國際貿(mào)易實(shí)務(wù)英文版第三版知識點(diǎn)及模擬題

1、國際貿(mào)易實(shí)務(wù)(下劃線為重點(diǎn)記憶和理解，無的為一般記憶和了解)Chapter one1. 國際貿(mào)易概念：International trade is also known as world trade, foreign trade, overseas trade. It refers to the process of fair and deliberate exchange of goods or services between two or more countries, involving the use of two or more currencies. Besides, inter

2、national trade concerns trade operations of both import and export and includes the purchase and sale of both visible and invisible goods.2. 國際貿(mào)易產(chǎn)生的原因：（了解）1) Resource reasons (natural resource, human resource and technology)2) Economic reasons (economic benefits, comparative advantage and economies

3、of scale)3) Other reasons (political reasons, differences in tastes, preferences and consumption patterns)3. 國際貿(mào)易與國內(nèi)貿(mào)易的不同：In particular, international trade is more subject to:1) Language habits and cultural differences2) Foreign laws, customs and regulations or international rules3) Exchange rate f

4、luctuations and interest rate4) Higher level of political, financial and transportation risks5) More complex business procedures therefore managers need a broader range of management skills4. 國際貿(mào)易的分類：1)從貨物流向（direction of cargo flow）分: export trade, import trade and transit trade(過境貿(mào)易)2)從參與的貿(mào)易方（the n

5、umber of participants ）分：direct trade, indirect trade and entrepot trade(轉(zhuǎn)口貿(mào)易)轉(zhuǎn)口貿(mào)易：entrepot trade refers to the transaction which involves importing goods from overseas for further processing or assembling and the re-exporting the goods abroad. 轉(zhuǎn)口貿(mào)易又稱中轉(zhuǎn)貿(mào)易或再輸出貿(mào)易，是指國際貿(mào)易中進(jìn)出口貨物的買賣，不是在生產(chǎn)國和消費(fèi)國之間直接進(jìn)行，而是通過第

6、三國轉(zhuǎn)手進(jìn)行的貿(mào)易。對于第三國來說，就是轉(zhuǎn)口貿(mào)易，與過境貿(mào)易的最大區(qū)別在于貨物的所有權(quán)會發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)移，并且只涉及一個(gè)貿(mào)易方。國際上有很多中轉(zhuǎn)地，如新加坡，香港，鹿特丹等3）從商品形式（form of goods）分：有形貿(mào)易（visible/tangible goods trade）和無形貿(mào)易（invisible/intangible goods trade）4) 按結(jié)算方式（the settlement instrument）分：易貨貿(mào)易（barter trade）和 自由結(jié)匯貿(mào)易（free-liquidation trade）5. 進(jìn)出口貿(mào)易的程序：Export and import proc

7、edures: General speaking, from the beginning to the end of a transaction, the whole operation undergoes four stages:1) the preparation of a transaction2) the negotiation of the contract3) the performance of the contract 4) the settlement of disputes其中第二個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)： Negotiation can be conducted in two forms:

8、 In words (face-to-face negotiation or negotiation through telephone)In writing (business correspondence which includes letters, faxes, e-mails)Four main steps: 詢盤(enquiry), 發(fā)盤(offer), 還盤(counter-offer),接受(acceptance)Chapter two 國際貿(mào)易術(shù)語1.三種貿(mào)易術(shù)語的解釋規(guī)則（three sets of rules）1) 1932年華沙牛津規(guī)則（Warsaw-Oxford Ru

9、les 1932）2) 美國對外貿(mào)易修正案1941（Revised American Foreign Trade Definitions 1941）3) 2000年國際貿(mào)易術(shù)語解釋通則（International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms 2000）2. incoterms2000 的具體內(nèi)容（ E、F、C、D組的劃分，重點(diǎn)在F、C類）（這個(gè)不知道怎么寫，看書本P34-42）3. 裝運(yùn)合同術(shù)語和到貨合同術(shù)語區(qū)別Shipment contract: 起運(yùn)前交付（the delivery will happen at the time

10、or before the time of shipment）如：E F C 類Arrival contract: 到達(dá)目的地后交付（deliver at the time of arrival）5. 象征性交接合實(shí)際交接Symbolic delivery: 買方并沒有實(shí)質(zhì)性的接受到貨物，而是通過一系列運(yùn)輸單據(jù)證明其交接。（ the buyer does not physically receive the goods, the delivery is proved by the submission of transport document by the seller to the buy

11、er）只意味著買方同意了買方交貨的事實(shí)，并不代表買方接受了該批貨物就是與合同一致的貨物。Actual delivery: the buyer (or his agent) physically receives the goods upon the time of deliveryChapter three 出口商品的價(jià)格1.出口商品價(jià)格的表達(dá)（ expression of export price）The standard format of a price in international trade has four components通常一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)出口價(jià)格包括四個(gè)部分：貨幣（a cod

12、e of currency）金額（a number indicating the price）數(shù)量單位（a unit for measuring quantity）貿(mào)易術(shù)語（a certain trade term）例如： USD22.5/Piece CIF New York這是一種出口價(jià)格的表現(xiàn)形式，在紐約市用CIF貿(mào)易術(shù)語進(jìn)行交易，每件貨為22.5美元2. 價(jià)格的計(jì)算FOB價(jià)格： 以出口國貨幣計(jì)算FOB= total cost + profit 以外國貨幣計(jì)算 FOB= (Total cost + profit)/ Exchange rateCFR價(jià)格： CFR= FOB + Ocean

13、freightCIF價(jià)格： CIF=FOB + Ocean freight +Insurance Premium Insurance premium =CIF *(1+markup) *Premium rate(R) CIF=CFR / (1-markup*R)包含傭金（commission）的價(jià)格： Commission (C) = contract value * commission rate Price including C = net price / (1 C rates) Net price = price including C (1- C rates) Price inclu

14、ding C 指的是FOB 或 FCA 條件下的價(jià)格折扣價(jià)： Discount = contract price * discount rate Actual price = contract price discount = contract price * (1- discount rate)3. 價(jià)格評估的兩個(gè)指標(biāo)：出口利潤率（ Export profit margin）: Export profit margin = export revenue (FOB) export cost (FOB) Export revenue (FOB)公式中用的是FOB價(jià)格，即不包含運(yùn)費(fèi)保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)的價(jià)格，并

15、且使用的是出口國貨幣。反映的是一單位的銷售額能賺取多少的利潤，越大越好出口換匯成本 （Export Cost for Foreign Exchange ）:Export cost for foreign exchange = export cost in local currency Export revenue in foreign currency該指標(biāo)反映的是要賺取一單位的外國貨幣需要花費(fèi)的本國貨幣成本，越小越好4. 定價(jià)的四個(gè)步驟：（要求能夠知道概念和判斷）詢盤：A potential client asks for information from the counterpart t

16、o his intention in buying or selling of a certain commodity.發(fā)盤：A sufficiently definite proposal addressed to one or more specific persons for concluding a contract, necessarily indicating the intention of the offeror to be bound in case of acceptance.還盤：A reply to an offer which contains additions,

17、limitations of other modifications.接受： An unconditional statement made formally by or an action conducted by the offeree indicating assent to an offer or counter-offer.參考書上67-72頁的幾個(gè)exampleChapter four 商品條款1. 品質(zhì)條款：注：CISG規(guī)定，如果一項(xiàng)商品交易既憑描述性買賣又憑樣品實(shí)物買賣，那么賣方必須使交貨的商品同時(shí)符合這兩個(gè)條件1）商品質(zhì)量用文字說明表示（ sale by descriptio

18、n）憑規(guī)格買賣（sale by specification ）: 用商品質(zhì)量的若干指標(biāo)，如大小、容量、成分等憑等級買賣 （sale by grade ）: 如一級二級，大中小號等憑標(biāo)準(zhǔn)買賣 （sale by standard ）: 采用一些組織如ISO制定公布的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。有兩種主要的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：良好平均品質(zhì)F.A.Q （多適用于農(nóng)產(chǎn)品銷售）和上好可銷品質(zhì)G.M.Q（多適用于木材，冷凍類產(chǎn)品）憑品牌和商標(biāo)買賣（sale by brand name or trade mark）憑產(chǎn)地買賣（sale by origin）憑說明書和圖樣買賣（sale by descriptions or illustratio

19、ns）2）商品質(zhì)量用實(shí)物樣品表示（sale by sample）憑賣方樣品買賣（sale by sellers sample）: 賣方提供原樣，買方選擇，賣方需留樣（duplicate）憑買方樣品買賣：又叫來樣制作，但容易產(chǎn)生工業(yè)產(chǎn)權(quán)糾紛憑對等樣品買賣（sale by counter sample）:對等樣品又叫回樣 a returned sample 或確認(rèn)樣 a confirmed sample, 是賣方根據(jù)買方來樣仿制的樣品。為避免糾紛，需由第三方或公證機(jī)關(guān)進(jìn)行“封樣”（ sealed sample）A counter sample is a replica made by the se

20、ller of the sample provided, normally by the buyer. It is also called a returned sample or a confirmed sample.2. 品質(zhì)條款的注意事項(xiàng)（必須在合同中注明）1）品質(zhì)機(jī)動(dòng)（ Quality latitude）: means the permissible range within which the quality of the goods delivered by the seller may be flexibly controlled. 是指對特定質(zhì)量指標(biāo)在一定幅度內(nèi)可以機(jī)動(dòng)。2）品

21、質(zhì)公差（Quality tolerance）: refers to the quality deviation recognized, which allows the quality of the goods delivered to have certain difference within a range.是指允許交付貨物的特定質(zhì)量指標(biāo)在公認(rèn)的一定范圍內(nèi)的差異。3）保障條款（Safeguard Clause）: 保護(hù)賣方避免受到因工業(yè)產(chǎn)權(quán)和知識產(chǎn)權(quán)而受到不應(yīng)該的控告3.計(jì)量方法（measuring quantity）國際貿(mào)易中主要使用的度量衡制度有四種：公制(metric system

22、), 美制(U.S. system)，英制(British system)和國際單位制(International system of units).主要單位有： 重量（weight）: ton, gram, kilogram, pound, ounce . 注意：ton有metric ton(1000KG), long ton( 1016KG) 和 short ton(907KG) 之分，合同中如果未注明，很容易產(chǎn)生糾紛。容積（capacity）: gallon, liter, bushel .個(gè)數(shù)（number）: piece, package, pair, set, gross, doz

23、en, head, case, barrel, drum, bag .長度（length）: yard, meter, foot, centimeter.面積（area）: square yard, square meter, square foot, square inch.體積（volume）: cubic yard, cubit meter.4. 重量的計(jì)算方法：1)毛重Gross weight: 商品連同包裝的重量2)凈重Net weight: 商品本身重量3)條件重量Conditioned weight：The dry weight of commodity plus the sta

24、ndard moisture content涉及含水分問題標(biāo)準(zhǔn)回潮率（standard regain rate）: the ratio between the water content and the dry weight of the goods, which is accepted in the world market or agreed upon by the seller and the buyer實(shí)際回潮率（actual regain rate）: the ratio between the actual regaining water content in the goods

25、and the actual dry weight Conditioned weight = dried net weight *(1 + standard regain rate)actual weight*（ 1+standard regain weight）1+ actual regain weight=4)理論重量(Theoretical weight)：when the total weight of the product is calculated by multiplying the total quantity and the unit weight, rather than

26、 measured actually. 適用于固定規(guī)格和體積的商品。5)法定重量(Legal weight)：The weight of goods including the immediate, inner, or direct packing of the goods. 通常法定重量是征收關(guān)稅的依據(jù)。5. 包裝的類型1)包括裸裝貨（nude cargo）, 散裝貨(bulk cargo)，包裝貨(packed cargo)2)運(yùn)輸包裝（transport packing）又稱 shipping packing, outer packing, big packing, is mainly

27、adopted to facilitate cargo transportation.包裝容器(container): case, drums, bags, bales, crate.包裝方法（method of packing）: 單位包裝（unit packing）和集中包裝(collective packing). 其中集中包裝主要由托盤(pallet), 集裝包(flexible container)和集裝箱(container).Chapter five 國際貨物運(yùn)輸1. 班輪和租船運(yùn)輸1）班輪運(yùn)輸（liner transportation）:是在一定航線上，在一定的?？扛劭?，定期開

28、航的船舶運(yùn)輸。班輪運(yùn)輸?shù)奶攸c(diǎn)：班輪四固定船期固定（regular scheduled departure）, 航線固定（specified route）, 停靠港口固定（routes with fixed base ports）和 運(yùn)費(fèi)率相對固定（comparatively fixed freight rates）班輪的種類：工會同盟班輪（conference liners）和非工會同盟班輪（non-conference liners） 貨物由承運(yùn)人負(fù)責(zé)配載裝卸并承擔(dān)費(fèi)用（包括如速遣費(fèi)和滯期費(fèi)等額外費(fèi)用）運(yùn)費(fèi)的構(gòu)成（composition of liner freight）: 基本運(yùn)費(fèi)（bas

29、ic freight）和附加費(fèi)（surcharges and additionals）Total Freight = Total Quantity x Basic Rate x (1+Surcharge / Additional Rates) 基本運(yùn)費(fèi)的計(jì)算標(biāo)準(zhǔn)重量噸W (weight ton) 體積噸M (measurement ton)W/M 重量和體積，取高者 (Note: 1WT=1MT)基于商品價(jià)值A(chǔ).V.根據(jù)商品FOB價(jià)值的百分比收費(fèi)W/M or A.V. 重量、體積、價(jià)值比較，取最高費(fèi)率者，要先將W、M換算成basic rate再比較。注意單位Unit/Head 最低費(fèi)率Mini

30、mum Rate 對于數(shù)量太小的貨物設(shè)定最低費(fèi)率臨時(shí)議定運(yùn)價(jià)Open Rate 對于大宗價(jià)值低無包裝的貨物參考書本P121頁例題附加費(fèi)和附屬費(fèi)（了解）Surcharge 附加費(fèi) beyond our control¡ Bunker Surcharge (bunker adjustment factor / BAF) 燃油附加費(fèi) (15% of the cost) ¡ Currency Surcharge (currency adjustment factor / CAF) 貨幣貶值附加費(fèi)¡ Port Congestion Surcharge 港口擁擠附加費(fèi)

31、1; Transshipment Surcharge 轉(zhuǎn)船附加費(fèi)¡ Deviation Surcharge 繞道附加費(fèi)¡ Port Surcharge 港口附加費(fèi)Additionals 附屬費(fèi) under our control¡ Heavy lift additional / Extra charges on heavy lifts 超重費(fèi) (over 5 M/T)¡ Lengthy cargo additional / Extra charges on over lengths 超長費(fèi) (over 9m)¡ Bulky cargo addi

32、tional 超大費(fèi) (over 6cbm)¡ Additional on direct 直行附屬費(fèi)¡ Not at basic port, volume over 1000 M/T¡ Additional on optional discharging port 選卸港附屬費(fèi)¡ Additional for alternation of destination 變更卸港附屬費(fèi)2）租船運(yùn)輸（charter transportation）:定程租船（voyage charter）定期租船（time charter）光船租船（bare boat charte

33、r/demise charter）定程和定期租船的區(qū)別（了解）p121F.I.O (free in and out): the ship-owner does not bear loading and unloading cost2. 其他運(yùn)輸方式1）航空運(yùn)輸Air transportation: 運(yùn)費(fèi)計(jì)算與海洋運(yùn)輸中的一樣，只是單位不同(Note: 6000cm3=1kg)2）鐵路和公路運(yùn)輸Rail(way) transportation and Road transportation3）國際多式聯(lián)運(yùn)I.M. T (International multimodal transportatio

34、n): means the carriage of cargo from the place of sellers in one country to the site of the buyers in another country by at least two modes of transportation on the basis of a multi-modal transportation contract.Only one multi-modal transportation operatorOnly one multi-modal transportation contract

35、 Only one freight rate4） 集裝箱運(yùn)輸 :Containerization is a method of distributing merchandise in a unitized form adopting an inter-modal system which provides a possible combination of sea, road and other modes of transportation.特點(diǎn)：高效率，安全，節(jié)約成本¡ Variety in service¡ Involving one operator¡ U

36、se of special equipment¡ Low risk of damage and pilferage¡ Substantial cost savings集裝箱種類¡ Dry cargo container 干貨集裝箱¡ Refrigerated/reefer container 冷凍集裝箱¡ Tanker container 油罐集裝箱¡ Car container 車輛集裝箱集裝箱運(yùn)輸服務(wù) 整箱裝（FCL）和拼箱裝（LCL）服務(wù) CY to CY service, CFS to CFS service, DR to D

37、R service, DR to CFS service and CFS to DR service（集裝箱場CY, 集裝箱貨站CFS, 自有集裝箱DR）P127運(yùn)費(fèi)計(jì)算FCL: by the capacity（根據(jù)集裝箱容積）LCL: similar to liner service（與班輪運(yùn)輸相似）3. 海運(yùn)提單Bill of lading1) 提單的作用和功能functionsA receipt of the goods 承運(yùn)人簽發(fā)給托運(yùn)人的貨物收據(jù)Evidence of the contract of carriage 貨物運(yùn)輸合同的證明A document title to the

38、goods 貨物所有權(quán)憑證2）提單的種類裝運(yùn)提單(shipped B/L)和備運(yùn)提單（received B/L）: 兩者之間的區(qū)別可能考簡答裝運(yùn)提單是指承運(yùn)人在貨物已經(jīng)裝上指定船舶后所簽發(fā)的提單。必須注明裝船日期和具體船只名稱。Issued by the shipping company after goods shipped on board the designated vessel. Indicating date of shipment and name of the vessel 備運(yùn)提單是指承運(yùn)人已收到托運(yùn)貨物等待裝運(yùn)期間所簽發(fā)的提單。沒有具體的裝船時(shí)間和船舶名稱。Goods be

39、ing received but not yet loaded ，is a confirmation of goods handed over to ship owner Absence of date of shipment and name of the vessel, difficult to anticipate date of arrival, hence not favorable by buyer聯(lián)系：When Words such as “Goods shipped on board S/S Red Star on May 10, 2008” added and signed

40、by the carrier or the agent on the received B/L, it becomes a shipped B/L 清潔提單（clean B/L）和不清潔提單（unclean B/L）清潔提單是指貨物在裝船時(shí)表面狀況良好，承運(yùn)人在提單上不帶有明顯宣稱貨物或包裝有缺陷狀況的文字或批注的提單。A clean B/L refers to one which does not declare a defective condition of the exterior packing of goods. 不清潔提單是指承運(yùn)人在簽發(fā)的提單上帶有明顯宣稱貨物或包裝有缺陷狀況的

41、文字或批注的提單。An unclean B/L is the one that contains unfavorable notation about the apparent condition of the cargo.記名提單（straight B/L）, 不記名提單（bearer B/L）,指示提單（order B/L）記名提單是指提單上的收貨人欄內(nèi)填明特定收貨人名稱的提單。Made out to a designated consignee Only the named consignee is entitled to the cargo Not transferable 不記名提單

42、（open or blank B/L）: 指提單上的收貨人欄內(nèi)不寫明特定收貨人名稱的提單。The consignee box left blank or open, or bearing the wording “To bearer” (至持有人) Can be transferred without endorsement therefore with high risk ，unfavorable in international trade指示提單是指提單上的收貨人欄內(nèi)填寫“憑指示”或“憑某某人指示”字樣的提單。Made out to the order of a named person

43、，No definite consignee, “To order” “To order of the shipper” or “To order of the consignee” instead Negotiable and transferable，but need endorsement ，Widely used in international trade直運(yùn)提單（direct B/L）和轉(zhuǎn)船提單(transshipment B/L)直運(yùn)提單是指貨物裝上船后，中途不再換船而直接駛往目的港卸貨所簽發(fā)的提單。轉(zhuǎn)船提單Involving additional charges, longer

44、 time and higher risks in transit, therefore unfavorable to the buyer Acceptable only when there is no direct service正本提單（ original B/L）和副本提單（copy B/L）正本提單是指提單上有承運(yùn)人或其代理人簽名蓋章并注明簽發(fā)日期的提單 Valid only after being singed by the shipping company or its agent Showing “Original” and the number of the signed o

45、riginals Normally made out in a set of three originals An evidence showing the ownership of goods Presented for taking the delivery of the goods at destination, one is used, the others becomes void automatically副本提單僅供參考和記錄之用，注明副本字樣。Normally only used for reference or for records.全式提單（Long form B/L）

46、和略式提單（ short form B/L）運(yùn)費(fèi)付訖提單（freight prepaid）和運(yùn)費(fèi)托收提單(freight to be collected)其他不規(guī)范提單到付提單（stale B/L）: 指提單簽發(fā)后超過信用證規(guī)定期限才交到銀行的提單，或者收貨人不能在船到目的港前收到的提單。倒簽提單（ante-dated B/L）: 提單上簽發(fā)的日期早于實(shí)際起運(yùn)時(shí)間的提單。（晚起運(yùn)）預(yù)簽提單（advanced B/L）: 在貨物還未實(shí)際裝載前簽發(fā)的提單。（不知何時(shí)起運(yùn)）甲板提單（on-deck B/L）: 承運(yùn)人簽發(fā)的表明貨物裝于船舶甲板上的提單。3）其他運(yùn)輸單證海上運(yùn)單（sea waybill

47、）：附于提單后，詳細(xì)解釋提單內(nèi)容，與運(yùn)輸合同一致,不具有所有權(quán)作用航空運(yùn)單（air waybill）: 與海運(yùn)提單作用幾乎一致，理論上不是貨物所有權(quán)證書鐵路運(yùn)輸單據(jù)Consignment note (rail waybill)公路承運(yùn)貨物收據(jù)Road consignment note多式聯(lián)運(yùn)單據(jù)Multimodal transportation document (MTD)4. 裝船期(time of shipment)和交貨期的區(qū)別(time of delivery)1) Under shipment contracts, the symbolic delivery takes place,

48、 so time of shipment is equal to time of delivery. The time is the one limited for loading the goods on board vessel or in the hand of the carrier at the port or place of shipment.2) Under arrival contracts, the actual delivery takes place, thus, time of shipment is different from time of delivery.

49、Time of shipment refers to the time limit for loading the goods on board vessel at the port or place of shipment; time of delivery refers to the time limit during which the seller shall deliver the goods to the buyer at the agreed place.5. 分批運(yùn)（partial shipment）和轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)(transshipment)的區(qū)別Partial shipment m

50、eans the goods under a contract are to be shipped in more than one lot.分批裝運(yùn)是指一個(gè)合同下的貨物先后分若干批裝運(yùn)。Transshipment means unloading and reloading from one vessel to another during the course of ocean carriage from the port of loading to the port of discharge stipulated.轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)是指從裝運(yùn)港至卸貨港過程中，進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)裝或重裝，包括從一運(yùn)輸工具移至另一運(yùn)輸

51、工具的行為。6. 滯期費(fèi)（demurrage）和速遣費(fèi)(dispatch)滯期費(fèi)是指在規(guī)定的裝卸期限內(nèi)，如果租船人未能完成裝卸作業(yè)，為了彌補(bǔ)船方的損失，對超過的實(shí)踐租船人應(yīng)向船方支付一定的罰款。Demurrage is the amount of money paid as a penalty at an agreed rate by charterer to compensate the ship-owner for his losses in case the charterer fails to have loading and unloading completed within th

52、e lay time.速遣費(fèi)是指租船人在規(guī)定的期限呢，提前完成裝卸作業(yè)，則所節(jié)省的時(shí)間船方要向租船人支付一定的獎(jiǎng)金。Dispatch is the amount of money paid as a bonus by the ship-owner to the charterer if they get loading and unloading done ahead of schedule.Chapter six 貨物運(yùn)輸保險(xiǎn)1. 保險(xiǎn)的四大基本原則（fundamental principles of cargo insurance）：1) 可保利益原則（the insurable inte

53、rest principle）可保利益指的是投保人對保險(xiǎn)標(biāo)的具有法律上承認(rèn)的利益。Insurable interest is the interest on insurance subject matter held by the insurant and recognized by law, indicating that the insurant will suffer some financial losses if any maritime risks materialize.投保人對保險(xiǎn)標(biāo)的不具有可保利益的，保險(xiǎn)合同無效，這就是可保利益原則。通常的可保利益形式有貨物的所有權(quán)、保費(fèi)、運(yùn)

54、費(fèi)等2) 最大誠信原則（the utmost good faith principle）是指投保人和保險(xiǎn)人在簽訂保險(xiǎn)合同以及在合同有效期內(nèi)，必須保持最大限度的誠意。Both parties be faithful and honest in entering into the insurance contract.Insurant shall expose all important facts influencing the judgment and evaluation by the insurer to the perils.3) 補(bǔ)償原則（the indemnity principle

55、）是指當(dāng)保險(xiǎn)標(biāo)的遭受保險(xiǎn)責(zé)任范圍內(nèi)的損失時(shí)，保險(xiǎn)人應(yīng)當(dāng)依照保險(xiǎn)合同的約定履行賠償義務(wù)。In the event of loss of or damage to the subject matter resulting from an insured peril, the insurer shall compensate the claimant exactly what the latter has lost in the occurrence of the peril.補(bǔ)償?shù)姆秶荒艹^:（total indemnification be limited to）：a) 保險(xiǎn)金額The ins

56、urance amount: 110% of the insured valueb) 實(shí)際損失The actual loss sufferedc) 可保利益The insurable interest of the claimant4）近因原則（the proximate cause principle）:指保險(xiǎn)人只對承保風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和保險(xiǎn)標(biāo)的損失之間有直接因果關(guān)系的損失負(fù)賠償責(zé)任。The insurer shall only responsible for the loss which has a direct link to the risks covered.如果有兩個(gè)以上原因造成損失，則如果前

57、因在保險(xiǎn)范圍內(nèi)，后因不在，前因?qū)е潞笠颍ｋU(xiǎn)人要賠付；如果前因不在保險(xiǎn)范圍內(nèi)，后因在，前因?qū)е潞笠?，保險(xiǎn)人不賠2. 海上運(yùn)輸風(fēng)險(xiǎn)自然災(zāi)害Natural calamities: Caused by force majeure events such as heavy weather , lightening, Tsunami, earthquake, volcanic eruption, thunderbolt (雷劈), etc.意外事故Unexpected accidents/fortuitous accidents:Caused by accidents such as fire, explosion, vessel stranding（擱淺）, grounded（觸礁）, sunk or capsized （傾覆）, collision（碰撞）, missing, etc. 一般外來風(fēng)險(xiǎn)General risks :Caused by common factors such as theft, fresh water rain雨淋, shortag