考研英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法十天速成超詳細(xì)筆記

1、考研英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法10天速成(一)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞一.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在完成式的用法情態(tài)動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在完成式主要有兩個(gè)功能：表示已經(jīng)發(fā)生的情況和表示虛擬語(yǔ)氣。在這兩個(gè)方面must/mustn't,; can/cann't; need/needn't; may/mayn't; might/mightn't; should/shouldn't; ought等情態(tài)動(dòng)詞完成式表示的意思是有一定區(qū)別的1.表示已經(jīng)發(fā)生的情況。1) must have+過(guò)去分詞，表示對(duì)已發(fā)生情況的肯定推測(cè)，譯為“(昨天)一定”。如：My pain apparent the moment I walk

2、ed into the room, for the first man I met asked sympathetically:” Are you feeling all right?”A. must be B. had been C. must have been D. had to be(答案為C.2) can't / couldn't have+過(guò)去分詞，表示對(duì)已發(fā)生情況的否定推測(cè)，譯為“(昨天)一定沒(méi)”。如：Mary my letter; otherwise she would have replied before now.A. couldn't have r

3、eceived B. ought to have receivedC. has received D. shouldn't have received(答案為A.3) may / might have +過(guò)去分詞，表示對(duì)已發(fā)生的事情做不肯定、可能性很小的推測(cè)，或事實(shí)上根本沒(méi)發(fā)生，譯為“也許”。如：At Florida Power's Crystal River plant, a potentially serious leakage of radioactive water may have been unknowingly caused by an electrician.2

4、.表示虛擬語(yǔ)氣。1) needn't have +過(guò)去分詞，表示做了不必做的事，相當(dāng)于”didn't need to do”,譯為“其實(shí)沒(méi)必要”。如：You needn't have come over yourself.As it turned out to be a small house party, we so formally.A. needn't dress up B.did not need have dressed upC. did not need dress up D. needn't have dressed up(沒(méi)有必要穿的那么

5、正式，體現(xiàn)是說(shuō)話(huà)者的建議，實(shí)際結(jié)果是否真的穿的很正式?jīng)]有確定，答案為D.2) should have +過(guò)去分詞，表示應(yīng)該做某事但實(shí)際上未做，譯為“本應(yīng)該”should not + have過(guò)去分詞表示本不應(yīng)該做某事但實(shí)際上做了，譯為“本不應(yīng)該”。如：I regret having left the work unfinished; I should have planned everything ahead carefully.我本來(lái)應(yīng)該事先認(rèn)真地把每件事情規(guī)劃的很好，但實(shí)際上作者還是沒(méi)有規(guī)劃好，以至工作沒(méi)有完成。3) ought to have +過(guò)去分詞，表示動(dòng)作按理該發(fā)生了，但實(shí)際上未

6、發(fā)生，譯為“該”，與should的完成式含義類(lèi)似。如：he porter ought to have called the fire-brigade as soon as he saw the fire in the stock, which went up in smoke.4) could have +過(guò)去分詞，表示過(guò)去本來(lái)可以做但卻未做，譯為“完全可以”。這點(diǎn)與ought/should/ have +過(guò)去分詞用法相似。如：What you said is right, but you could have phrased it more tactfully.5) may/ might h

7、ave +過(guò)去分詞，表示過(guò)去可以做但實(shí)際未做，譯為“(那樣)也許會(huì)”。如：It might have been better to include more punchy statistics and photos of equipment in the introduction to further assist first-time office automation managers.二.幾個(gè)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞?？嫉木湫停?). may/might (just) as well “不妨，最好”，與had better相近；Since the flight was cancelled, you mi

8、ght as well go by train.既然航班已經(jīng)取消了，你不妨乘火車(chē)吧。相當(dāng)于you had better go by train。2). cannot / can'ttoo “越越好，怎么也不過(guò)分”。注意這個(gè)句型的變體cannotover.如：You cannot be too careful when you drive a car.駕車(chē)時(shí)候，越小心越好。The final chapter covers organizational change and development. This subject cannot be over emphasized.3). us

9、edn't或did't use to為used to (do)的否定式。4). should除了“應(yīng)該”一層意思外，考研大綱還規(guī)定要掌握其“竟然”的意思。如：I didn't expect that he should have behaved like that.我無(wú)法想象他竟然這樣做。三.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞被動(dòng)關(guān)系的主動(dòng)表達(dá)法1.want, require, worth (形容詞)后面接doing也可以表示被動(dòng)意義。Your hair wants cuttingThe book is worth readingThe floor requires washing.2.need

10、既可以用need to be done也可以使用need doing ，兩種形式都表達(dá)被動(dòng)的意義The house needs painting= the house needs to be painted.The watch needed repairing= the watch needed to be repaired.(二)形容詞、副詞及比較級(jí)最高級(jí)一.形容詞的修飾與位置一般來(lái)說(shuō)，從構(gòu)詞法角度來(lái)看，后綴”ly”往往是副詞，但有的以“l(fā)y'結(jié)尾的詞是形容詞而不是副詞，這點(diǎn)要注意；形容詞一般可以在句子中做定語(yǔ)，表語(yǔ)等成份，但有些形容詞在句子中只能做表語(yǔ)和只能做前置定語(yǔ)；這些形容詞在

11、修飾時(shí)候有一定的特殊性要引起大家的注意，下面做了一下歸納：1以-ly結(jié)尾的是形容詞而不是副詞： costly昂貴的lonely孤獨(dú)的deadly死一般的lively活潑的friendly友好的silly傻氣的kindly熱心腸的likely可能的leisurely悠閑的ugly長(zhǎng)得丑的brotherly兄弟般的monthly每月的earthly塵世的2只作以“a”開(kāi)頭的很多形容詞只能做表語(yǔ)： afraid害怕的alike相象的awake醒著的alone單獨(dú)的，惟一的alive活著的ashamed羞愧的 asleep睡著的aware意識(shí)到的、察覺(jué)到的well健康的content滿(mǎn)意的unable

12、無(wú)能的3只作前置定語(yǔ)的形容詞 earthen泥土做的，大地的daily每日的latter后面的golden金子般的weekly每周的inner里面的 silken絲一般的monthly每月的outer外面的wooden木制的yearly每年的elder年長(zhǎng)的woolen毛織的former前任的mere僅，只不過(guò)only惟一的sheer純粹的very恰好的little小的live活的4.下列動(dòng)詞既是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞又是系動(dòng)詞，注意用做系動(dòng)詞時(shí)，要求形容詞做表語(yǔ)： remain keep become, get, grow, go, come, turn, stay, stand, run, prove,

13、 seem, appear, look。如：All those left undone may sound great in theory, but even the truest believer has great difficulty when it comes to specifics.二.形容詞與副詞的比較級(jí)與最高級(jí)1.考比較級(jí)時(shí)，考生應(yīng)把握：1)形容詞和副詞比較級(jí)的形式是否和比較連詞對(duì)應(yīng)出現(xiàn)，即是否符合原級(jí)比較及比較級(jí)的結(jié)構(gòu)。如：Do you enjoy listening to records? I find records are often, or better than a

14、n actual performance.A.as good as B.as good C.good D.good as在這里as good as比較連詞與better than比較連詞同時(shí)出現(xiàn)時(shí)候，不能省略任何一個(gè)介詞。答案為AOn the whole, ambitious students are more likely to succeed in their studies than are those with little ambition.2)比較的成分是否屬于同類(lèi)事物或同類(lèi)概念，既是說(shuō)比較要具有可比性。如：The number of registered participants

15、 in this year's marathon was half.A. of last year's B.those of last year'sC.of those of last year D. that of last year's(前后相比的應(yīng)該是今年和去年注冊(cè)參加的人數(shù)“the number of”故代替它的應(yīng)該是單數(shù)指示代詞“that”，而不能選擇B, those是指代participants,不是同類(lèi)對(duì)比，答案為D。Young readers, more often than not, find the novels of dickens far

16、 more exciting than Thackeray's.3)比較級(jí)與倍數(shù)詞關(guān)系及其位置原級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)中可插入表達(dá)倍數(shù)的詞，表示為“為.若干倍”,當(dāng)與有表示倍數(shù)比較的詞在一起時(shí)候等，他們的位置是，倍數(shù)詞+asas,或倍數(shù)詞+morethan，但again一般放在原級(jí)詞之后，即“as+原級(jí)again+as”.如：Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills people each year than automobile accidents.A. seven more times B. seven times moreC.

17、over seven times D. seven times(答案為B.“Do you regret paying five hundred dollars for the painting?”“No, I would gladly have paid for it.”A. twice so much B. twice as muchC. as much twice D. so much twice(答案為B.My uncle is as old again as I am4)下列詞和短語(yǔ)不用比較級(jí)形式卻表示比較概念： inferior, minor, senior, prior, pref

18、er to, superior, major, junior, preferable, differ from, compared with, in comparison with, different from, rather than.如：Their watch is to all the other watches on the market.A. superior B. advantageous C. super D. beneficial(答案為A.Prior to his departure, he addressed a letter to his daughter. (1986

19、年考研題)5)“比較級(jí)and +比較級(jí)”或“more and more/less and less +原級(jí)”以及“ever, steadily, daily等副詞比較級(jí)”結(jié)構(gòu)表示“越來(lái)越”的意思，與這類(lèi)結(jié)構(gòu)搭配的常用動(dòng)詞有g(shù)row, get, become等。前面兩種情況更多地出現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)中，注意的是這三種情況引導(dǎo)的比較級(jí)后面都不需要用than.如：Things are getting worse and worse.As I spoke to him he became less and less angry.Her health was becoming daily worseThe r

20、oad got ever worse until there was no road at all = the road got worse and worse.6)比較級(jí)前面可以用even, still, yet, all the (more)等修飾語(yǔ)用以加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣，表示“更加”的意思。如Today it is even colder than yesterdayI have yet more exciting news for you7)有關(guān)比較級(jí)的特殊句型：A.: not so muchas與其說(shuō)不如說(shuō)The chief reason for the population growth i

21、sn't so much a rise in birth rates a fall in death rates as a result of improvements in medical care.A. and B. as C.but D. or人口增長(zhǎng)的主要原因與其說(shuō)是因?yàn)槌錾实奶岣撸€不如說(shuō)是因?yàn)獒t(yī)療的進(jìn)步帶來(lái)的死亡率下降的結(jié)果。答案為BB. no/not any morethan兩者一樣都不The heart is intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain.A. not s

22、o B.not much C.much more D. no more(心臟和胃兩者都不具有智力，他們都受大腦控制。答案為D.There is no reason they should limit how much vitamin you take, they can limit how much water you drink.A. much more than B. no more thanC. no less than D. any more than(答案為D.C. no/not any lessthan兩者一樣,都注意基本上與no/not any morethan意思相反She i

23、s no less beautiful than her sister.她和她姐姐一樣漂亮D. just as so正如， 也(用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu))Just as the soil is a part of the earth, the atmosphere.A. as it is B. the same is C. so is D. and so is(答案為C.2.最高級(jí)形式應(yīng)注意的問(wèn)題：1)最高級(jí)比較范圍用介詞in, over, of, among。 in, (all) over用于在某一范圍內(nèi)的比較，如：in China, all over the world. of, among用于在同一群

24、體內(nèi)同類(lèi)事物的比較，如：among the teachers, of the four dresses.注意：among相當(dāng)于one of ,不說(shuō)among all。這一點(diǎn)考生應(yīng)與漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)區(qū)別開(kāi)來(lái)如： all visible lights, red light has the longest and violet the shortest wavelength.A. Among B. Of C.For D.To答案為B.2)比較級(jí)形式表示最高級(jí)意義時(shí)，比較對(duì)象的范圍應(yīng)用： any other +單數(shù)名詞 the other +復(fù)數(shù)名詞 the others anyone/anything el

25、se上述詞是用業(yè)將比較級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)變成最高級(jí)意義的關(guān)鍵詞語(yǔ)，切不可遺漏，尤其是other,否則會(huì)造成邏輯混亂的錯(cuò)誤。如不能說(shuō)：John runs faster than anyone.注意與漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)的不同。3) most可以用來(lái)修飾形容詞或副詞，意思相當(dāng)于very,用法區(qū)分單復(fù)數(shù)，但不能用定冠詞the,如：a most interesting book, most expensive restaurants,要注意與“the +形容詞最高級(jí)of +名詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)表示的最高級(jí)的區(qū)別，如：He spoke in the warmest of voicesThey have been most kind

26、to meBasketball is the most popular of sports in this country.Chinese is the most difficult of languageChinese is a most difficult language三.不用比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的形容詞：1)表示顏色的有：white, black2)表示形態(tài)的有：round, square, oval, circular, triangular (三角形)，level3)表示性質(zhì)和特征的有：atomic, economic, scientific, sonic, golden, silve

27、ry, woolen, earthen, silent, full, empty, sure, dead, deaf, blind, lame, rainy4)表示狀態(tài)作表語(yǔ)的有：afraid, asleep, alive, ashamed, alone, aware, alike5)表示時(shí)間、空間和方位的有：daily, weekly, monthly, annual, present, front, back, forward, backward, east, west, south, north, left, right, final6)表示極限、主次、等級(jí)的有：maximum, min

28、imum, utmost, main, major, chief minor, superior, inferior, senior, junior, super, favorite7)含有絕對(duì)概念的有：absolute, entire, whole, total, perfect, excellent, thorough, complete.四.平行結(jié)構(gòu)與比較級(jí)平行結(jié)構(gòu)很多情況下是由形容詞或副詞的比較級(jí)或者暗含比較意味的連詞引導(dǎo)的。如：The ideal listener stays both inside and outside the music at the moment it is

29、played and enjoys it almost as much as the composer at the moment he composes.大多數(shù)情況下平行結(jié)構(gòu)都是具有一定的比較含義的，有的是遞進(jìn)對(duì)比not onlybut (also); preferto; rather than有的是同類(lèi)對(duì)比：and; but; or; both and；eitheror; neithernor.平行結(jié)構(gòu)測(cè)試時(shí)候注意以下幾點(diǎn)：1.注意比較結(jié)構(gòu)中相比較的內(nèi)容在語(yǔ)法形式上是否相同。如：It is better to die one's feet than.A.living on one&

30、#39;s knees B.live on one's kneesC.on one's knees D.to live on one's knees(答案為D.Despite the temporary difficulties, the manager prefers increasing the output to decreasing it.2.其他具有并列或比較意義的短語(yǔ)也可引導(dǎo)平行結(jié)構(gòu)。1) rather than, let alone雖不是并列連詞，但在結(jié)構(gòu)上連接兩個(gè)語(yǔ)法形式相同的成分。如：We are taught that a business lett

31、er should be written in a formal style in a personal style.A.rather than B.other than C.better than D.less than答案為AFor the new country to survive, for its people to enjoy prosperity, new economic policies will be required.A. to name a few B.let alone C.not to speak D.let's say(答案為B.2)如果平行的兩個(gè)成分在形

32、式上是介詞短語(yǔ)，而且介詞相同，一般說(shuō)來(lái)第二個(gè)介詞不要省略。如：At times, more care goes into the composition of newspaper and magazine advertisements than into the writing of the features and editorials.(三)代詞及其指代一致一.代詞的指代1.that的指代作用 that指代不可數(shù)名詞和單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞(如是復(fù)數(shù)，用those)，后面通常跟有修飾語(yǔ)，如出現(xiàn)在比較結(jié)構(gòu)中的that of。如Conversation calls for a willingness t

33、o alternate the role of speaker with that of listener, and it calls for occasional “digestive pauses” by both.這里that指代前面的the role。No bread eaten by men is so sweet as that earned by his own labor.2.one的指代作用 one指代帶不定冠詞的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，復(fù)數(shù)為ones。the one指代帶定冠詞的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞。如：A good writer is who can express the commonp

34、lace in an uncommon way.A. that B.he C.one D.this答案為C.3.do的替代作用。 do代替動(dòng)詞，注意數(shù)和時(shí)態(tài)的變化。如：For him to be re-elected, what is essential is not that his policy works, but that the public believe that it does.二.代詞指代一致問(wèn)題代詞指代一致是指指代的名詞在性、數(shù)、格上是否一致，或者所照應(yīng)的名詞詞組在某些方面保持一致。Each cigarette a person smokes does some harm,

35、 and eventually he may get a serious disease form its effect.這里he指代前面的person。It was during the 1920's that the friendship between the two American writers Hemingway and Fitzgerald reached its highest point.這里its指代前面的兩人的friendship。Our department was monitored by two supervisors, Bill and me.這里me必

36、須用賓格形式。代詞指代一致必須注意以下幾個(gè)原則和規(guī)律：1.鄰近和靠近原則由either or, neithernor, not onlybut (also)連接先行詞時(shí)候，如果兩個(gè)先行詞在數(shù)和性上保持一致，就用其相應(yīng)的一直的人稱(chēng)代詞；如果兩個(gè)先行詞在數(shù)或性上不一致，人稱(chēng)代詞一般與鄰近的先行詞在數(shù)和性上保持一致。Neither Mary nor Alice has her key with her.Neither the package nor the letters have reached their destinationIf either David or Janet comes, he

37、 or she will want a drink2.當(dāng)no one, everyone, each, everybody, none, anybody, someone, somebody用作主語(yǔ)或主語(yǔ)的限定詞時(shí)候,或者anything, nothing, something everything等不定代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)候，其相應(yīng)的代詞一般按照語(yǔ)法一致原則，采取單數(shù)形式。如：Everybody talked at the top of his voice.None of the boys can do it, can he?Everything is ready, isn't it?3.當(dāng)

38、主語(yǔ)為復(fù)數(shù)形式，后跟each作同位語(yǔ)時(shí)，如果each位于動(dòng)詞之前，其后的代詞或相應(yīng)的限定詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式；如果each位于動(dòng)詞之后，其后的代詞或相應(yīng)的限定詞用單數(shù)形式。如：They each have two coats we are each responsible for his own family4.由and連接兩個(gè)先行詞，代詞用復(fù)數(shù)如：the tourist and businessmen lost their luggage in the accident(四)主謂一致問(wèn)題主謂一致是指主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)在數(shù)上要一致。把握主謂一致問(wèn)題，考生主要解決的是對(duì)不同結(jié)構(gòu)的主語(yǔ)單復(fù)數(shù)的認(rèn)定，進(jìn)而選擇適當(dāng)?shù)?/p>

39、謂語(yǔ)。解決主謂一致主要遵循三個(gè)原則：語(yǔ)法一致原則意義一致原則就近一致原則很多情況下應(yīng)該綜合利用這三個(gè)原則來(lái)處理主謂一致，在不同情況下可能應(yīng)用三個(gè)原則中的不同原則，具體應(yīng)用哪種原則應(yīng)該視具體情況而定?？偨Y(jié)如下：一.謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)的情況1.動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)、不定式短語(yǔ)、名詞性從句做主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。如：Buying clothes is often a time-consuming job because those clothes that a person likes are rarely the cones that fit him or her.(1987年考研題)To understand t

40、he situation completely requires more thought than has been given thus far.2.表示時(shí)間、距離、金額、重量、面積、體積、容積等度量的名詞短語(yǔ)做主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。Two weeks was too longFive times five makes twenty five3.一般用and連接的兩個(gè)單詞或短語(yǔ)做主語(yǔ)時(shí)候，謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)，但是下面用and連接的主語(yǔ)表示一個(gè)概念，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)： law and order法制soap and water肥皂水 a cup and saucer茶杯碟子fork and knife刀叉

41、the needle and thread針線(xiàn)trial and error反復(fù)嘗試，不斷摸索 horse and carriage馬車(chē)time and tide歲月 bread and butter奶油面包the ebb and flow盛衰，潮漲潮落如： If law and order not preserved, neither the citizen nor his property is safe.A. is B. are C. was d. were答案：A。4.表示學(xué)科和某些疾病名稱(chēng)的名詞是復(fù)數(shù)形式，作主語(yǔ)時(shí)候謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式Linguistics is a branch o

42、f study on human language.5.有些名詞形式上是復(fù)數(shù)，意義上是單數(shù)，根據(jù)意義一致原則動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)The chaos was stopped by the policeThe news is a great encouragement to usA series of debates between the lectures was scheduled for the next weekend.6.用and連接的成份表示一個(gè)單一概念時(shí)候，動(dòng)詞謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)形式Bread and butter is our daily foodTime and tide waits for no

43、 man二.謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)情況1.由and, both and,連接的并列主語(yǔ)，和both, a few, many, several等修飾語(yǔ)后面謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用復(fù)數(shù)形式。Few people know he and I were classmates when we were at college.2.集體名詞police, public, militia, cattle, class, youth后常用復(fù)數(shù)形式的動(dòng)詞The Chinese people are brave and hardworkingThe cattle are grazing in the sunshine3.當(dāng)表示民族的詞

44、與冠詞合用當(dāng)主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式The Japanese were once very aggressive4.某些形容詞前面加定冠詞表示一類(lèi)人，做主語(yǔ)時(shí)候，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)The rich are not always selfish5.不可數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ)，其前有表示數(shù)量的復(fù)數(shù)名詞修飾時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)Three million tons of coal were exported that year三.謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可用單數(shù)，也可以用復(fù)數(shù)的情況1.就近一致原則這種情況下，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞使用單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)取決于最靠近該動(dòng)詞的主語(yǔ)的單復(fù)數(shù)，存在這種情況的主要由以下幾種可能：1)由連詞eitheror; ne

45、ithernor; whether or; not onlybut (also); or等連接的并列主語(yǔ)Neither money nor fame has influence on meNot only you but also he is wrong2)在倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與后面的第一個(gè)主語(yǔ)一致Blocking the open-sided porch, framed by the enveloping fog, stands a tall grave-faced policeman.Just outside the ruins is a magnificent building sur

46、rounded by tall trees.Although a great number of houses in that area are still in need of repair, there has been improvement in the facili2.主語(yǔ)帶有(together/along) with, such as, accompanied by, as well as, no less than, except, besides, with, combined with, in addition to, including, together with等等附加

47、成分，謂語(yǔ)的數(shù)不受附加成分的影響仍然與主語(yǔ)保持一致Professor Taylor, with six of his students, is attending a conference in Boston organized to compare current practice in the United States with those of other nations.The president of the college, together with the deans, is planning a conference for the purpose of laying do

48、wn certain regulations. (1981年考研題)3.關(guān)系代詞做主語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)從句中，謂語(yǔ)的數(shù)要與先行詞一致。如：Despite much research, there are still certain elements in the life cycle of the insect that are not fully understood.(1996年考研題)There are many valuable services which the public are willing to pay for, but which do not bring a return in

49、 money to the community.(1990年考研題)4.一些表示數(shù)量的短語(yǔ)與名詞連用時(shí)候，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)取決于名詞的數(shù)，名詞是復(fù)數(shù)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)，反之就用單數(shù)。這些短語(yǔ)包括：a lot of /lots of; plenty of/heaps of; half of; two-third (three-fourth) of; eighty (ten, twenty) percent; part of; rest of; none of等等Two-thirds of people present are womenLots of damage was caused by the

50、fire5.集體名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)取決于主語(yǔ)表示的意思和數(shù)，當(dāng)表示整體時(shí)候，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞就用單數(shù)，當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)集體中的個(gè)體時(shí)候，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞就用復(fù)數(shù)。這些集體名詞如：army, audience, band, government, group, flock, police, public, staff, team, troop. Crowd, firm, family等等The family is the basic unit of our societyThe family were watching the TVThe audience was enormousThe audience wer

51、e greatly moved at the words6.某些固定結(jié)構(gòu)中主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)的數(shù)：第一組： a great many +可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù) a number of +可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù) the majority of +可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)第二組； the number of +可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù) each/every +可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù) neither/either of +可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù) one and a half +可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)第三組； more than one +可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)many a +可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)第四組； th

52、e greater part of a large proportion of 50% of one third of plenty of the rest of謂語(yǔ)的數(shù)與of后面的名詞一致第五組；(n) either(n) or. not only. but also not . but 謂語(yǔ)的數(shù)與主語(yǔ)的第二部分(即(n) or/ but also/ but引導(dǎo)的后面部分)一致.注意比較：More students than one have been referred toMore than one student is going to buy this book(五)倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)倒裝是指句

53、子成分不是按主語(yǔ)在前、謂語(yǔ)在后的正常語(yǔ)序排列，而是將謂語(yǔ)或謂語(yǔ)的一部分移到主語(yǔ)之前。倒裝是一種修辭手段，目的是為了強(qiáng)調(diào)。倒裝分為部分倒裝和全部倒裝，考試多為部分倒裝?？忌鷳?yīng)掌握什么情況下需要倒裝,并對(duì)倒裝后的句子能夠認(rèn)出來(lái)，避免做題時(shí)候的盲目和迷茫。一.用全部倒裝的情況全部倒裝一般是存在以下列副詞開(kāi)頭的句子中，全部倒裝的方法是把句子的主謂語(yǔ)序顛倒過(guò)來(lái)，把謂語(yǔ)移到主語(yǔ)前面：1)出于修辭需要，表示方向的副詞：out, down, in, up, away, on。如：Down jumped the burglar from the tenth floor when he heard someone

54、 shouted at him.Up went the plane2)出于習(xí)慣用法：here, there, now, thus, hence, then.如：Now is your turn. There goes the bell.Here is a ticket for youThere existed a certain doubt among the students as to the necessity of work注意：here, there用于倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)主語(yǔ)一般為名詞，如果是人稱(chēng)代詞則不需要倒裝“ where is the cup？” “Here it is!”Here y

55、ou are.There he comes.3)有時(shí)主語(yǔ)較長(zhǎng)，為了使句子平衡，避免頭重腳輕，主謂要全部倒裝。這種情況多出現(xiàn)在主系表結(jié)構(gòu)中。如：Less important than ever is developing a meaningful philosophy of life.In between these two extremes are those people who agree with the jury system as a whole, but feel that some changes need to be implemented to improve its eff

56、ectiveness.二.采用部分倒裝情況部分倒裝一般是把句子謂語(yǔ)的一部分(主要是助動(dòng)詞或系動(dòng)詞)放到句子主語(yǔ)前，構(gòu)成部分倒裝，而全部倒裝則把句子的謂語(yǔ)(包括實(shí)義動(dòng)詞)都放在主語(yǔ)前1.下列否定詞及含有否定意義的詞組修飾狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，若置于句首，句子的主謂要部分倒裝： never, no, neither, not only, hardly, scarcely, little, seldom, rarely, not until, nowhere, at no time, on no account, in no respect, in no sense, by no means, in vain,

57、still less。如：Not only is its direct attack on their discipline, it bypasses the essence of what sociologists focus on.Under no circumstances should we do anything that will benefit ourselves but harm the interests of the state.(1985年考研題)注：1)如果謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是單個(gè)實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，倒裝時(shí)需根據(jù)人稱(chēng)和時(shí)態(tài)加助動(dòng)詞do。如：Little did we expect that

58、 he would fulfill his task so rapidly.(1983年考研題)2)考生要廣義理解“句首”的概念，注意從句的句首和并列分句的句首均為句首。如：Suddenly, Gallup's name was on everyone's lips; not only was he the prophet of the moment, but it was generally believed that he had founded a new and most important method of prediction.2.以only修飾狀語(yǔ)(副詞，介詞短語(yǔ)，狀