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1、 英語動詞有兩種語態(tài),主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)。主動語英語動詞有兩種語態(tài),主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)。主動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的執(zhí)行者,被動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的態(tài)表示主語是動作的執(zhí)行者,被動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的承受者。如:承受者。如: They will build a new bridge over the river. (主動主動) A new bridge will be built over the river. (被動被動) 漢語中常用漢語中常用“被被”、“給給”、“由由”、“受受”等詞用等詞用來表示被動,而英語用:來表示被動,而英語用:構(gòu)成。構(gòu)成。 The school doesnt allow
2、us to enter the chemistry lab without a teacher. The students didnt forget his lessons easily. They will send cars abroad by sea. The radio is broadcasting English lessons.This time last year we were planting trees here. We have brought down the price. When I got to the theatre, I found You must han
3、d in your compositions after class. 3. 一般將來時(shí):一般將來時(shí): They will give plenty of jobs to school-leavers. 4. 過去將來時(shí):過去將來時(shí): The manager said they would complete the project by the end of the year. The workers told me they would mend the car as soon as possible. 5. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí):現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí): We are painting the rooms. 6.
4、 過去進(jìn)行時(shí):過去進(jìn)行時(shí): Why didnt they drive there on time? Because the workers were mending the road. 7. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí):現(xiàn)在完成時(shí): Someone has told me 8. 過去完成時(shí):過去完成時(shí): The whole country was very sad at the news of his death; 9. 含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài):含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài): 含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)是由含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)是由“情態(tài)動詞情態(tài)動詞+ be+ 及物動詞的過及物動詞的過去分詞去分詞”構(gòu)成。構(gòu)成。 You
5、 must hand in your compositions after class. He can write a great many letters with the computer. 被動語態(tài)被動語態(tài): 我們知道我們知道, 被動語態(tài)是由被動語態(tài)是由be + done(動詞的過去分詞動詞的過去分詞)構(gòu)成的構(gòu)成的被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成比較被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成比較一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) 主 + am / is / are + done 一般過去時(shí)主 + was / were + done 含情態(tài)動詞主 + 情態(tài)動詞 + be done一般將來時(shí)主 + will be + done 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)主 + have/has
6、been + done 過去完成時(shí)主 +had been + done 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)主 +am/is/are being + done 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)主 + was/were being + done 過去將來時(shí)主 + would be + done 說明(1)done表示動詞的過去分詞(2)下劃線的詞為助動詞 10: 動詞不定式的被動語態(tài)動詞不定式的被動語態(tài)be to do- be to be donebe going to do-be going to be doneBe about to do-be about to be doneEg: He is to read a novel A nov
7、el is to be read by himThey are going to hold a meeting tomorrow.A meeting is going to be held tomorrow.They are about to shoot the murderer.1. The murderdr is about to be shot by them.(1) The police found that the house _and a lot of things _. A. has broken into; has been stolen B. had broken into
8、; had been stolen C. has been broken into; stolen D. had been broken into; stolen (2) If city noises _ from increasing, people _ shout to be heard even at the dinner table 20 years from now. A. are not kept; will have to B. are not kept; have to C. do not keep ; will have to D. do not keep ; have to
9、DPracticeA(3) -_ the sports meet might be put off. -Yes, it all depends on the weather. A. Ive been told B. Ive told C. Im told D. I told(4) The maths problem _ among the students soon. A. is about to be discuss B. is going to be discussed C. is to discuss D. is going to have been discussedAB1. 1. 把
10、主動語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時(shí),其謂語動詞的時(shí)態(tài)要與原句時(shí)態(tài)把主動語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時(shí),其謂語動詞的時(shí)態(tài)要與原句時(shí)態(tài)保持一致,其謂語動詞的數(shù)要與新主語保持一致。保持一致,其謂語動詞的數(shù)要與新主語保持一致。 We have bought a new computer. A new computer has been bought. (正確正確) A new computer have been bought. (錯(cuò)誤錯(cuò)誤) 2. 2. 含有雙賓語的主動句變被動句時(shí),可分別將其中的一個(gè)賓語變含有雙賓語的主動句變被動句時(shí),可分別將其中的一個(gè)賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z,另一個(gè)不動,一般變間接賓語為主語時(shí)比較多。為主語,另一個(gè)
11、不動,一般變間接賓語為主語時(shí)比較多。 My uncle gave me a present on my birthday. I was given a present on my birthday. 如果把直接賓語如果把直接賓語( (指物指物) )改為主語,則在間接賓語改為主語,則在間接賓語( (指人指人) )前加適前加適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~,如上句還可以說:當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~,如上句還可以說: A present was given to me yesterday. 一般在下列動詞后,常在間接賓語前用介詞一般在下列動詞后,常在間接賓語前用介詞 to,如:如: bring, give, lend, offer, p
12、ass, promise, sell, show, teach, tell 等。等。 The cup with mixture was showed to the class. My bike was lent to her. 一般在下列動詞后,間接賓語前用介詞一般在下列動詞后,間接賓語前用介詞 for, 如:如: buy, cook, choose, fetch, get, ,make, order, 等。等。 Mother made me a new skirt. (A new skirt was made for me. ) The meat was cooked for us. 3.
13、由動詞由動詞+ 介詞或副詞構(gòu)成的短語動詞,要把它們作為整體看,即介詞或副詞構(gòu)成的短語動詞,要把它們作為整體看,即把它們看成一個(gè)及物動詞,介詞或副詞不可拆開或漏掉這類動詞有把它們看成一個(gè)及物動詞,介詞或副詞不可拆開或漏掉這類動詞有 laugh at, operate on, look after, make fun of, make use of take care of, carry out, give up, hand in, point out, put away, put off, turn down, work out, talk about等。等。 4. 帶復(fù)合賓語帶復(fù)合賓語(賓語賓
14、語+ 賓補(bǔ)賓補(bǔ))的動詞改為被動語態(tài)時(shí),一般把主動結(jié)構(gòu)中的賓語改為主語,的動詞改為被動語態(tài)時(shí),一般把主動結(jié)構(gòu)中的賓語改為主語,而賓語補(bǔ)足語保留在謂語動詞后面。如:而賓語補(bǔ)足語保留在謂語動詞后面。如:a,動詞動詞+賓語賓語+adj We always keep the classroom clean. The classroom is always kept clean. b,動詞動詞+賓語賓語+ n They chose Tom captain. Tom was chosen captainc.動詞動詞+賓語賓語+ to do She told us to follow her instruct
15、ions. We were told to follow her instructions. d,動詞動詞+賓語賓語+doing I found him lying on the floor he was found lying on the floore,動詞動詞+賓語賓語+done we found all our seats occupied. all our seats were found occupied.在在see, watch, hear, notice, listen to, look at, make, feel等動詞后作賓語補(bǔ)足語的動詞不定式都不帶等動詞后作賓語補(bǔ)足語的動
16、詞不定式都不帶 to,但改成被動語態(tài)后,但改成被動語態(tài)后都帶都帶to, We often hear him play the guitar. He is often heard to play the guitar. His mother makes him clean the room every day. He is made to clean the room every day.(二)某些動詞用主動表被動?(二)某些動詞用主動表被動?1. The picture looks beautiful . 這里的這里的 look是表狀態(tài)特征的連系動詞,它后面要求跟形容詞是表狀態(tài)特征的連系動詞,
17、它后面要求跟形容詞或名詞構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu),其主動形式表被動含義。或名詞構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu),其主動形式表被動含義。感官系動詞一感官系動詞一般用主動形式表示被動意義,如:般用主動形式表示被動意義,如:feel,look, seem, taste, sound, remain, turn out ,smell等。等。 Do you like the material? Yes, it feels very soft. The flowers look beautiful What he said sounds reasonable. The roses smell sweet. The medicine ta
18、stes bitter. 誤:誤:It is felt very soft. The food tastes delicious. 誤:誤:The food is tasted delicious. The pop music sounds beautiful. 誤:誤:The pop music is sounded beautiful 2.有些動詞既是及物又是不及物,當(dāng)它們和有些動詞既是及物又是不及物,當(dāng)它們和well, badly, easily等副詞連用時(shí),等副詞連用時(shí),表示主語內(nèi)在品質(zhì)或性能,是不及物動詞,用主動表示被動,這時(shí)不用被動語態(tài),表示主語內(nèi)在品質(zhì)或性能,是不及物動詞,用主動
19、表示被動,這時(shí)不用被動語態(tài),常見的有:常見的有:write, read, clean, sell, dry,wash, cook,wear 等。如:等。如: The cloth washes easily. 這布很好洗。這布很好洗。 Some silks wash well The new product sells well. 這新產(chǎn)品很暢銷。這新產(chǎn)品很暢銷。 The pen writes smoothly. 這支筆寫字很流暢。這支筆寫字很流暢。 The poem reads fluently./ The shoes wear well. The paper tears easily Thi
20、s kind of cloth dried easily對比:對比: The books sell well. (主動句主動句) The books were sold out. (被動句被動句) The meat didnt cook well. (主動句主動句) The meat was cooked for a long time over low heat. (被動句被動句)3. want, need, require 作“需要 ”解時(shí)及be worth ,in need of后接動詞,常用動名詞的主動形式表被動含義。Eg: 1: The flower needs/ wants/ re
21、quires watering. Your hair needs/wants/requires cutting The computer needs/wants/requires reqairing2: The film /music is worth listening to.3: His teaching method is in need of improving4. 不定式在某些形容詞后作狀語且和句子的主語(或賓語)構(gòu)成邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系時(shí):lThe sentence is easy to understand.lShe found the problem hard to deal wi
22、th.lThe box is heavy to liftlThe picture is pleasant to look atlThe novel is interesting to read此類形容詞此類形容詞:difficult, comfortable, pleasant, fit, interesting,unfit, light, heavy, dangerous, etc.5.不定式作名詞的后置定語,和被修飾的不定式作名詞的后置定語,和被修飾的名詞有邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系,同時(shí)和該句主名詞有邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系,同時(shí)和該句主語構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系,不定式常用主語構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系,不定式常
23、用主動形式表被動含義:動形式表被動含義:lShe had only a cold room to live in.lI have a meeting to attend.lI have a lot of homework to dolShe has many children to look afterlI gave him a cake to eatlI gave him a book to read第一,一些不及物動詞短語沒有被動語態(tài),如:第一,一些不及物動詞短語沒有被動語態(tài),如:take place , come about , break out, belong to, consist
24、 of, add up to, come into being, come true, turn out 等。如:等。如: The fire broke out in the capital building. 誤:誤:The fire was broke out in the capital building. Great changes have taken place in China. 誤:誤:Great changes have been taken place in China.第二,不及物動詞沒有被動語態(tài),如:第二,不及物動詞沒有被動語態(tài),如:rise, happen, succ
25、eed, remain, lie等。等。 When we got to the top of the mountain, the sun had already risen. 誤:誤:The sun had already been risen. After the earthquake, few houses remained. 誤:誤:After the earthquake, few houses were remained.例如:例如: 據(jù)說據(jù)說It is said /thought that 據(jù)報(bào)導(dǎo)據(jù)報(bào)導(dǎo)It is reported that 據(jù)推測據(jù)推測It is supposed
26、 that 希望希望It is hoped that 眾所周知眾所周知It is well known that 普遍認(rèn)為普遍認(rèn)為It is generally considered that 有人建議有人建議It is suggested that 1) It is reported that it is going to rain tomorrow. 2) It is well known that Thomas Edison invented the electric lamp. 3) It is said that Mr.Green has arrived in Beijing.(四)
27、在漢語中,有一類句子不出現(xiàn)主(四)在漢語中,有一類句子不出現(xiàn)主語,在英語中一般可用被動結(jié)構(gòu)來表示語,在英語中一般可用被動結(jié)構(gòu)來表示(五)英語中一些詞的被動結(jié)構(gòu)表五)英語中一些詞的被動結(jié)構(gòu)表主動意義主動意義 be dressed in, be seated in/at/beside/next to be addicted to , be determined to be devoted to,be absorbed in,be disappointed at, be lost in, be engaged in/be occupied in,be faced withEg: 1.She is s
28、eated on the sofa. 2. Addicted to surfing the internet, the boy often escapes from classes. 3. Determined to give up smoking, he threw away his remaining cigarettes. 4. Disappointed at failing in the math exam, Kenta wouldnt like to talk about it to his parents.5. Judith lay on the sofa, absorbed in
29、 her book.(六)介詞(六)介詞in,on,under+名詞短語表被名詞短語表被動意義動意義 常見的有:under control,under treatment,under repair,under discussion,under construction,beyond belief, beyond ones reach,beyond ones control, in print, in sight, on sale, on show, on trial, out of control, out of sight, out of ones reach, out of fashion
30、,. Eg: 1.The building is under construction(is being constructed)2.The plane was out of control( cant be controlled)3.The road is under repair(is being repaired)4.Today some treasures are on show( are being shown) in the museum.1.The new dictionaries are very useful.They _well and _already.sell; hav
31、e been sold outB. sold; had sold outC. sell, sell outare sold; have been sold out2. I saw Dave in lift this morning.-Really? He_around here for a long time.A. wont be seenB. wasnt seeC. hasnt been seenD. hadnt been seen3. The window is dirty.-I know. It _ for weeks.hasnt cleaned B.didnt cleanC. wasn
32、t cleaned D. hasnt been cleaned4. The heros story _differently in the newspapers.was reported B. was reportingreports D. reported5.Why did you leave that position?-I _a better position at IBM.offer B. offered C.am offered D.was offered6. More than a dozen students in that school_abroad to study medi
33、cine last year.A. sent B. were sent C.had sent D.had been sent7. The policemans attention was suddenly caught by a small box which_placed under the Ministers car.has been B.was beingC.had been D.would be8. Millions of pounds worth damage_by a storm which swept across the north of England last night.
34、A.has been caused B.had been causedC. will be caused D.will have been caused9. When the old man_to walk back to his house,the sun_itself behind the mountain.started ; had already hidden had started; had already hidden C. had started ; was hidingA.D. was starting; hid10:The water _cool when I jumped
35、into the pool for morning exercise.was felt B.is felt C.felt D.feels11: The moment the 28th Olympic Games_open, the whole world cheered.declared B.have been declaredC. have declared D. were declared12.Mr Green stood up in defence of the 16-year-old boy, saying that he was not the one _.blamed B.blam
36、ing C.to blame D.to be blamed13. In a room above the store, where a party _, some workers were busily setting the table.A.was to be held B.has been heldC.will be held D. is being held14.I dont suppose the police know who did it.-Well surprisingly they do. A man has been arrested and_now.A.has been q
37、uestioned B.is being questionedC. is questioning D. has questioned15. The new type of cellphone _better if it is advertised on TV.A. will sell B. sells C. would sell D.sold 16. The bridge which _ last year looks really beautiful. A. was built B. built C. was set up D. had been built 17. This cloth _
38、well and _ long. Ok. Ill take it. A. washes/lasts B. is washed/lasted C. washes/is lasted D. is washing/lasting 18. An exhibition of paintings _ at the museum next week. A. are to be held B. is to be held C. are holding D. will hold 19. Im sorry, sir. Your recorder isnt ready yet. It _ in the factor
39、y. A. is being repaired B. is repaired C. has been repaired D. hasnt repaired 20. Every possible means , but none prove successful. A. has tried B. has been tried C. is being tried D. tried 21. My little sister has broken my watch. - My watch _ by my little sister. A. is broken B. has broken C. have
40、 been brokenD. has been broken22. He was cleaning his room when I entered the house. - His room _ by him when I entered the room. A. was being cleaned B. was cleaned C. was being cleaning D. has been cleaned23. I shall have Finished reading the novel by dinner time.- This novel _ reading (by me) by
41、dinner time A. will have finished . B. will has been finished C. will have being finished D. will have been finished24. You ought to keep these three rooms clean. -These three rooms _ (by you).are oughted to keep clean B. ought to kept cleanA. C. ought to be kept clean D. ought to have been kept cle
42、an1.The new dictionaries are very useful.They _well and _already.sell; have been sold outB. sold; had sold outC. sell, sell outare sold; have been sold out2. I saw Dave in lift this morning.-Really? He_around here for a long time.A. wont be seenB. wasnt seeC. hasnt been seenD. hadnt been seen3. The
43、window is dirty.-I know. It _ for weeks.hasnt cleaned B.didnt cleanC. wasnt cleaned D. hasnt been cleaned4. The heros story _differently in the newspapers.was reported B. was reportingreports D. reported5.Why did you leave that position?-I _a better position at IBM.offer B. offered C.am offered D.wa
44、s offered6. More than a dozen students in that school_abroad to study medicine last year.A. sent B. were sent C.had sent D.had been sent7. The policemans attention was suddenly caught by a small box which_placed under the Ministers car.has been B.was beingC.had been D.would be8. Millions of pounds w
45、orth damage_by a storm which swept across the north of England last night.A.has been caused B.had been causedC. will be caused D.will have been caused9. When the old man_to walk back to his house,the sun_itself behind the mountain.started ; had already hidden had started; had already hidden C. had s
46、tarted ; was hidingA.D. was starting; hid10:The water _cool when I joined into the pool for morning exercise.was felt B.is felt C.felt D.feels11: The moment the 28th Olympic Games_open, the whole world cheered.declared B.have been declaredC. have declared D. were declared12.Mr Green stood up in defe
47、nce of the 16-year-old boy, saying that he was not the one _.blamed B.blaming A. C.to blame D.to be blamed13. In a room above the store, where a party _, some workers were busily setting the table.A.was to be held B.has been heldC.will be held D. is being held14.I dont suppose the police know who did it.-Well s
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