廣東的潮州府(今潮汕地區(qū))一帶最為盛行，后來(lái)在全國(guó)各地流行。功夫茶以濃度(concen tratio n)高著稱。制作功夫茶主要使用的茶葉足烏龍茶(Oolongtea),因?yàn)樗軡M足功夫茶色、香、味的 要求。Gongfu tea is not one kind of tea or the n ame of tea,but a skill of making tea.People call it Gongfu tea for the reason of its exquisite process. The operati onal pro

28、cedures require certa in tech niq ues,kno wledge and skill of brew ing and tast ing tea. Gongfu tea origi nated in the Song Dyn asty and prevailed mostly in Chaozhou Guangdong Provin ce(Now: Chaosha n Area). It later became popular around the nation. Gongfu tea is famous for its high concentration.

29、Oolong tea is mainly used in making the Gongfu tea because it can meet the requireme nts of color, flavor and taste of the Gongfu tea.舞獅(lion da nee)是一種由一人或兩人身披獅型服裝(lio ncostume)進(jìn)行表演的民間表演藝術(shù)。據(jù)記載，舞獅有兩千多年的悠久歷史，在唐朝時(shí)被引入皇室，成 為皇室的娛樂(lè)項(xiàng)目。舞獅最注重的是技巧，舞獅者要以夸張的方式模仿獅子的各 種表情和動(dòng)作。經(jīng)過(guò)幾千年的發(fā)展，舞獅已經(jīng)在各地形成了不同的表演特色。在中國(guó)的傳統(tǒng)風(fēng)俗中，獅

30、子是一種可以去除災(zāi)難、帶來(lái)幸運(yùn)的吉祥物(mascot)。因此，每逢節(jié)日或隆重的慶典，人們都以舞獅來(lái)營(yíng)造歡樂(lè)和熱鬧的氣氛。Lio n dance is a folk perform ing art performed by on eor two pers ons in lion costumes. According torecords, the dance, with a long history of more tha n2,000 years, was in troduced to the royal family as aform of en terta inment duri ng T

31、ang Dyn asty. Skill isgive n top priority in perform ing the lio n dance and performers are required to imitate variousexpressi ons and moveme nts of lio ns in an exaggerated way. After thousa nds years ofdevelopme nt, diverse perform ing characteristics indiffere nt regi ons have bee n formed. In t

32、hetraditi onal Chin ese custom the lion is regarded as a mascot that wards off misfort unes an dbri ngs good luck. Therefore, duri ng festivals and grand cerem oni es, people would perform lio ndance to create a happy and excit ing atmosphere.1. 第一句較長(zhǎng)，可先提煉其“舞獅是一種民間表演藝術(shù)”，譯為L(zhǎng)ion danceis a folk perform

33、i ng art;“由一人或兩人身披獅型服裝進(jìn)行表演的”可譯為過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)。2. 第二句可將“舞獅在唐朝時(shí)被引入皇室，成為皇室的娛樂(lè)項(xiàng)目”處理為主 句。“有兩千多年的悠久歷史”可譯為 with a Ion ghistory of.，作為插入語(yǔ)， 放在主語(yǔ)之后。3. 第三句“舞獅最注重的是”包含兩短句，使用and連接的并列結(jié)構(gòu)；翻 譯時(shí)可采用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，即 skill is give ntop priority in .a nd performers are required to.。4. 倒數(shù)第二句中“獅子是一種”，隱含獅子在人們心中的形象，譯為 is regarded as.比譯成is，

34、表達(dá)更加地道。十二、神話盡管中國(guó)古代神話(mythology)沒(méi)有十分完整的情節(jié)，神話人物也沒(méi)有系統(tǒng)的家 譜(genealogy)，但它們卻有著鮮明的東方文化特色，其中尤為顯著的是它的尚 德精神(the spirit of esteeming virtue)。這種尚德精神在與西方神話特別是希 臘神話比較時(shí)，顯得更加突出。在西方神話尤其是希臘神話中， 對(duì)神的褒貶標(biāo)準(zhǔn)多以智慧、力量為準(zhǔn)則，而中國(guó)古代神話對(duì)神的褒貶則多以道德為準(zhǔn)繩。這種思維方式深植于中國(guó)的文化之中。幾千年來(lái)，這種尚德精神影響著人們對(duì)歷史人物 的品評(píng)與現(xiàn)實(shí)人物的期望。Although ancient Chin ese mytholog

35、y does not have relatively complete plot and mythological figures don't have systematic gen ealogy, they have distinct features of oriental culture, among which the spirit of esteem ing virtue is particularly sig ni fica nt.Whe n compared with Western mythology, especially Greek mythology, this

36、spirit of esteeming virtue is eve n more prominen t.I n Wester n mythology, especially Greek mythology,the criteria for judgi ng whether a god is good or not are mostly the god's wisdom and strength,while in ancient Chinese mythology, the criterion lies in morality. This way of thinking is deepl

37、y rooted in Chinese culture.For thousands of years, this spirit of esteeming virtue has affected people's comme nts on historical figures and expectati ons of real people.詞句點(diǎn)撥1. 神話人物：可譯為 mythological figures 。2. 系統(tǒng)的家譜：可譯為systematic genealogy 。其中systematic 意為系統(tǒng) 的，是system的形容詞形式。3. 其中尤為顯著的是它的尚德精神：將

38、此句譯為定語(yǔ)從句among which thespirit of esteeming virtue is particularly significant,承接前一句，可以使譯文結(jié)構(gòu)更加緊湊，邏輯更加清晰。十三、度量衡計(jì)量，古稱度量衡，是實(shí)現(xiàn)單位制統(tǒng)一，保證量值準(zhǔn)確可靠的活動(dòng)，是現(xiàn)代國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)、科技、社會(huì)發(fā)展的重要基礎(chǔ)。計(jì)量歷史悠久，關(guān)系國(guó)計(jì)民生。公元前 221 年秦朝建立，秦始皇統(tǒng)一度量衡，成為中國(guó)古代統(tǒng)一計(jì)量制度的里程碑。1875年5月20日米制公約的簽署，開辟了全球范圍內(nèi)推行國(guó)際單位制的近代計(jì) 量新紀(jì)元。以量子物理為基礎(chǔ)的現(xiàn)代計(jì)量科學(xué)技術(shù)的研究與應(yīng)用，為人類文明發(fā)展提供了更加精準(zhǔn)的現(xiàn)代計(jì)量

39、技術(shù)保障。1999年第21屆國(guó)際計(jì)量大會(huì)決定： 自2000年起，每年5月20日為“世界計(jì)量日”。2015年世界計(jì)量日的中國(guó) 宣傳主題與國(guó)際主題一致，為“計(jì)量與光”。Measurement, which is called metrology in ancient times, is theimporta nt foun dati on of social developme nt of the moder n coun tries'economy, scie nee and tech no logy. It has a long history and plays an importa

40、 nt role in n ati onal welfare and the people's livelihood.Established in 221 BC, in the Qin dynasty, Qinshihuang unified weightsand measures, and became a un ified system for the measureme nt ofmilestone in ancient China. On May 20th, 1875, the signing of theconven ti on on metric, ope ned up a

41、 worldwide to impleme nt new era ofmoder n intern ati onal system of un its of measureme nt. Based on qua ntum physics, research and applicati on of moder n measureme nt scie nee and tech no logy, provides more accurate moder n metrology technical support for the development of human civilization. I

42、n 1999, the 21st intern ati onal conference on measureme nt made a decisi on that since 2000, May 20 is for "World Metrology Day". China's propaganda theme of 2015 is in line with international theme for "measurement and light".春節(jié)是中國(guó)人一年中的第一個(gè)傳統(tǒng)佳節(jié)。過(guò)去，春節(jié)被稱為“新年”，因?yàn)榘凑?中國(guó)一直沿用的農(nóng)歷，這天

43、是正月初一，為新一年的開頭。據(jù)記載，中國(guó)人民過(guò) 春節(jié)已有4000多年的歷史，它是由虞舜興起的。公元前兩千多年的一天，舜即 天子位，帶領(lǐng)著部下人員，祭拜天地。從此，人們就把這一天當(dāng)作歲首，算是正 月初一。據(jù)說(shuō)這就是農(nóng)歷新年的由來(lái)，后來(lái)叫春節(jié)。1911年辛亥革命后，中國(guó)采用公歷紀(jì)年，農(nóng)歷新年便改稱“春節(jié)”。new year ” , for this day wasSpring Festival is the first traditional festival for the Chinese people.In the past years, Spring Festival was called

44、the first day of the lunar month accord ing to the lunar cale ndar which had long bee n used in China, so it was the beg inning of a new year. It is recorded that Chinese people have celebrated Spring Festival for more than 4000 years, which was started by Yu Shun. One day as far back as 2000 B.C, S

45、hun was in augurated as the emperor. He led his men to hold a cerem ony in honor of Heave n and Earth. From the n on, people saw that day as the beg inning of the year, i.e. the first day of the lunar mon th. This is said to be the orig in of the lunar new year, which was called Spring Festival late

46、r. After the Revolution of 1911, China began to number the years according to the Gregorian calendar, and it was then that the lunar new year bega n to be called Spring Festival.中國(guó)因其國(guó)寶(national treasure)熊貓一而聞名于世。熊貓的食物竹子一也深 受中國(guó)人民的喜愛(ài)。中國(guó)是世界上擁有竹子最多的國(guó)家，被稱為竹子的王國(guó)。竹文化長(zhǎng)久以來(lái)深深根植于中國(guó)人的思想中。 對(duì)中國(guó)人民來(lái)說(shuō)，竹子是美德的象征。 它反映了

47、人的靈魂和情感。中國(guó)古代的學(xué)者對(duì)竹子非常敬重。這就解釋了為什么 歷史上有那么多的著作和繪畫都是以竹為主題的。China is worldwide famous for its national treasure, the pandas.The pan da's food, bamboo, is also favored by Chin ese people .It is known as the Kin gdom of Bamboo possess ing more bamboos tha n any other country in the world. Bamboo culture

48、 has been rooted in Chinese people's mi nds for a long time.To the Chin ese people, bamboo is a symbol of virtue, which reflects people's souls and emoti on s.A ncie ntChin ese scholars looked up with great respect to bamboo.This expla ins why there are so many writings and paintings dedicat

49、ed to the plant throughout history.1中國(guó)因其國(guó)寶一熊貓一而聞名于世：“因而聞名于世”可譯為beworldwide famous for, 也可用 be worldwideknown for 來(lái)表示。類似的表達(dá) 方式還有 beknown/famous as（ 作為.而出名）,be famous/knownto（ 對(duì).來(lái)說(shuō) 很出名）。2中國(guó)是世界上擁有竹子最多的國(guó)家，被稱為竹子的王國(guó)：前半句可以理解為 “中國(guó)有比世界上任何國(guó)家都多的竹子”。后半句的“被稱為”可譯為be known as?！爸褡拥耐鯂?guó)”可譯為 the Kin gdom of Bamboo 。3.

50、對(duì)中國(guó)人民來(lái)說(shuō)，竹子是美德的象征：“象征”可譯為symbol, a symbol of意為“某物的象征”。4. 中國(guó)古代的學(xué)者對(duì)竹子非常敬重：“中國(guó)古代的學(xué)者”可譯為ancientChinese scholars?！皩?duì).非常敬重” 可譯為 look up with great respect to.", look up to 表示“尊敬”，with great respect 表示“滿懷敬意”。十六、指南針中國(guó)是世界上公認(rèn)發(fā)明指南針的國(guó)家。早在2400多年前，中國(guó)人就創(chuàng)造出世界上最早的指南針。后來(lái)經(jīng)過(guò)不斷改進(jìn)，到宋朝 （the Song Dyn asty）人們制造出 鐵針指南針并應(yīng)用

51、于航海。中國(guó)是第一個(gè)在海船上使用指南針的國(guó)家。指南針為 明代(the Ming Dyn asty)鄭和下西洋提供了條件。后來(lái)指南針傳入歐洲，推動(dòng)了歐洲航海事業(yè)的發(fā)展為，哥倫布(Columbus)的航行提供了技術(shù)保證。Chi na is uni versally recog ni zed as the country hav ing inven ted thecompass. As early as 2,400 years ago, Chin ese people created the earliest compass in the world. Later it was further im

52、proved continuously. During the Song Dyn asty, people produced the compass with iron n eedles and applied it in navigation. China is the first country using the compass on seago ing ships. The compass provided aid for Zheng He's voyages to the Western Ocea n in the Mi ng Dyn asty. Later the comp

53、ass spread in to Europe, promot ing the developme nt of the Europea n marine in dustey and guara ntee ing tech ni cal support for Columbus' n avigati on.1. 第1句中的“發(fā)明指南針的”可處理成后置定語(yǔ)，用現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)having inven ted the compass來(lái)表達(dá)，也可用定語(yǔ)從句 which has inven ted. 來(lái)表達(dá)。2. 翻譯第3句中的“后來(lái)經(jīng)過(guò)不斷改進(jìn)”時(shí)，宜加上主語(yǔ)“指南針”，而由于前一句的靠后部分已出現(xiàn)過(guò)compass，故這里可用it來(lái)作主語(yǔ)?！暗剿纬藗冎圃斐鲨F針指南針并應(yīng)用于航?！笨捎貌⒘薪Y(jié)構(gòu)為people produced. andapplied it in.?！拌F針指南針”可表達(dá)為compass with iron n eedles 。3. 第4句中的“在海船上使用指南針