歷托福考試閱讀真題匯總含答案名師資料匯編完整

1、歷年托?？荚囬喿x真題匯總含答案名師資料匯編（可以直接使用，可編輯 優(yōu)秀版資料，歡迎下載）0308 托福試題閱讀( 55minutes )Question 1-11If food is allowed to stand for some time, it putrefies .When the putrefied materialis examined microscopically ,it is found to be teeming with bacteria. Where do thesebacteria come from , since they are not seen in fre

2、sh food? Even until the mid-nineteenthcentury, many people believed that such microorganisms originated by spontaneous(5 ) generation ,a hypothetical process by which living organisms develop from nonlivingmatter.The most powerful opponent of the theory of spontaneous generation was the French chemi

3、st and microbiologist Louis Pasteur(1822- 1895).Pasteur showed that structures present in air closely resemble the microorganisms seen in putrefying materials .He did (10) this by passing air through guncotton filters, the fibers of which stop solid particles. Afterthe guncotton was dissolved in a m

4、ixture of alcohol and ether, the particles that it hadtrapped fell to the bottom of the liquid and were examined on a microscope slide .Pasteurfound that in ordinary air these exists a variety of solid structures ranging in size from0.01 mm to more than 1.0 mm .Many of these bodies resembled the rep

5、roductive(15)structuresof common molds, single-celledanimals, and various other microbial cells .As many as 20 to 30 of them were found in fifteenliters of ordinary air ,and they couldnot be distinguished from the organisms found in much larger numbers in putrefying materials .Pasteur concluded that

6、 the organisms found in putrefying materials originatedfrom the organized bodies present in the air .He postulated that these bodies are constantly (20)being deposited on all objects.Pasteur showed that if a nutrient solution was sealed in a glass flask and heated toboiling to destroy all the living

7、 organisms contaminating it, it never putrefied .The proponents of spontaneous generation declared that fresh air was necessary forspontaneous generation and that the air inside the sealed flask was affected in some way(25)by heating so that it would no longer support spontaneous generation. Pasteur

8、 constructed a swan-necked flask in which putrefying materials could he heated to boiling, but air could reenter. The bends in the neck prevented microorganisms from getting in the flask. Material sterilized in such a flask did not putrefy.1,What does the passage mainly discuss?(a) Pasteurinfsluence

9、 on the development of themicroscope.(b)The origin of thetheoryofspontaneousgeneration .(c)The effects of pasteurization on food.(d)Pasteur s argumentagainstthe theoryofspontaneous generation .2,The phrase “ teeming meaning to(a)full of(b)developing into(c)resistant to(d)hurt bywith ” inline2 is clo

10、sestin3,Which of the followingquestionsdidthe theoryofspontaneous generation attempt to answer?(a) What is the origin of the living organisms are seen on some food?(b) How many types of organisms can be found on food?(c) What is the most effective way to prepare living organisms for microscopic exam

11、ination?(d) How long can food stand before it putrefies?4, The word “ resemble ”in line 9 is closest in meaning to(a) benefit from(b) appear similar to(c) join together with(d) grow from5, The purpose of the “ guncotton”mentioned inparagraph 2 was to(a) trap particles for analysis(b) slow the proces

12、s of putrefaction(c) increase the airflow to the microscopic slide(d) aid the mixing of alcohol and ether6, The author mention “ 1.0mm ” in line 14 in describing the(a) thickness of a layer of organisms that was deposited on an object(b) diameter of the fibers that were in the guncotton filters(c) t

13、hickness of the microscope slides that were used(d) size of the particles that that were collected7. The word “ postulated” liine 19 is closest inmeaning to(a) analyzed(b) doubted(c) persuaded(d) suggested8. The objects that Pasteut removed from the air in his experiment were remarkable because they

14、 were(a) primarily single-celled organisms(b) no different from objects found in putrefying materials(c) fairly rare(d) able to live in a mixture of alcohol and ether9. The word “ it ” in line 22 refers to(a) a nutrient solution(b) a glass flask(c) boiling(d) spontaneous generation10.Accordingto par

15、agraph3,proponentsofspontaneous generation believed that which of the following was important for the process to succeed ?(a) A sealed container(b) Fresh air(c) Heat(d) The presence of nutrients11.It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that Pasteur employed a swam-necked flask to(a) store sterilized li

16、quids for use in future experiments(b) prevent heat from building up in a solution(c) disprove a criticism of his conclusions(d) estimate the number of organisms in a liter of airQuestions 12-20In the early decades of the United States ,the agrarian movement promoted the farmeras society hsero. In t

17、he mi nds of agrarian thinkers and writers ,the farmer was a person on whose well-being the health of the new country depended .The period between theRevolution, which ended in 1783,and the Civil War ,which ended in 1865 ,was the age of(5 )the farmer in the United States .Agrarian philosophers ,repr

18、esented most eloquently byThomas Jefferson, celebrated farmers extravagantlyfor their supposed centrality in a goodsociety, their political virtue ,and their Superior morality .And virtually all policy makers, whether they subscribed to the tenets of the philosophy held by Jefferson or not, recogniz

19、ed agriculture as the key component of the American economy .Consequently ,government at(10) all levels worked to encourage farmers as a social group and agriculture as economicenterprise.Both the national and state governments developed transportation infrastructure,building canals, roads, bridges,

20、 and railroads ,deepening harbors ,and removing obstructions from navigable streams .The national government imported plant and animal varieties and(15) launched exploring expeditions into prospective farmlands in the West .In addition ,government trade policies facilitated the exportingof agricultu

21、ral products.For their part ,farmers seemed to meet the social expectations agrarian philosophershad for them ,as their broader horizons and greater self-respect, both products of the Revolution ,were reflected to some degree in their behavior .Farmers seemed to become(20) more scientific ,joining a

22、gricultural societies and reading the farm newspapers that sprangup throughout the country .They began using improved implements, tried new crops andpure animal breeds , and became more receptive to modern theories of soil improvement .They also responded to inducements by nationaland state governme

23、nts .Farmersstreamed to the West ,filling frontier lands with stunning rapidity .But farmers responded(25) less to the expectations of agrarians and government inducements than to growing market opportunities .European demand for food from theUnited States seemed insatiable . War, industrialization

24、, and urbanization all kept demand high in Europe . United States citiesand industries grew as well; even industries not directly related to farming thrived because of the market, money ,and labor that agriculture provided .12.What does the passage mainly discuss?(a) The agrarian philosophy of Thoma

25、s Jefferson(b) The role of the national government in thedevelopment of agriculture(c) Improvements in farming techniques(d)The impact farmerof the increasedimportance ofthe13.The word “ meaning to (a)improved (b)relied (c)demanded (d)explaineddepended ”inline3 is closestin14.The author paragraph 1

26、as an (a)a leader duringmentions example of the RevolutionThomasJeffersonin(b) an inventor of new farming techniques(c) a philosopher who believed farmers were essential to the creation of a good society(d) a farmer who guided the agrarian movement toward an emphasis on economic development15. The p

27、hrase “ subscribed to ” in line 8 is closest in meaning to(a) contributed to(b) agreed with(c) thought about(d) expanded on16. Which of the following statements is supported by the information in paragraph 1?(a) All government policy makers accepted Jefferson s views of agricluture and farmers.(b) A

28、gricultural production declined between 1783 and 1861.(c) The majority of farmers worked for the government.(d) Agriculture was a vital part of the nation s economy.17. According to the passage , the national and state governments did all of the following EXCEPT(a) build roads(b) import new plant va

29、rieties(c) give farmers money for their crops(d) develop policies that helped farmers export their products18. All of the following are mentioned as examples of farmers meeting the expec tations of agrarian philosophers EXCEPT(a) obtaining information from farm newspapers(b) accumulating personal we

30、alth(c) planting new crops(d) becoming more scientific19. The word “ stunning ”in line 24 is closest in meaning to(a) predictable(b) impressive(c) famous(d) gradual20. Which of the following statements is best supported by paragraph 4?(a) Agricultural development contributed to development in other

31、parts of the economy.(b) European agricultural products were of a higher quality than those produced in the United States.(c) The growing settlement of the West led to a decrease in agricultural production.(d) Farmers were influenced more by government policies than by market opportunities.Question

32、21-29The wide variety of climates in North America has helped spawn a complex pattern ofsoil regions. In general, the realm ssoils also reflect the broad environmental partitioninginto “ humid America ” and “ arid America.Where annual precipitation exceeds 20 inches(50 centimeters),soils in humid ar

33、eas tend to be acidic in chemical content, Since crops(5 ) do best in soils that are neither acidic(higher in acid content) nor alkaline(higher in salt content).fertilization is necessary to achieve the desired level of neutrality between thetwo. Arid America soils are typically alkaline and must be

34、 fertilized back towardneutrality by adding acidic compounds. Althoughmany of these dryland soils, particularlyin the Great Plains, are quite fertile, Europeansettlers learned over a century ago that (10) water is the main missing ingredient in achieving their agricultural potential. In the1970 s, c

35、ertain irrigation methods were perfected and finally provided a real opportunityto expand more intensive farming west fromtheCentral Lowland into the drier portionsof the Great Plains. Glaciation also enhanced the rich legacy of fertile soils in the centralUnited States,both from the deposition of m

36、ineral-rich glacial debris left by meltwater(15) and from thick layers of fine wind-blown glacial material, called loess, in and around themiddle Mississippi Valley.Natural vegetation patterns could be displayed on a map of North America, but theenormous human modification of the North American envi

37、ronment in modern times hasall but reduced this regionalization scheme to the level of the hypothetical. Nonetheless,(20) the humid America-arid America dichotomy is still a valid generalization: the naturalvegetation of areas receiving more than 20 inches of water yearly is forest, whereas thedrier

38、 climates give rise to a grassland cover. The forests of North America tent to makea broad transition by latitude. In the Canadian North, needle-leaf forests dominate, butthese coniferous trees become mixed with broadleaf deciduous trees as one crosses the(25) border into theNortheast United States.

39、 As oneproceeds toward the Southeast, broadleaf vegetation becomes dominant. Arid America mostly consists of short-grass prairies orstepper. The only areas of true desert are in the Southwest.21 What aspect of North America does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The wide variety of climates(B) Soil typ

40、es and vegetation patterns(C) Improved irrigation methods and the expansion of agriculture(D) The change in precipitation patterns22 The word “ spawn ” in line 1 is closest in meaning to(A) distinguish(B) eliminate(C) protect(D) create23 The word “ partitioningin ”line 2 is closest inmeaning to(A) d

41、ivision(B) m odification(C) opening(D) circulating24 According to the passage, acidic soils tent to be associated with(A) a high salt content(B) an increase in farming(C) large amounts of rain(D) glacial meltwater25 The word “ enhanced ”in line 13 is closest in meaning to(A) implied(B) increased(C)

42、indicated(D) informed26 How did glacial meltdown affect the soil in North America?(A) It redistributed the soil types(B) It added salt to the soil(C) It made the soil more neutral in content(D) It added minerals to the soil27 T he phrase “ this regionalization scheme ” in line 19 refers to the(A) mo

43、vements of glacial deposits(B) p atterns of natural vegetation(C) human modificationof theNorthAmericanenvironment(D) distinctionbetweenhumid Americaand aridAmerica28 The word “ meaning to(A) elevation(B) change(C) advantage(D) conditiontransition ” 1 in”line23 isclosest in29 The passagesupportswhic

44、hof thefollowingstatements?(A) Arid America is not necessarily characterized bythe presence of deserts(B) Mostof CanadaandthenortheasternUnitedStatesconsists ofshort-grassprairieswherevernaturalvegetationhasnotbeen modified byhumans(C) The accumulation of loess is primarily the resultof irrigation(D

45、) Glaciation removed the fertile layer of soil frommuch of the Mississippi ValleyQuestions 30-40Most sources of illumination generate light over an appreciable period, and indeed ifan object is lit for a very brief time(less that 1/25 second), the human eye will not reactin time to see the object. A

46、 photographic emulsion-thatis, a light-sensitive coating onphotographic film, paper, or glass-will, however, record much shorter bursts of light. A(5 ) photographic flash can therefore be used to capture high-speed movement on film as wellas to correct deficiencies of the normal surrounding lighting

47、. Photoflash is now generated electronically, but the earliest form, first used in 1864, was a paper bag containingmagnesium wire and some oxygen-rich substance, such as potassium chlorate. When thebag was ignited, the metal burned with an intense flash. A contemporary observer reported(10) that “ t

48、his quite unsafe device seems to have done nothing worse that engulf the room indense smoke and lead to pictures of dubious quali ty and odd poses.”The evolution of the photoflash was slow, flashbulbs, containing fine wire made of ametal, such as magnesium or aluminum, capable of being ignited in an

49、 atmosphere of pure oxygen at low pressure, were introduced only in the 1920 s. In the earliest type, the metal(15) was separated from the oxygen by a thin glass bulb. The flash was fired by piercing thebulb and allowing the oxygen to come into contactwith the metal, which ignited spontaneously. Lat

50、er bulbs were fired by an electric battery, which heated the wire bypassing a small current through it. Other combinations, such as the pairing of oxygendifluoride with zirconium, have also been used. In each case enough energy is given out to(20) heat the oxidizable metal momentarily to a white-hot

51、 emission of visible light. The smoke particles are so small that they cool rapidly; but since they are white, they contribute to the brilliance by reflecting the light from their stillglowing neighbors. A slightly bigger form of the metal will burn for a longer time.30 What does the passage mainly

52、discuss?(A) The history of the photoflash(B) Theories about how the eye reacts to light(C) The technology of modern photography(D) The dangers of using the early photoflash31 According to the passage,1/25 second is the minimum amount of time required for the(A) recording of an image on film(B) g ene

53、ration of artificial light(C) creation of a photographic emulsion(D) human eye to react to light32 According to the passage, an advantage of using a photoflash is that it(A) can produce repeated bursts of light(B) intensities colors in photographs(C) is short enough not to bother human eyes(D) suppl

54、ements existing lighting33 The word “ ignited ” in linecl9osisest in meaning to(A) set on fire(B) cut into(C) opened(D) shakenphrases is defined34 Which of the following paragraph 1?(A) ” appreciable period ” (line 1)(B) ” photographic emulsion” (line 3)(C) ” high- speed movement” (line 5)(D) ” odd

55、poses ” (l1in1e)35 The word “ evolutioni”n line 12 is closestmeaning to(A) publicity(B) adoption(C) development(D) manufacture36 The function of the glass in the first flashbulbs was to(A) produce the spark that initiated the flash(B) m agnify the light produced by the flash(C) protect the photograp

56、her from the heat of flash(D) keep the metal and oxygen apart before flashininthethe37 The word “ it ” in line 18 refers to(A) oxygen(B) b attery(C) wire(D) current38 The word “ momentarily”in line 20 is closest inmeaning to(A) effortlessly(B) b riefly(C) electronically(D) gradually39 According to t

57、he passage, the white color of the smoke particles generated by a flashbulb contributes to(A) rapid cooling(B) b right illumination(C) electrical conductivity(D) intense heat40 According to the passage, a flashbulb can be made to burn longer by using(A) thicker wire(B) more oxygen(C) thinner glass(D) continuous electricityQuestions 41-50The stylistic innovation in paining k