語法概論和構(gòu)詞法

1、120120923English GrammarWhy should we learn Grammar? Have a better understanding of the target language Enable us to understand how sentences are constructed and to construct our own sentences Different Grammar of different languages A teacher must be equipped with adequate knowledge of grammar so t

2、hat he can teach his student how to formulate sentences etc. Why should we learn Grammar? an inadequate knowledge of grammar would severely constrain linguistic creativity and limit the capacity for communication How to learn Grammar well Get an overview of English grammar from a text book or online

3、 resource. Read a lot. Look out for grammar aspects you want to remember, mark them and think about why it is used the way it is. Do some grammar exercise. Practice each grammar point until you can use it easily. Dont remember grammatical rules by rote because there are no rules without exceptions.

4、Learn grammar through language phenomena.Do not delve into Grammar too deeply because it is at times an obstacle to learning English. Grammar : the rules by which words change their forms and are combined into sentences, or the study or use of these rules: -Longman Dictionary What is grammar? 語法是研究詞

5、形變化和句子結(jié)構(gòu)的科學； 研究詞形變化的部分稱為詞法 (Morphology)； 研究句子結(jié)構(gòu)的部分稱為句法 (Syntax)。Prescriptive Grammar- e.g. If I were you.Descriptive Grammar- e.g. If I was you.Teaching Grammar- e.g. If I were you. If I was you.語法與詞匯 語法體現(xiàn)在詞匯中，而詞匯受語法的制約。 語法為詞匯服務，在詞匯與意義之間起中介作用。 學語法可以幫助更快地積累詞匯和掌握詞匯，提高語言學習的自覺性。詞類詞類 英語中的詞根據(jù)詞義、句法作用和形式特征，

6、分為英語中的詞根據(jù)詞義、句法作用和形式特征，分為十大類：名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞、動詞、副詞、十大類：名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞、動詞、副詞、冠詞、介詞、連詞和感嘆詞。冠詞、介詞、連詞和感嘆詞。 在這十種詞類中，前六種可以在句中獨立擔任成分，在這十種詞類中，前六種可以在句中獨立擔任成分，稱為稱為實意詞實意詞；介詞、連詞、冠詞都不能獨立在句中；介詞、連詞、冠詞都不能獨立在句中擔任任何成分，成為擔任任何成分，成為虛詞虛詞；感嘆詞一般不構(gòu)成句子；感嘆詞一般不構(gòu)成句子的成分，可以看作特殊的一類。除了這十大類外，的成分，可以看作特殊的一類。除了這十大類外，還有表示肯定與否定的還有表示肯定與否定的yes和和

7、no，還有不定式前的，還有不定式前的小品詞小品詞to。分清詞類至關(guān)重要 要學好英語，第一件事就是分清詞類。只有知道一個詞屬于哪個詞類，才能正確使用它；同時還應弄清各個句子成分應由哪類詞來擔任，如主語、賓語多由名詞擔任；謂語一般由動詞擔任；定語常由形容詞擔任；狀語多由副詞擔任。 分清詞類至關(guān)重要 The success of the play has been a great encouragement to him.（作主語） She wished him success.（作賓語） The experiment has succeeded.（作謂語） He is a successful w

8、riter.（作定語） He worked successfully.（作狀語）分清詞類至關(guān)重要 Do you know how to make a cigarette lighter? -Amy: Auntie kissed me.-Mother: How nice! Did you kiss her back, dear?-Amy:Of course not. I kissed her face.Word Formation構(gòu)詞法構(gòu)詞法主要構(gòu)詞法主要構(gòu)詞法轉(zhuǎn)化派生合成conversion由一類詞轉(zhuǎn)換為另一類詞，一般詞義不變，只改變詞性。又稱功能轉(zhuǎn)換（functional shift）con

9、version動詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞 大量動詞可轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞，有時意思沒大量動詞可轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞，有時意思沒有太大的變化有太大的變化 Lets take a break. She gave a long sigh. 有些動詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞時意思有些變化。有些動詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞時意思有些變化。 They have the same build.名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動詞（1） 許多表示物件的名詞可以轉(zhuǎn)化為動詞，許多表示物件的名詞可以轉(zhuǎn)化為動詞，意思也隨著有些改變意思也隨著有些改變 She had booked three seats on the plane. 表示身體某部分的名詞也可用作動詞表示身體某部分的名詞也可用作動詞 H

10、is name headed the list.名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動詞(2) 表示一類人的名詞也可用作動詞表示一類人的名詞也可用作動詞Stop fooling about and do something useful. 一些其他實物名詞也可用作動詞一些其他實物名詞也可用作動詞He is rooming with my friend Smith. 甚至某些抽象名詞也可用作動詞甚至某些抽象名詞也可用作動詞We plan to winter in Hainan.形容詞等轉(zhuǎn)化為動詞 有些形容詞可以轉(zhuǎn)化為動詞有些形容詞可以轉(zhuǎn)化為動詞Please warm up the cold meat. 還有少數(shù)其他詞類也

11、可用作動詞還有少數(shù)其他詞類也可用作動詞My friend will further his study in Oxford University.一些其他轉(zhuǎn)化的情況 有些形容詞可以轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞有些形容詞可以轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞He failed in his finals. 有些形容詞可以轉(zhuǎn)化為副詞有些形容詞可以轉(zhuǎn)化為副詞She had gone dead tired. 還有一些其他轉(zhuǎn)化情況還有一些其他轉(zhuǎn)化情況She is a very forward young lady. 大多數(shù)詞轉(zhuǎn)化時語音沒有變化，但有些詞轉(zhuǎn)化大多數(shù)詞轉(zhuǎn)化時語音沒有變化，但有些詞轉(zhuǎn)化時重音有變化，例如時重音有變化，例如export,

12、 protest, transport 另外有些詞轉(zhuǎn)換詞類時，詞尾讀音有變化，有另外有些詞轉(zhuǎn)換詞類時，詞尾讀音有變化，有時拼法也有變化，例如時拼法也有變化，例如belief believe, advice advise 有少數(shù)詞在轉(zhuǎn)變成另一詞類時，元音也發(fā)生變有少數(shù)詞在轉(zhuǎn)變成另一詞類時，元音也發(fā)生變化，有的音不變但拼法變了，例如化，有的音不變但拼法變了，例如food feed, speech speak通過給詞干添加詞綴構(gòu)成新詞 詞干前綴詞干前綴/ /后綴后綴（bases + prefixes/ suffixes） 前綴一般會改變詞義，但不改變詞性。前綴一般會改變詞義，但不改變詞性。 有些前綴

13、可用來構(gòu)成反義詞，如有些前綴可用來構(gòu)成反義詞，如de-, dis-, il-, im-, in-, ir-, mal-, non-, un-等等 dis-: dislike, disagree 一些表示特定意思的前綴，如一些表示特定意思的前綴，如all-, anti-, auto-, bi-, counter-等等all-: all-wool; auto-: automatic; bi-: bilingual; anti-: anti-war 可用來改變詞類的前綴，如可用來改變詞類的前綴，如a-, be-, en-等等a+n. n.=a./ad.a./ad.: asleep, aboard e

14、n+n. n.=v v.: encourage, endanger be+n n./a a.=v v.: befriend, belittle一些較為常見的前綴構(gòu)成名詞的后綴： -cy, -dom, -ee, -er, -eer, -ese, -hood, -ion, -ism, -ist, -ness, -ship等；等；如：如：democracy, kingdom, engineer構(gòu)成形容詞的后綴： -able, -ary, -ent, -ful, -ian, -ible, -ic, -ical, -ing, -ish, -ive, -some, -y等等如：如：comfortable,

15、 different, troublesome一些構(gòu)成其他詞類的后綴： 副詞后綴副詞后綴-ly,-wise,-wards等等如：如：likewise, backwards, finally 動詞后綴動詞后綴-ate, -en, -ify, -ize等等如：如：motivate, sharpen, modernize 數(shù)詞后綴數(shù)詞后綴-teen, -ty, -th等等如：如：eighteen, sixty, ninth compounding兩個或多個詞干合并構(gòu)成新詞 固定形式(solid)如： greenhouse 連體形式(hyphenated)如： cut-throat 分離形式(open

16、)如： fine art(s)復合詞(compound)和自由詞組(free phrase)的區(qū)別復合詞自由詞組讀音上重音在第一個音節(jié)兩個重音語法上形容詞無比較級沒有這個限制詞義上意義不等于合并的詞義意義往往等于合并的詞義 a red ,tape: official formalities a ,red tape: a tape that is red a black ,sheep: a disgrace to the family a ,black sheep: a sheep that is black a white ,elephant: something expensive, , b

17、ut useless a ,white elephant: an elephant that is white 大多數(shù)由名詞名詞構(gòu)成：air conditioner, alarm clock, blood donor, sign language等等 也有不少合成名詞由形容詞名詞組成：open air, civil rights, dry cleaning, old hand等等 有些合成詞由動詞的-ing形式和另一詞構(gòu)成：dining room, drawing pin, family planning, food poisoning等；等； 還有些合成名詞以其他方式或三個詞構(gòu)成：by-pr

18、oduct, go-between, looker-on, merry-go-round, back-seat driver等。等。 很多由過去分詞或帶-ed詞尾的詞構(gòu)成：absent-minded, broken-hearted, clear-cut, duty-bound等 也有不少合成形容詞由動詞的-ing形式和另一詞構(gòu)成：close-fitting, easy-going, epoch-making, mouth-watering, smooth-talking等 還有一些合成形容詞由還有一些合成形容詞由“形容詞名詞形容詞名詞”或或“名詞等形容詞名詞等形容詞”構(gòu)成：構(gòu)成：front-p

19、age, long-distance, brand-new, duty-free, ice-cold等；等； 還有一些其他形式的合成形容詞，特別是一還有一些其他形式的合成形容詞，特別是一些包含副詞的合成詞：些包含副詞的合成詞：broken-down, built-in, off-hour, off-campus, all-round等。等。 名詞動詞（如名詞動詞（如baby-sit, ghost-write） 副詞動詞（如副詞動詞（如overcharge, overthrow） 形容詞或副詞動詞（如形容詞或副詞動詞（如black-list, cross-examine） 其他形式的合成動詞（如

20、其他形式的合成動詞（如blow-dry, deep-fry）等）等 合成副詞為數(shù)不多，大多用作合成副詞為數(shù)不多，大多用作狀語狀語 如如single-handed, helter-skelter（慌慌張張地）等。（慌慌張張地）等。 截短法 混合法 縮寫法 反轉(zhuǎn)構(gòu)詞法 可以截去前面一部分，如可以截去前面一部分，如plane, cycle, copter等；等； 也可以截去后面一部分，如也可以截去后面一部分，如ad, expo, memo等；等； 個別詞前后各截去一部分，如個別詞前后各截去一部分，如fridge, flu等；等；有時幾個詞合成一個詞，如有時幾個詞合成一個詞，如pop-singer等。

21、等。 混合是從兩個詞中各取一部分，混合是從兩個詞中各取一部分，混在一起構(gòu)成一個新詞。如混在一起構(gòu)成一個新詞。如motel, brunch等。等。 多數(shù)按字母讀音，如TV, WTO, PhD等； 有少數(shù)像單詞一樣拼讀，如OPEC, UNESCO等 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries 石油輸出國組織 United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural organization 聯(lián)合國教育科學文化組織（也叫國際文教組織） CEO TB CCTV WHO E-b MBA IT PK chief

22、executive officer 總裁 Tuberculosis 肺結(jié)核 Closed Circuit Television 閉路電視 World Health Organization 世界衛(wèi)生組織 E-business電子商務 Master of Business Administration 工商管理碩士 Information Technology penalty kick罰點球 通常是先有詞根，再加后綴。有少數(shù)詞，先有名詞，再去掉詞尾構(gòu)成動詞，這和通常構(gòu)詞法的步驟相反，稱為反轉(zhuǎn)構(gòu)詞法。如如edit, televise, typewrite, housekeep等。等。.單項填空單項

23、填空1.That man was_enough not to tell the manager that he would not do the job.A. care B. careful C. carelessD. carelessness2.The soldier died for saving the child，so his_ is heavier than Mount Tai.A. die B. dead C. died D. death3.The child looked _ at his brother who was badly wounded. A. sadly B. sa

24、dness C. sadliness D. sad4.He is an expert at chemistry. We all call him a _.A. chemistry B. chemicalC. chemist D. physician5.The three- _chair isnt suitable for a young child. He may fall off.A. legging B. legged C. legs D. leged6.Stephenson became the_ railway engineer in the world.A. leadB. leade

25、rC. leadingD. leadership7.When the teacher praised him for working out the maths problem, Jack looked _ about at his classmates.A.proud B.proudly C.pride D.pridely8.To everyones _, the girl finished the job quite well.A.satisfied B.satisfactoryC.satisfying D.satisfaction9.What are you doing here?Oh，

26、my teacher asked me to write a passage about _in English.You can write_ passage in English?A.600 words；a 600-wordsB.600-word；a 600-wordsC.600 words；a 600-wordD.600 word；a 600-word10.No one should enter the spot without the _ of the police.A.permit B.permissionC.permitting D.permittenceThe Milu deer

27、are living in the wild in a natural park.2. This blouse is fit for him at all. Its too long and the color has run. 3. The possibly that the majority of the labor force will work at home is often discussed.naturalnaturefitunfitpossiblypossibility4. We must strength government of the people，by the peo

28、ple and for the people.5. The sperm whale can dive to a deep of more than 1000 meters in the sea.6. He is a very famous actress. He has played many important parts in different films.strengthstrengthendeepdepthactressactor7. Personal，Id rather stay at home watching TV.8. Because of her ill，she cant go out for the sight-seeing.9. Thank you for your describe of the conditions here.10. Its really dust in this room. Its a long time since someone last lived in it.PersonalPersonallyil