廈門大學大學物理緒論

1、歡迎大家進入物理世界 物理學的研究對象物理學的研究對象 物理學的研究方法物理學的研究方法 教學的基本要求教學的基本要求 大家的建議大家的建議物理學的研究對象物理學的研究對象宇宙宇宙( (一一) )勇氣號于勇氣號于20032003年六月升空年六月升空“勇氣勇氣”號和號和“機遇機遇”號分別于號分別于20042004年年1 1月月3 3日日和和1 1月月2424日在火星不同區(qū)域著陸機遇號傳回照日在火星不同區(qū)域著陸機遇號傳回照片片火星人類的第二家園？火星人類的第二家園？勇氣號找到水存在的證據(jù)勇氣號找到水存在的證據(jù)機遇號證實遠古海洋機遇號證實遠古海洋“卡西尼卡西尼”號土星探測器進入土星號土星探測器進入土

2、星軌道效果圖軌道效果圖(NASA(NASA圖片圖片) ) 美航空航天局美航空航天局(NASA)(NASA)和歐空局和歐空局(ESA)(ESA)合作合作研究的研究的“卡西尼卡西尼惠更斯惠更斯”土星探測土星探測器經(jīng)過器經(jīng)過6 6年半年半35.235.2億億公里的飛行，公里的飛行，20042004年年7 7月月1 1日成功進入日成功進入了土星軌道。并且了土星軌道。并且向地球傳回了幾組向地球傳回了幾組照片。照片。 美麗的土星及土星環(huán)美麗的土星及土星環(huán) X X光照片光照片距土星距土星150150多萬公里以外多萬公里以外使用濾鏡拍攝使用濾鏡拍攝 TitanTitan土星的月亮土星的月亮( (衛(wèi)衛(wèi)6 6）理

3、想與現(xiàn)實理想與現(xiàn)實讓科學家興奮的土星環(huán)照片讓科學家興奮的土星環(huán)照片真實的真實的Titan Titan 中國人的光榮與夢想中國人的光榮與夢想神舟系列飛船神舟系列飛船探索宇宙的代價探索宇宙的代價20032003年年2 2月月1 1號，哥倫比亞號返航時墜毀號，哥倫比亞號返航時墜毀ABWhich is a picture of the Milky Way?A is what we see from Earth inside the Milky Way while B is what the Milky Way “might” look like if we were far away looking

4、back at our own galaxy from some other galaxy.What is a Galaxy?200,000 light-yearsGalaxy ：a massive collection of stars, gas, and dust kept together by gravitySuns Stellar Region太陽系在銀河系中不過是太陽系在銀河系中不過是滄海一栗，銀河系在宇宙滄海一栗，銀河系在宇宙中僅為天地之一落葉中僅為天地之一落葉What is a Galaxy?If our solar system was only the size of a

5、cell in the human body, our galaxy would still measure over one mile across.宇宙從哪里來宇宙從哪里來? ?又向何處去又向何處去? ?上帝創(chuàng)世說與盤古開天地上帝創(chuàng)世說與盤古開天地老子老子: :天下萬物生于有天下萬物生于有, ,有有生于無生于無道生一道生一, ,一生二一生二, ,二生三二生三, ,三生萬物三生萬物霍金霍金: :宇宙存在起始點宇宙存在起始點, ,而而且有生于無且有生于無Edwin Hubble at Mt. WilsonHubble guiding the Hooker100 inch telescope i

6、n 1923.The Hooker 100 inch telescope atop Mt. Wilsonnear Pasadena, CA. It was the largest telescope in the world from 1917-1947.Hubbles observations at the 100 inch during the1920s led him to the conclusion that the universe is expanding, and that an objects recession velocityis proportional to its

7、distance from the observer.Using the Doppler Effect to Measure VelocityBlueshiftRedshiftCalciumMagnesiumSodiumGalaxy SpectrumStellar Spectrumn Spectra of a nearby star and a distant galaxyn Star is nearby, approximately at restn Galaxy is distant, traveling away from us at 12,000 km/sGalaxy Spectros

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9、質(zhì)什么是場物質(zhì)? ? 微電子學微電子學 光電子學光電子學 介觀物理與納電子學介觀物理與納電子學J.J. Thomsons Plum Pudding Model of the Atom (1897)He proposed that the electrons are embedded in a positively charged puddingThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1906 Joseph John ThomsonUnited Kingdom University of Cambridge Cambridge, United Kingdom b.1856d.194

10、0in recognition of the great merits of his theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gasesAlpha Scattering Rutherfords Discovery of the Atomic Nucleus (1911) He found that, once in a while, the a-particles were scattered backwards by the targetSolar System Model

11、 of the AtomThe atom consists of electrons orbiting around small but dense central nucleusLord Ernest Rutherford 19081908諾貝爾化學獎諾貝爾化學獎Bohrs Model of the Hydrogen Atom(1913)He proposed that only certain orbits for the electron are allowedBohrs Empirical ExplanationElectrons can only take discrete ener

12、gies (energy is related to radius of the orbit)Electrons can jump between different orbits due to the absorption or emission of photonsDark lines in the absorption spectra are due to photons being absorbedBright lines in the emission spectra aredue to photons being emittedThe Nobel Prize in Physics

13、1922Copenhagen University Copenhagen, Denmark Niels Henrik David Bohr b.1885d.1962for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from themThe Nobel Prize in Physics 1935for the discovery of the neutronJames Chadwick United Kingdom Liverpool University

14、Liverpool, United Kingdom b.1891d.1974The Nobel Prize in Physics 1990 for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics Jerome I. Frie

15、dman Henry W. Kendall Richard E. Taylor 物質(zhì)是無限可分的嗎物質(zhì)是無限可分的嗎-“-“毛子毛子” 我們?yōu)槭裁匆芯炕玖Ｗ游覀優(yōu)槭裁匆芯炕玖Ｗ? ?介觀物理學與單原子操做介觀物理學與單原子操做iron atoms on a copper surface The Scanning Tunneling Microscope The Nobel Prize in Physics 1986for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope 什么是場物質(zhì)什么是場物質(zhì)The most famous photo

16、graph This is one of the most famous images in photographic history and propelled him within two more weeks into an international celebrity. The medical implications were immediately realised and the first images of fractured bones were being made by January 1896 even though none yet knew what the m

17、ystery rays were.The Nobel Prize in Physics 1901磁場的應用（磁場的應用（MRIMRI）The Nobel Prize in Physics 2003物理學的研究對象物理學的研究對象運動運動( (三三) ) 運動的四種形式運動的四種形式: : 物理物理( (化學化學) )運動運動 生物運動生物運動 思維運動思維運動 社會運動社會運動 物理運動的分類物理運動的分類:(:(低高速低高速) ) 機械運動機械運動; ; 分子熱運動分子熱運動; ; 電磁運動電磁運動; ; 原子及原子核內(nèi)部運動原子及原子核內(nèi)部運動機械運動機械運動分子熱運動分子熱運動Bose-

18、Einstein condensate (BEC) Nobel Prize in Physics in 2001 電磁運動（電磁運動（MaxwellMaxwell方程組）方程組）原子及原子核內(nèi)部運動原子及原子核內(nèi)部運動Fusion Powers the Sun and Other Stars 倫琴與倫琴與X X射線射線誰真的理解運動誰真的理解運動?？ 教學的基本要求教學的基本要求建立正確的物理概念建立正確的物理概念 時間時間? ?空間空間? ?質(zhì)量質(zhì)量?掌握基本的物理理論掌握基本的物理理論 力學力學 熱學熱學 電磁學電磁學 光學光學體會物理學的學習方法體會物理學的學習方法 理論與實驗理論與實驗

19、 繼承與創(chuàng)新繼承與創(chuàng)新 相對與絕對相對與絕對適當了解物理學前沿適當了解物理學前沿 納米科學納米科學 半導體技術半導體技術 激光技術激光技術 超導技術超導技術 絕對時空觀與相對時空觀絕對時空觀與相對時空觀 時間是絕對的均勻的嗎時間是絕對的均勻的嗎? ? 空間是彎曲的嗎空間是彎曲的嗎? ? 質(zhì)量與運動無關嗎質(zhì)量與運動無關嗎? ?How did Einstein arrive at the specialtheory of relativity?過去與未來過去與未來彎曲時空與黑洞彎曲時空與黑洞Lecture 8: Warped SpacebackClassical Physics TimelineM

20、odern Physics TimelineModern Physics OutlineSpecial and General RelativitySpace and time, the nature of light, E=mc2, matter and anti-matter, curved space-time, the big bang, black holes and wormholes, uses of relativity in the modern worldQuantum PhysicsWave-particle duality, the uncertainty principle, probability waves, atoms and nuclei, technological applications, unification of forcesBACK物理學本質(zhì)上是實驗科學物理學本質(zhì)上是實驗科學永遠沒有實驗支持的永遠沒有實驗支持的物理理論是無意義的物理理論是無意義的理論的指導作用對物理學發(fā)展的影響理論的指導作用對物理學發(fā)展的影響理論家與實驗家理論家與實驗家物理規(guī)律的相對性與絕對性物理規(guī)律的相對性與絕對性相對性的存在相對性的存在-例一例一未來的證明未來的證明-例二例二繼承與創(chuàng)新繼承與創(chuàng)新Tych