工程英語六單元ppt

1、Unit6 Contract Management of Construction ProjectsSection 1 Types of AgreementsVocabulary Formalize (If you formalize a plan, idea, arrangement, or system, you make it formal and official) vt.使正式，形式化; 拘泥形式; vi.拘泥于形式; E .g. We formalized the appointment and gave him a title Synonym. 我們正式任命并給了他一個頭銜 Pr

2、omulgate vt.公布; 傳播; 宣揚（某事物）; 頒布（法令、新法律等） E.g. A new constitution was promulgated last month. 上個月頒布了一部新憲法。 Bonus and penalty clause 獎勵與懲罰條款 Bonus n.獎金，額外津貼; 紅利，額外股息; 退職金; 額外令人高興的事情 Penalty n.刑罰; 懲罰; 害處; 足球點球; One of those arrested could face the death penalty. 被捕的那些人中有一人可能被判死刑 Clause n.從句，分句; 條款，款項;

3、復數(shù)：clauses E.g. He has a clause in his contract which entitles him to a percentage of the profits. 他的合同中有一項條款，使他有權分得一定比例的利潤。 Amplify vt.增強; 詳述; 放大，擴大; vi.詳述; 引申; 發(fā)揮; E.g. The tunnel amplify the noise。 這個隧道使噪音擴大。 Attorney n.律師; 代理人; E.g. No contract should be signed until the attorney for all parties

4、 check it . 在所有的當事人律師檢查合同之前，合同不應當被簽訂。 Pertain vi.適合; 關于，有關; 附屬，從屬; E.g. Each partys attorney will normally give attention only to matters that pertain to his or her clients welfare . 每一方的律師通常只會關注和他（她）的客戶福利相關的問題。 Nuance n.細微差別; 細微的表情; E.g. All contractors should employ the services of an attorney who

5、 understand the nuances of the construction industry and property law. 所有的承包商都應雇傭懂得建筑業(yè)和財產法之間細微差別的律師服務。 Lump-sum agreement 總價合同 Unit-price agreement 單價合同 Cost-plus-fee agreement 成本加酬金合同 Stipulated sum ，fixed price 規(guī)定金額 固定價格Question 1.what items do the agreement include?合同一般包括對項目的描述和合同金額，屬于交替接受的其他條款，竣

6、工日期，獎勵和懲罰條款以及應該被詳述的條款都應被包含在合同中。 2.what types of agreements are generally used? 合同類型一般如下： 1.總價合同 2.單價合同 3.成本加酬金合同Translations 業(yè)主與承包商之間訂立的合同使工程合同正式化，他以所有其他的合同文件作為參考，業(yè)主選擇所簽合同的類型應該是標準合同形式，比如由美國建筑師協(xié)會或其他專業(yè)，行業(yè)組織規(guī)定的形式。 合同一般包括對項目的描述和合同金額，屬于其他條款的交替接受，竣工日期，獎勵和懲罰條款以及應該被詳述的條款都應被包含在合同中，律師檢查完所有合同細節(jié)后方可簽訂合同，每一方的律師通常

7、會只關注那些他或她的客戶的福利，承包商應該聘請一個懂得建筑行業(yè)和房地產法律細微差別的律師為其服務。 合同類型一般如下： 1.總價合同 2.單價合同 3.成本加酬金合同 In accordance with adv.與一致，依照; 稟承; 秉承; 因; E.g. It is the duty of citizens to pay taxes in accordance with the law. 公民有依照法律納稅的義務。 encounter n.相遇，碰見; 遭遇戰(zhàn); 對決，沖突; vt.遭遇; 不期而遇; 對抗; vi.碰見，尤指不期而遇; E.g. Every day of our liv

8、es we encounter stresses of one kind or another. 我們在每天的生活中會面臨這樣或那樣的壓力。 Change order 變更單 Written authorization書面授權 總價合同 總價合同又分為固定總價合同和可調總價合同。（1）固定總價合同 承包商按投標時業(yè)主接受的合同價格一筆包死在合同,履行過程中，如果業(yè)主沒有要求變承包內容，承包商在完成承包任務后，不論其實際成本如何，均應按合同價獲得工程款的支付。采用固定總價合同時，承包商要考慮承擔合同履行過程中的全部風險，因此，投標報價較高。 （2）可調總價合同 這類合同與固定總價合同基本相同，但

9、合同期較長（1年以上），只是在固定總價合同的基礎上，增加合同履行過程因市場價格浮動對承包價格調整的條款。由于合同期較長，承包商不可能在投標報價時合理地預見1年后市場價格的浮動影響，因此，應在合同內明確約定合同價款的調整原則、方法和依據(jù)。常用的調價方法有：文件證明法、票據(jù)價格調整法和公式調價法。 固定總價合同的適用條件一般為： 工程招標時的設計深度已達到施工圖設計的深度，合同履行過程中不會出現(xiàn)較大的設計變更，以及承包商依據(jù)的報價工程量與實際完成的工程量不會有較大差異。 工程規(guī)模較小，技術不太復雜的中小型工程或承包內容較為簡單的工程部位。這樣，可以使承包商在報價時能夠合理地預見到實施過程中可能遇到

10、的各種風險。 工程合同期較短（一般為1年之內），雙方可以不必考慮市場價格浮動可能對承包價格的影響。Translations總價合同（規(guī)定金額，固定價格）在總價合同中，承包商愿意按照合同文件的要求，以不超過投標或協(xié)商達成的固定價格修建工程，承包商承諾的工程無論遇到何種困難都會圓滿完成，這類合同讓業(yè)主預先了解建設費用，并要求承包商接受與該項目有關的大部分風險。會計過程簡單，在單一合同項目中產生了集中化的責任，此外，對于項目的交替變換是靈活的，然而，這些變換成本可能較高，業(yè)主向承包商發(fā)出變更單時，承包商有權為現(xiàn)有工作，額外開銷和時間添加資金，如果原先的工作已近完成，那么變更命令的費用不僅包括新工作的

11、費用，還包括移除已完成工作的費用，在隨后的工程中發(fā)出變更單則需要更大的成本，因此，變更需要盡早確定，以盡量減少工程花費和完成時間，除此之外，承包商在收到業(yè)主書面授權的變跟單之間不應開工?？偝邪虝袚欢ǖ牟焕惋L險，承包商必須以保證的估算價格完成工作，由于總價的風險屬性，在投標時，承包商應準確了解項目的工作范圍。Unit-Price Agreement (單價合同單價合同)定義： 單價合同是承包人在投標時，按招投標文件就分部分項工程所列出的工程量表確定各分部分項工程費用的合同類型。這類合同的適用范圍比較寬，其風險可以得到合理的分攤，并且能鼓勵承包商通過提高工效等手段節(jié)約成本，提高利潤。這類合

12、同能夠成立的關鍵在于雙方對單價和工程量技術方法的確認。在合同履行中需要注意的問題則是雙方對實際工程量計量的確認。分類： （1）固定單價合同 （2）可調單價合同lin accordance with 與與協(xié)調一致協(xié)調一致 ； 依據(jù)依據(jù) E.g.It is the duty of citizens to pay taxes in accordance with the law公民有依照法律納稅的義務。lPrevalent 英英prevlnt ladj.流行的，盛行的; 普遍存在的，普遍發(fā)生的; E.g.this type of contracting is most prevalent in ro

13、ad construction .該承包類型在道路修建中是最普遍的lVariable 英英veribl美美veriblladj.變化的，可變的; 數(shù)變量的; 生變異的; ln.可變因素，變量; 易變的東西; E.g.Decisions could be made on the basis of price, delivery dates, after-sales service or any other variable購買決定可能會基于價格、送貨日期、售后服務以及其他可變因素lhave insight into 洞察洞察E.g. If contractors have insight int

14、o the quantities , they can use that information to their competitive advantage .如果承包商對工程量有洞察力，那么他們可以使用這些信息來取得競爭的優(yōu)勢。lAnticipate 英英ntspet美美ntspetlvt.預見; 預料; 預感; 先于行動;l vi.預測; 過早地提出; 過早地考慮（或說、做）一件事; （在口頭或用文字）預言; E.g. in any case, development teams need to adopt team methods that anticipate change無論哪種情

15、況，開發(fā)團隊需要采取團隊方法來預期變化lApparent 英英prnt美美prnt, pr-ladj.易看見的，可看見的; 顯然的，明明白白的; 貌似的，表面的; 顯見; E.g. Writing with Pencil, it was apparent that I was using a digital tool.用這支筆寫字時，我明顯能感到自己是在用一款數(shù)碼工具在寫字lVerification 英英verfken美美vrfkenln.核實; 證明; 證實; （指通過經(jīng)驗）證明（某命題正確）; E.g. For that work item, the state is new, and y

16、ou can submit it for approval, review, or verification對于該工作項，狀態(tài)是新的，而且您可以因為準許，檢查或者證實來提交它。lThe owner therefore provides the estimated quantities , and the contractors Are in competition over their ability to complete the work rather than their estimating ability.由于業(yè)主提供估算好的工程量，承包商互相競爭的是履約能力而不是估算工程量的能力。

17、lDue to the many variables associated with earthwork-the main component of road project-it is virtually impossible to develop exact quantities由于土方工程有許多可變因素，所以道路工程主要成分的工程量幾乎不可能被準確開發(fā)lif contractors have evidence that the stated quantities are low , they can spread Their overhead over the units that th

18、ey anticipates rather than the ones provided By owner .如果承包商有證據(jù)表明規(guī)定的工程量少，他們就可以將管理費用花費在他們事先預期的地方lUnder lump-sum contracts each contractor does a quantity takeoff , which considerably increases the chances for quantity errors and adds overhead to all the contractors.在總價合同下每個承包商都要估算工程量，對于所有的承包商而言，會增加工程

19、量估算出錯的概率，同時也會增加管理費用。the biggest advantages of the unit-price agreement are that:it allows the contractor to spend most of their time working on pricing the labor and materials required for the project while checking for the most economical approach to handle the construction process.它允許承包商將大部分時間花在對工

20、程所需的勞動力和材料的價格上，同時檢驗所用施工工藝流程是否最經(jīng)濟。Cost-plus-fee agreement (成本加酬金合同成本加酬金合同) Percentage fee (費用百分比合同)2. Fixed fee (成本加固定費用合同)3. Fixed fee with guaranteed maximum cost (固定費用加保證最大酬金合同)4. Sliding scale fee (按比例增減費用合同)5. Fixes fee with a bonus and penalty (固定費用加獎罰合同) In Cost-plus-fee agreements the contrac

21、tor is reimbursed for the construction costs as defined in the agreement. However, the contractor is not reimbursed for all items, and a complete understanding of reimbursable and non-reimbursable items is required. Thus agreement is often used when speed, uniqueness of the project, and quality take

22、 precedence. reimburse英ri:mb:s 美ri:mb:rsVt. 補償;賠償;向償付;報銷If you reimburse someone for something, you pay them back the money that they have spent or lost because of it.Ill be happy to reimburse you for any expenses you might have incurred.我將很樂意賠償您所發(fā)生的任何費用。與refund區(qū)分precedence英presdns 美prsdns, prsidn:s

23、n.優(yōu)先權; 位次; 領先; 地位先后，級別高低; N-UNCOUNT If one thing takes precedence over another, it is regarded as more important than the other thing.Have as much fun as possible at college, but dont let it take precedence over work.在大學要盡情娛樂，但不要把它看得比學習還重要。take precedence over sth.precedent英presdnt 美prsdntn.先例; 前例;

24、adj.在前的，在先的; If there is a precedent for an action or event, it has happened before, and this can be regarded as an argument for doing it again.The trial could set an important precedent for dealing with large numbers of similar cases.這次審判能為處理大量類似案例開創(chuàng)重要的先例。Precede英prsi:d美prsidvt.& vi.在之前發(fā)生或出現(xiàn)，先于

25、; 在之上，優(yōu)于; 給作序; 處于前面的位置; 1. If one event or period of time precedes another, it happens before it. Intensive negotiations between the main parties preceded the vote.主要政黨在選舉前進行了集中的談判。 2. If you precede someone somewhere, you go in front of them. He gestured to Alice to precede them from the room.他給艾麗斯

26、做手勢，讓她在他們前面離開房間。3. A sentence, paragraph, or chapter that precedes another one comes just before it. Look at the information that precedes the paragraph in question.查看正在討論的這段文字前面的信息。 This contract agreement allows for construction to begin before all the drawings and specifications are completed, th

27、us reducing the time required to complete the project. The contract should detail accounting requirements, record keeping, and purchasing procedures. There are many types of fee agreements, any of which may be best in a given situation. The important point is that whatever the agreement, it must be

28、clearly understood by all parties-not only the amount of the fee , but also how and when it will be paid to the contractor. Cost-plus type contracts include a project budget developed by all members of the project team. Although the owner is typically responsible for any expenditure over the project

29、 budget, all team members have an intrinsic motivation to maintain the project unlikely that an owner would repeatedly hire a contractor who dose not completed projects within budget. intrinsic英ntrnsk 美ntrnzk, -skadj.本征; 固有的，內在的，本質的; 解剖體內的; 先天性; If something has intrinsic value or intrinsic interest

30、, it is valuable or interesting because of its basic nature or character, and not because of its connection with other things. The paintings have no intrinsic value except as curiosities.這些油畫除了作為古董，本身沒有什么內在價值。intrinsicallySometimes I wonder if people are intrinsically evil.有時我在想是否人性本惡。 The same hold

31、s true for architects if they design projects that are typically over budget; they most likely will not get repeat business. When dealing with owner-developer there is little elasticity in the project budget. Their financing, equity partners, and rental rates are based on a construction budget and f

32、ew sources for additional funds are available.elasticity英i:lststi 美lststi, il-n.彈性; 彈力; 靈活性; 伸縮性; The elasticity of a material or substance is its ability to return to its original shape, size, and condition after it has been stretched.Daily facial exercises help her to retain the skins elasticity.每

33、天做面部運動幫助她保持皮膚彈性。2. In economics, the elasticity of something, especially the demand for a product, is the degree to which it changes in response to changes in circumstances. The elasticity of demand for a single newspaper is bound to be higher than the figure for newspapers as a whole.某一份報紙需求量的伸縮性肯定

34、大于報業(yè)整體需求的伸縮性。elastic英lstk 美lstkadj.有彈力的; 可伸縮的; 靈活的; n.松緊帶，橡皮圈; 1.Elastic is a rubber material that stretches when you pull it and returns to its original size and shape when you let it go. Elastic is often used in clothes to make them fit tightly, for example round the waist.a piece of elastic.一根松緊帶

35、2.Something that is elastic is able to stretch easily and then return to its original size and shape.Beat it until the dough is slightly elastic.一直攪打，直至生面團略有彈性。3.If ideas, plans, or policies are elastic, they are able to change to suit new circumstances or conditions as they occur.an elastic interpr

36、etation of the rules of boxing.對拳擊規(guī)則的靈活解釋4 elastic is a rubber band . Percentage Fee . The percentage fee allows the owner the opportunity to profit if princes go down and changes in the work may be readily made . the major disadvantage is that the fee increases with construction costs , so there is

37、 little incentive on the contractors part to keep costs low . the primary incentive for contractors to keep costs under control is the maintenance of their reputations .incentive英nsentv 美nsntvn.動機; 誘因; 刺激; 鼓勵; adj.刺激性的; 鼓勵性質的; If something is an incentive to do something, it encourages you to do it.

38、 There is little or no incentive to adopt such measures.幾乎沒有什么激勵政策來促使人們采取這些措施。 Fixed Fee .The advantages of the fixed fee include the owners ability to reduce construction time by beginning construction before the drawings and specifications are completed, thus removing the temptation for the contra

39、ctor ton increase costs or cut quality while maintaining a professional status. Also, change in the work are readily made. among the disadvantages are that the exact cost of the project is not known in advance , extensive accounting required, and that keeping costs low depends on the character and i

40、ntegrity of the contractor . Fixed Fee with Guaranteed Maximum Costs. Advantages of this fixed fee are that a guaranteed maximum cost is assured to the owner; it generally provides an incentive to contractors to keep the costs down since they share in any savings. Again, the contractor assumes a pro

41、fessional status. Disadvantages include the fact the drawings and specifications must be complete enough to allow the contractor to set a realistic maximum cost. Extensive accounting is required as in all cost-plus agreements. Sliding Scale Fee .The sliding scale fee provides an answer to the disadv

42、antages of the percentage fee, because as the cost of the project increases, the percentage fee of construction decreases .The contractor is motivated to provide strong leadership so that the costs cannot be predetermined, extensive changes may require modifications of the scale, and extensive accou

43、nting is required. Fixes fee with a bonus and penalty. With this type of fixed fee, the contractor is reimbursed the actual cost of construction plus a fee. A target cost estimate is set up and, if the cost is less than the target amount, the contractor receives a bonus of a percentage of the saving

44、s. If the cost goes over the target figure, there is a penalty (reduction of percentage).1.單價合同2.總價合同3.成本費用合同4.費用百分比合同5.固定費用合同Unit-price agreementUnit-sum agreementCost-plus-fee agreementPercentage feeFixed fee 6.固定費用加保證金最大酬金合同7.固定費用加獎罰合同8.按比例增減費用合同9.工程量清單10.工程變更Fixed fee with guaranteed maximum cos

45、tFixed fee with a bonus and penaltySliding scale feeQuantity takeoffChanges11.價款調整12.工程進度款13.工期延長14.總承包合同15.業(yè)主代表Cost adjustmentProgress paymentExtension of timeGeneral contractOwners representation16.工程師決定17.書面授權18.變更指令19.圖紙規(guī)范20.合同擔保Architect-engineers decisionWritten authorizationChange orderDrawin

46、gs and specificationsContract guarantee21.仲裁和協(xié)商22.電話交談備忘錄23.附加工作24.不可預見的地下條件Arbitration and mediationTelephone conversation memosExtra workUnforeseen subsurface conditions1.The owner selects the type of agreement that will be signed: It may be a standard from of agreement such as those promulgated b

47、y the American Institute of Architects (AIA) or by other professional or trade organizations.由業(yè)主選擇所簽署合同的類型，可以是由美國建筑師學會（AIA）或其他專業(yè)組織和貿易組織頒布的格式合同。2.Because of the very nature and risks with the lump-sum price, it is important that the contractor be able to accurately understand the scope of the project

48、 work required at time of bidding.正是由于總價合同的這種性質和風險，承包商能夠在投標時精確地認知到項目工作的范圍顯得尤其重要。3.In a unit-price agreement the contractor bases the bid on estimated quantities of work and on completion of the work in accordance with the contract documents.在單價合同中，承包商根據(jù)預估的工程量和合同文件規(guī)定的竣工要求來投標。4.The important point is

49、that whatever the arrangement, it must be clearly understood by all partiesnot only the amount of the fee, but also how and when it will be paid to the contractor.無論怎樣安排，重要的一點是，各參與方不僅要清晰地知道費用的數(shù)額，還必須知道費用在什么時候通過什么方式付給承包商。5.Advantages of this fixed fee are that a guaranteed maximum cost is assured to t

50、he owner; it generally provides an incentive to contractors to keep the costs down since they share in any savings.固定費用合同的好處是業(yè)主有把握確保成本的最大值，這通常會激勵承包商降低成本，因為他們可以分得剩下的所有錢。6.The right of the owner to inspect the work as it proceeds, to direct the contractor to expedite the work, to use completed portion

51、s of the project before contract termination, and to make payment deductions for uncompleted or faulty work are common construction contract provisions.施工合同通常規(guī)定，業(yè)主有視察正在進行中工作的權利、監(jiān)督承包商加快進度的權利、在竣工前使用項目已完工部分的權利、以及減少對未完工和有缺陷的工程所付價款的權利。7.If the owner oversteps its rights, it may not only assume responsibi

52、lity for the accomplished work but may also become liable for negligent acts committed by the contractor in the course of construction operations.若業(yè)主越權，其不僅要承擔對已完成工作的責任，也有可能會對承包商在現(xiàn)階段工程施工中的過失行為負法律責任。8.Some contracts provide that the architect-engineers decisions are not final and that the owner and co

53、ntractor can exercise their rights to appeal, arbitration, or the courts, providing the architect-engineer has rendered a first-level decision.某些合同規(guī)定建筑工程師的決定并不是絕對的，業(yè)主和承包商可以行使上訴、仲裁或向法院申訴的權利，讓建筑工程師放棄初步?jīng)Q定。9.Where the contractor has followed the plans and specifications prepared by the architect-enginee

54、r and these documents prove to be defective or insufficient, the architect-engineer will be responsible for any loss or damage resulting solely from the design defect.當承包商遵照建筑工程師提供的計劃和規(guī)范來施工，而上訴文件有瑕疵或不充分時，這些純粹由設計瑕疵造成的任何損失都將由建筑工程師負責。10.Despite all the troubles, delays, adversities, accidents , and mis

55、chances that may occur, the contractor is expected to “deliver the goods” and finish the work in the prescribed manner. 盡管可能出現(xiàn)各種困難、延遲、逆境、意外以及不幸，承包商都應當“交貨”，并按規(guī)定完成施工。11.The contractor is required to conform with laws and ordinances concerning job safely, licensing, employment of labor, sanitation, ins

56、urance, traffic and pedestrian control, explosives, and other aspects of the work. 承包商應遵守與安全作業(yè)、執(zhí)業(yè)許可、勞動雇傭、衛(wèi)生設備、保險、交通與行人管制、爆破物以及其他各方面相關的法規(guī)和條例。12.Depending on the contract and its terms, such changes might involve additions to or deletions from the contract, modifications of the work, changes in the me

57、thods or manner of work performance, changes in owner-provided materials or facilities, or even changes in contract time requirements. 取決于合同內容以及合同期的變更有可能涉及到合同內容的增減、工作的修改、工作績效的方式方法、業(yè)主規(guī)定的材料或設施，甚至合同的工期。13.The contractors fee might have to be adjusted in accordance with contract terms to reflect the change being made, and target or upset prices must be adjusted by the cost of the ch