修辭翻譯unit6

1、Rhetoric Translation 修辭翻譯修辭翻譯 Rhetorical devices, or figures of speech are ways of making our language figurative. When we use words in other than their ordinary or literal meanings to lend force to an idea, to heighten effect, or to create suggestive imagery, we are said to be speaking or writing f

2、iguratively. 修辭格（修辭格（figures of speech）是提高語言）是提高語言表達(dá)效果的語言藝術(shù)。它能使語言生動形表達(dá)效果的語言藝術(shù)。它能使語言生動形象、具體活潑，給人以美的享受。要翻譯象、具體活潑，給人以美的享受。要翻譯好英語修辭格，首先要弄清其特點(diǎn)、弄清好英語修辭格，首先要弄清其特點(diǎn)、弄清英漢兩種語言在這方面的異同，然后根據(jù)英漢兩種語言在這方面的異同，然后根據(jù)具體情況采用恰當(dāng)?shù)募记蛇M(jìn)行翻譯。英語具體情況采用恰當(dāng)?shù)募记蛇M(jìn)行翻譯。英語修辭格種類很多，但粗略分來似可分為音修辭格種類很多，但粗略分來似可分為音韻修辭格、詞義修辭格和句法修辭格。韻修辭格、詞義修辭格和句法修辭格。

3、Rhetorical Device Rhetorical Device of Sound音韻修辭格音韻修辭格 phonological rhetorical devices Rhetorical Device of Word 詞義修辭格詞義修辭格（semantic rhetorical devices） Rhetorical Device of Syntax句法修辭格句法修辭格Rhetorical Device of Sound 1. Alliteration 頭韻頭韻 2. Assonance 類韻類韻 3. Onomatopoeia 擬聲擬聲Rhetorical Device of Wor

4、d 1. Simile 明喻明喻 2. Metaphor 隱喻隱喻 3. Personification 擬人擬人 4. Hyperbole 夸張夸張 5. Irony 反語反語 6. Euphemism 委婉語委婉語 7. Metonymy 轉(zhuǎn)喻轉(zhuǎn)喻 8. Synecdoche 提喻提喻 9. Transferred Epithet 移位修飾法移位修飾法 10. Pun 雙關(guān)雙關(guān) 11. Zeugma 軛式修飾法軛式修飾法, 軛式搭配軛式搭配12. Oxymoron 矛盾修飾法矛盾修飾法 13. Antithesis 對語對語, 對句對句, 對偶對偶Rhetorical Device of

5、Syntax 1. Repetition 重復(fù)重復(fù) 2. Rhetorical Question 設(shè)問設(shè)問/反問反問Rhetorical Device of Sound Rhetorical Device of Sound is involved in word pronunciation features. It mainly consists of alliteration, assonance and onomatopoeia. 顧名思義，音韻修辭格是利用詞語的語音顧名思義，音韻修辭格是利用詞語的語音特點(diǎn)創(chuàng)造出來的修辭手法。它主要包括特點(diǎn)創(chuàng)造出來的修辭手法。它主要包括onomatopoe

6、ia、alliteration和和assonance. 1. Onomatopoeia是模仿事物發(fā)出的聲響是模仿事物發(fā)出的聲響的修辭手法，與漢語的擬聲辭格完全相同。的修辭手法，與漢語的擬聲辭格完全相同。恰當(dāng)?shù)剡\(yùn)用它可以使語言更加形象生動。恰當(dāng)?shù)剡\(yùn)用它可以使語言更加形象生動。如：如： Presently there came the click of high-heeled shoes. 高跟皮鞋聲閣閣地傳了過來。高跟皮鞋聲閣閣地傳了過來。 2. Alliteration就是在一個詞組或一個詩行就是在一個詞組或一個詩行中，有兩個以上彼此靠近的詞，其開頭的中，有兩個以上彼此靠近的詞，其開頭的音節(jié)（

7、或其他重讀音節(jié)）具有同樣的字母音節(jié)（或其他重讀音節(jié)）具有同樣的字母或聲音或聲音. She sells sea-shells on the sea-shore.The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, The furrow followed free; 清風(fēng)徐徐吹，白浪翩翩飛，水花任意隨船尾。清風(fēng)徐徐吹，白浪翩翩飛，水花任意隨船尾。 3. Assonance是在一句話或在一個詩行中是在一句話或在一個詩行中間，有兩個或更多的詞具有相同的元音。間，有兩個或更多的詞具有相同的元音。前者與漢語的雙聲（漢語中兩個或多個音前者與漢語的雙聲（漢語中兩個或多個音節(jié)，聲

8、母相同，叫做雙聲，它不是辭格）節(jié)，聲母相同，叫做雙聲，它不是辭格）相似，后者與漢語的疊韻（兩個或多個音相似，后者與漢語的疊韻（兩個或多個音節(jié)彼此韻母相同）非常相似。節(jié)彼此韻母相同）非常相似。 例如：例如： Peter Piper picked a peck of picking pepper.（alliteration）皮特）皮特.派特咽下了一派特咽下了一口腌菜用的胡椒粉?？陔绮擞玫暮贩?。Rhetorical Device of word Word rhetorical devices often refer to devices created from semantic associat

9、ion and language variation. 詞義修辭格主要借助語義的聯(lián)想和語言的詞義修辭格主要借助語義的聯(lián)想和語言的變化等特點(diǎn)創(chuàng)造出來的修辭手法。變化等特點(diǎn)創(chuàng)造出來的修辭手法。 1. Simile A Simile is a figure of speech, which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic in common. The comparison is purely imaginative, that is, the re

10、semblance between the two unlike things in that one particular aspect exists only in our minds. To make the comparison, words like, as, asas, and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other. Simile與漢語的明喻基本相同，用某一事與漢語的明喻基本相同，用某一事物或情境來比擬另一個事物或情境。其本物或情境來比擬另一個事物或情境。其本體和喻體均同時出

11、現(xiàn)在句中，在形式上是體和喻體均同時出現(xiàn)在句中，在形式上是相對應(yīng)的。英語相對應(yīng)的。英語 simile 的比喻詞一般是的比喻詞一般是 like, as（as）等）等, 漢語明喻的比喻詞漢語明喻的比喻詞通常是通常是好象好象、仿佛仿佛等。例如：等。例如： They are like streetcars running contentedly on their rails. 這些人猶如街上的有軌電車，這些人猶如街上的有軌電車， 滿足于在自滿足于在自己的軌道上運(yùn)行。己的軌道上運(yùn)行。2. Metaphor A metaphor also makes a comparison between two unl

12、ike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated. 暗喻兼有漢語隱喻、借喻及擬物的特點(diǎn)，暗喻兼有漢語隱喻、借喻及擬物的特點(diǎn)，即把甲事物當(dāng)作乙事物來描寫。即把甲事物當(dāng)作乙事物來描寫。 Compare:1) Jim was as cunning as a fox.象狐貍一樣狡猾象狐貍一樣狡猾2) The world is like a stage. Jim was a fox.The world is a stage.Experience is the mother of wisdom.

13、 經(jīng)驗(yàn)是智慧之母。經(jīng)驗(yàn)是智慧之母。 Silence fell with the snow, and the woods became a quiet cathedral. 寂靜伴隨雪花籠罩大地，樹林成為一座肅穆的大寂靜伴隨雪花籠罩大地，樹林成為一座肅穆的大教堂。教堂。3. Personification By definition, personification is a figure of speech that gives human form or feelings to animals, or life and personal attributes（特性）（特性） to inani

14、mate objects, or to ideas and abstractions. Personification與漢語擬人完全相同，就與漢語擬人完全相同，就是賦予物以人的言語屬性。這種擬人化的是賦予物以人的言語屬性。這種擬人化的修辭手法讀起來使人感到特別形象生動、修辭手法讀起來使人感到特別形象生動、富有情趣。富有情趣。 例如：例如： Words pay no debts. 空話還不了債?？赵掃€不了債。 Summer is almost over and fall is stepping in. 夏天即將過去，秋天即將來臨。夏天即將過去，秋天即將來臨。 The wind whistled

15、through the trees. 風(fēng)呼嘯穿過樹林。風(fēng)呼嘯穿過樹林。4. Hyperbole Hyperbole is the deliberate use of overstatement or exaggeration to achieve emphasis. Hyperbole與漢語的夸張完全相同，都是與漢語的夸張完全相同，都是為了表達(dá)深刻的感受為了表達(dá)深刻的感受,抒發(fā)強(qiáng)烈的感情，通抒發(fā)強(qiáng)烈的感情，通過故意夸大事實(shí)來給人留下深刻的印象。過故意夸大事實(shí)來給人留下深刻的印象。 His words made my blood freeze. 聽了他的話，聽了他的話， 我的血都快凝固了。我的血

16、都快凝固了。Thanks a million. She is the prettiest girl in the world. He laughed heartily. He almost died laughing. Belinda smiled, and all the world was gay.5. Irony 反語反語 Irony is a figure of speech that achieves emphasis by saying the opposite of what is meant, the intended meaning of the words being th

17、e opposite of their usual sense. Irony的含義比漢語的反語廣泛。它包括的含義比漢語的反語廣泛。它包括verbal irony, dramatic irony, situational irony. Verbal irony與漢語反語的特點(diǎn)完全相同，也與漢語反語的特點(diǎn)完全相同，也是正話反說，反話正說，一般需借助于特定的是正話反說，反話正說，一般需借助于特定的上下文和語境才能被正確理解。在多數(shù)情況下，上下文和語境才能被正確理解。在多數(shù)情況下，irony可以譯成漢語的反語?？梢宰g成漢語的反語。 What a noble illustration of the te

18、nder law of his favored country！They let the paupers go to sleep. 以此說明他那行善的國家的仁慈精神是多以此說明他那行善的國家的仁慈精神是多么有意義的例證么有意義的例證他們竟允許窮人睡覺。他們竟允許窮人睡覺。 “The boy has broken another glass,” said the mother. “A fine thing!” the father replied. 母親說：母親說：“小家伙又打碎了一個杯子。小家伙又打碎了一個杯子。”父親回答道：父親回答道：“好得很！好得很！”6. Euphemism Euphe

19、mism is defined as the substitution of mild or vague or round about expression for harsh or direct one. Or it is defined as the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant. Euphemism就是用轉(zhuǎn)彎抹角的說法來代替就是用轉(zhuǎn)彎抹角的說法來代替直截了當(dāng)?shù)脑?，把原來顯得粗魯或令人尷直截了當(dāng)?shù)脑挘?/p>

20、把原來顯得粗魯或令人尷尬的語言溫和、含蓄地表達(dá)出來。這在漢尬的語言溫和、含蓄地表達(dá)出來。這在漢語中叫委婉語。語中叫委婉語。 For example: we use custodial worker to replace janitor（守門人）（守門人）; use sanitation engineer to replace garbage man （清（清潔工）潔工）; use the disadvantaged to replace the poor （窮人）（窮人）; use industrial action to replace strike （罷（罷工）工）. to go to s

21、leep 長眠長眠 to pass away 去世，與世長辭去世，與世長辭 to close ones eyes 閉眼，合眼閉眼，合眼 to end ones day 壽終壽終 to lay down ones life獻(xiàn)身獻(xiàn)身 to breathe ones last 咽氣，斷氣咽氣，斷氣 to expire 逝世逝世 to go west 歸西天歸西天7. Metonymy （轉(zhuǎn)喻/借代） Metonymy is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the name of one thing for that

22、 of another. In other words, it involved a “change of name.”是指不直接說出人或事物的名稱，是指不直接說出人或事物的名稱，而另外用與其有關(guān)聯(lián)的事物的名稱來代替。而另外用與其有關(guān)聯(lián)的事物的名稱來代替。/ 說話或?qū)懳恼聲r不直接說出所要表達(dá)的人說話或?qū)懳恼聲r不直接說出所要表達(dá)的人或事物，而是借用與它有密切相關(guān)的人或或事物，而是借用與它有密切相關(guān)的人或事物來代替。事物來代替。 The pen is mightier than the sword. The sword represents the war and the fighting. Th

23、e pen represents the negotiation, agreement, treaty and so on. She sets a good (poor) table. 她的烹調(diào)她的烹調(diào)美味可口美味可口. It means she provides good (poor) food.A. Names of Persons1. John Bull: England, or the English people.2. Uncle Sam: The United States of America B. Animals1.British Lion: England or the En

24、glish government2. The Bear: The Soviet Union, or the Soviet governmentC. Professions1. The Bar: the legal profession He has been called to the bar. 他已取得他已取得律師資格律師資格.2. The Bench: position of judge or magistrate He has been appointed to the bench. 他被任命為法官（地方行政長官）他被任命為法官（地方行政長官）D. Locations of Govern

25、ment, of Business or Industrial Enterprises1. Capitol Hill國會山國會山: the legislative branch of the U.S. government2. The Pentagons五角大樓五角大樓: the U.S. military establishment3. Fleet Street艦隊(duì)街艦隊(duì)街: the British Press4. Wall Street華爾街華爾街: U.S. financial circles8. Synecdoche （提喻）（提喻） Synecdoche has often been

26、 confused with metonymy, and sometimes even treated synonymously. This is not surprising, as both figures of speech involved substitution, only metonymy involve substitution of the name of one thing for that of another closely associated with it, Whereas synecdoche involves the substitution of the p

27、art for the whole, or the whole for the part. Synecdoche相當(dāng)于就是借代，指代。相當(dāng)于就是借代，指代。 提提喻喻是不直接說某一事物的名稱，而是借事是不直接說某一事物的名稱，而是借事物的本身所呈現(xiàn)的各種對應(yīng)的現(xiàn)象來表現(xiàn)物的本身所呈現(xiàn)的各種對應(yīng)的現(xiàn)象來表現(xiàn)該事物的這樣一種修辭手段。該事物的這樣一種修辭手段。 A. The part for the whole1. Hand: worker, labor, and helper They were short of hands at harvest time.2. Head: person He

28、paid the workers $ 5 per head.3. Heart: brave fellow Yet there were some stout hearts who attempted resistance.4. Legs: (coll.) person on foot, the infantry The legs could hardly keep up with the tanks.5. Bread: food. They say there is bread and work for all.B. The whole for the part Australia beat

29、Canada at cricket.（板球）（板球）(the Australian team beat the Canadian team.) The TV is out of order. (a certain part of TV is not of order)C. Name of material for the thing made She was dressed in silks and satins. (Clothes made of silk and satin) He walked the boards (the stage) for a living.D. The cont

30、ainer for the thing contained or vice versa The kettle is boiling. (Water in the kettle) Two beers, please. (Two glasses of beer)9. Transferred Epithet移位修飾移位修飾 A transferred epithet is, as its name implies, a figure of speech where an epithet (表述詞語表述詞語an adjective or descriptive phrase) is transferr

31、ed from the noun, it should rightly modify to another to which it does not really apply or belong. Generally, the epithet is transferred from a person to a thing or idea. a sleepless bed (a bed on which the sleeper had no sleep) a condemned cell (a prison cell for persons condemned to death) a murde

32、rous knife (a knife used by a murderer or a person with murderous intent) a winning football season (a winning season in which (a team) hopes to win or has won.) contemptuous brow (the brow of a contemptuous person i.e. the person looked contemptuously at someone or something) drunken fury (the fury

33、 of a drunken person)10. Pun Pun can be a word, a phrase or a sentence which implies two meanings, one is literal meaning, the other is metaphorical or figurative meaning, If properly used, it can make the language more vivid, more effective. Pun falls into two main categories. One is homonym 同形同音異義

34、詞同形同音異義詞 (諧音雙關(guān)諧音雙關(guān)) which has the same sound and same spelling, yet with different meanings. The other is homophone 同音異形異義同音異形異義詞（語義雙關(guān)）詞（語義雙關(guān)）. That is, words having the same or almost the same sound, but differing in form, origin and meaning. Swallow means 1) a single bird. 2) a drink of wine (liqu

35、or) Nothing like a little exercise to change a mans life especially if its a walk down the aisle. Walk means 1) a short walk for exercise 2) a walk down the church aisle to get married The above examples belong to the homonyms同音異義詞同音異義詞 .One swallow doesnt make a summer, but it sure warms you on a c

36、old winter day. Then there was the man in the restaurant. -“Youre not eating your fish,” the waitress said to him. “Anything wrong with it?”-“Long time no sea,” the man replied. Long time no see is a common expression between friends who have not met for a long time. Long time no sea, however, here

37、implies the fish was stale; it had left the sea too long. This example belongs to homophone同音詞同音詞.11. Zeugma軛式修飾法軛式修飾法 Zeugma is a figure of speech by which a single word is made to modify or to govern two or more words in the same sentence, either properly applying in sense to only one of them, or

38、applying to them in different senses.A. One Verb + Two (or More) Objects She opened the door and her heart to the homeless boy.（ She showed sympathy for the child and accepted him.) Clothes that fit the man and the times. (Clothes are suitable for the man and are fashionable.)B. Prep + Two (or More)

39、 Objects Old people gathering in the social hall for friendship and a hot lunch.The man stood in a high place and a high manner. 那人站在高處，態(tài)度傲慢。那人站在高處，態(tài)度傲慢。C. Two Subjects + One Verb Ten minutes later, the coffee and John Smith arrived simultaneously.12. Oxymoron矛盾修飾法矛盾修飾法 An Oxymoron is a compressed p

40、aradox, formed by conjoining of two contrasting, contradictory terms. a living death 半死不活（不是活著的死）半死不活（不是活著的死） sweet sorrow 憂喜參半（不是甜蜜的悲憂喜參半（不是甜蜜的悲傷）傷） proud humility 不卑不亢（不是驕傲的謙不卑不亢（不是驕傲的謙卑）卑） cruel kindness 害人的仁慈（不是殘酷害人的仁慈（不是殘酷的仁慈）的仁慈） Eg. The moment of parting was bitter sweet, for I know I would p

41、robable never see the Hollies again. 分別的時刻分別的時刻又苦又甜又苦又甜，我知道恐怕永遠(yuǎn)也，我知道恐怕永遠(yuǎn)也不會再見到霍利斯一家了。不會再見到霍利斯一家了。13. Antithesis對語對語, 對句對句, 對偶對偶 Antithesis is the deliberate arrangement of contrasting words or ideas in balanced structural forms to achieve emphasis. Whether it is forceful, effective, humorous, or sat

42、irical depends chiefly on the juxtaposition（并列，并置）（并列，并置）of direct opposites, of glaring contrasts.對偶是用字對偶是用字?jǐn)?shù)相等、結(jié)構(gòu)形式相同、意義對稱的一對短語數(shù)相等、結(jié)構(gòu)形式相同、意義對稱的一對短語或句子來表達(dá)兩個相對或相近意思的修辭方式?；蚓渥觼肀磉_(dá)兩個相對或相近意思的修辭方式。 對偶主要是從結(jié)構(gòu)形式上說的，它要求結(jié)構(gòu)相對偶主要是從結(jié)構(gòu)形式上說的，它要求結(jié)構(gòu)相稱，字?jǐn)?shù)相等。稱，字?jǐn)?shù)相等。 Speech is silver; Silence is golden. Not that I loved

43、 Caesar less, but that I love Rome more. It takes a great deal of history to produce a little literature. Man proposes, God disposes. 謀事在謀事在人，成事在天。人，成事在天。 In for a penny, in for a pound. 一不做，一不做，二不休。二不休。 Self do, self have. 自作自受。自作自受。 The smaller the mind is, the greater the conceit is. 心地愈狹，則愈自大。心地

44、愈狹，則愈自大。Rhetorical device of syntax For the sake of emphasis, syntactic figures of speech mainly appear in the sentence structure. This kind of figures of speech mainly involves repetition and rhetorical question, etc.1. Repetition Repetition means using the same word, same sentence, same paragraph

45、over and over again to achieve strong emotions, or to lay emphasis on the significance in a certain incident, or to make up a special situation. (1) And what if she should did? She wont die. People dont die in childbirth nowadays. That was what all husbands thought. Yes, but what if she should die?

46、She wont die. Shes just having a bad time. The initial labor is usually protracted. Shes only having a bad time. Afterwards wed say what a bad time and Catherine would say it wasnt really so bad. But what if she should die? She cant die. Yes, but what if she should die? She cant. I tell you. Dont be

47、 fool. Its just a bad time. Its just nature giving her. Its only the first labor, which is almost always protracted. Yes, what if she should die? She cant die. Why would she die? What reason is there for her to die? Theres just a child that has to be born, the by-product of good nights in Milan. It

48、makes trouble and is born and then you look after it and get fond of it maybe. But what if she should die? She wont. Shes all right. But what if she should die? She cant die. But what if she should die? Hey, what about that? What if she should die? 她如果死了怎么辦？她是不會死的，在這年頭人是不她如果死了怎么辦？她是不會死的，在這年頭人是不會因?yàn)榉置涠赖模凶稣煞虻亩歼@么想。對，她會因?yàn)榉置涠赖?，所有做丈夫的都這么想。對，她如果死了怎么辦？她不會死。她只不過在受一陣子罪如果死了怎么辦？她不會死。她只不過在受一陣子罪罷了。產(chǎn)